Genitalic Characters Research Articles

The genus Toyoides Matsumura (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Delphacidae): new combination and lectotype designations

In this study, we revised the planthopper genus Toyoides Matsumura (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Delphacidae) to include three species. The genus Epunka Matsumura be synonymized with Toyoides based on habitus and genital characteristics. The lectotype specimens have been designated for both T. albipennis and T. bilineata comb. n. Morphological information on T. bilineata comb. n. is presented, with photographs of the habitus and male genitalia provided. We have also provided the keys for the identification of related genera and species.

Two new Pupinidius species (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora, Enoidea) from Sichuan, China

AbstractTwo new Pupinidius species, Pupinidius chenyui sp. nov. and Pupinidius zhengpingi sp. nov. were described from Sichuan Province, China, based on shell and genital characters. Pupinidius chenyui sp. nov. is the first sinistral species in Pupinidius. This discovery further reinforces our understanding of the species diversity of Enidae in the Sichuan.

Dietary supplementation with rosemary essential oil improves genital characteristics, semen parameters and testosterone concentration in Barki rams

BackgroundMale reproductive performance is an essential part of sheep production; therefore, the use of natural antioxidants to improve sperm quality and maintain reproductive performance in males is very important. Hence, oral administration of rosemary essential oil (REO) was investigated to improve the fertility rate, including the ultrasonographic testes, epididymal tail and genital glands, as well as semen parameters and testosterone concentration. Sixty animals were splitted into two groups, each with 30 rams; the rosemary group (C + REO) received 2 mg/kg/bw and the control group (C-REO). Ultrasound images and blood samples were collected at 15, 30 and 45 days of the REO treatment.ResultsThe testis and epididymal tail ultrasonographic assessments demonstrated a significant enhancement in the C + REO group compared to the C-REO group. However, the rams in the C + REO group showed significant improvements in the pampini-form plexus, seminal vesicle, Cowper's and prostate genital glands compared to the C-REO group. The data showed that the sperm cell concentration (× 109/ml) and individual motility (%) were significantly improved in the C + REO group. Furthermore, ejaculate volume (ml) in the C + REO group was significantly higher than that in the C-REO group. While the animals treated with REO did not improve live spermatozoa (%), it reduced the abnormalities of spermatozoa (%) compared to the C-REO group. Also, the C + REO group significantly increased the testosterone concentration more than the C-REO group.ConclusionIt can be concluded that supplementation with 2 mg/kg/bw REO improves genital characteristics, semen parameters and testosterone concentration in Barki rams.

Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya

The genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its close ally Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Geometridae: Sterrhinae) are reviewed from the North Western and Trans Himalayan regions of the Indian Himalaya along with some specimens from the Pakistan. In total, eight species were studied—seven Rhodostrophia spp. and one species of Tanaotrichia—with detailed morphological and genital characteristics. Rhodostrophia borealis stat. n. is raised from subspecies of R. cinerascens to species level after studying external morphology and distinct genitalia-based diagnostic features. However, this warrants further validation following the barcode sequencing of R. cinerascens. Illustrations of habitus, including type specimens, are provided along with images of genitalia and the sequence data of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI 5′ terminus) gene. A checklist of Indian Rhodostrophia and Tanaotrichia species is included with information on their documented distributional range.

Novel evidence of CNV deletion in KCTD13 related to the severity of isolated hypospadias in Chinese population.

CNV in KCTD13 has been identified to influence androgen receptor function via its changes in gene dosage, which might contribute to hypospadias. However, there is lack of population-level evidence to assess the contribution of KCTD13 CNV to hypospadias. 349 isolated hypospadias patients were recruited and their genotyping was performed using real-time qPCR. We use Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) and CNV calls from SNP-array intensity data in 1,008 Chinese healthy men as reference. 11.17% of patients were identified to have KCTD13 CNV deletion, significantly higher than 0.05% in DGV (P < 0.001), but no cases found to have CNV duplication. Meanwhile, no CNV calls encompassing KCTD13 region were detected in Chinese healthy men. Incidence of KCTD13 CNV deletion was significantly increased with the severity of hypospadias, P _trend = 9.00 × 10-6. Compared to distal hypospadias, ORs for the proximal and midshaft were 10.07 (2.91-34.84) and 6.08 (1.69-21.84) respectively. In addition, the association between genital characteristics (stretched penile length and glans width) and KCTD13 CNV showed no significance in hypospadias children (P > 0.05). We demonstrate KCTD13 CNV deletion is strongly associated with hypospadias and its severity, but duplication is not, characterizing KCTD13 genetic variation in more detail than previously described.

Ant mimicry in Australian plant bugs: a new genus (Heteroptera: Miridae: Austromirini: Carenotus gen. nov.), eight new species, myrmecomorphic traits, host plants and distribution.

The Australian plant bug tribe Austromirini consists of ant-mimetic taxa which are poorly known, with no information of their phylogenetic relationships and ant-mimetic traits. In this study, we examined nearly 1000 ingroup specimens and developed a comprehensive morphological dataset comprising 37 characters, which was analysed both weighted and unweighted, using 'Tree analysis using New Technology' (TNT ) software. A single minimal length phylogenetic tree was found, comprising a monophyletic group of ant-mimetic taxa, that included Myrmecoroides rufescens , Myrmecoridea sp., Kirkaldyella spp. and eight species of a new genus, Carenotus gen. nov. The myrmecomorphic traits of Carenotus and allied ant-mimetic taxa are documented and analysed phylogenetically, in conjunction with genitalic characters. Carenotus is defined by the myrmecomorphic colour patterning of the abdominal venter, whereas the ingroup species relationships are supported by genitalic characters alone. Carenotus is described as new with eight included species as follows: C. arltunga sp. nov., C. louthensis sp. nov., C. luritja sp. nov., C. pullabooka sp. nov., C. scaevolaphilus sp. nov., C. schwartzi sp. nov., C. tanami sp. nov. and C. yuendumu sp. nov. Host plant associations are also documented, ranging from host plant specificity and genus-group preferences to host plant generalism. The distribution of Carenotus species is documented with reference to phytogeographic subregions, with all species being semi-arid and arid dwelling. The male and female genitalia of Kirkaldyella pilosa and K. rugosa are described and illustrated, for comparative and phylogenetic purposes. This research expands our knowledge on the plant bug tribe Austromirini and has broader implications for myrmecomorphic research in the suborder Heteroptera. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2FF9BE23-38A6-42B4-8488-74F216D8237F.

HISTORY OF THE ERMINE MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: YPONOMEUTIDAE) STUDY IN THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST AND ADJACENT COUNTRIES

As a result of the analysis of the history of the family Yponomeutidae study the three conditional stages were outlined mainly based on the used research methods. The first stage, which began in the first half of XVIII century and ended at the beginning of the XX century, covers the period from the first descriptions with illustrations of larva nests and the external features of the preimaginal and imaginal stages to the use of genital characters in the species identification. From the latter the second stage starts and ends before the introduction of the molecular genetic method for study of taxonomic diversity. During this stage the study of the ermine moths were expanded to comparative morphological research, elucidation of the homology of genital structures based on their functional morphology and development of taxonomy based on phylogenetic analyses. The third stage begins from the end of XX century, when researchers started to use molecular markers to solve taxonomic problems in the group. According to the results of many years of research, the fauna of yponomeutid moths has been studied in Russia and adjacent countries very unevenly and, in general, insufficiently. Currently, the species diversity of ermine moths in the Russian Far East is 38 species from 10 genera, significantly inferior to that of China (70 species of 17 genera) and less to that in Japan (46 species of 16 genera). However, the species diversity of ermine moths in the Russian Far East exceeds the known diversity of this group in Korea (25 species from 10 genera).

A new species to the genus Neopheosia Matsumura, 1920 (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae) from India

A new species of notodontid moth, Neopheosia melaniata sp. nov. is described with illustration. This new species is closely allied to N. fasciata Moore, 1888 (type species) and completely conforms to the characterization of genus Neopheosia Matsumura. The wing coloration, distinct discal spot on forewing and genitalic features make it distinct. The taxonomic account of N. fasicata Moore is included.

Review of the Afrotropical members of the genus Eridachtha Meyrick, 1910 (Lepidoptera: Lecithoceridae: Lecithocerinae), with descriptions of 12 new species

The genus Eridachtha Meyrick, 1910 of the subfamily Lecithocerinae is revised for the Afrotropical region. Twelve new species are described within it: six from Kenya (Eridachtha campanella Park, sp. nov., E. cardialis Park, sp. nov., E. centriella Park, sp. nov., E. crococorypha Park, sp. nov. (which also occurs in Uganda), E. nairobiensis Park, sp. nov., and E. phiarella Park, sp. nov.), two from Tanzania (E. arumeruna Park, sp. nov. and E. kilimanjaroensis Park, sp. nov.), three from Uganda (E. pholexana Park, sp. nov., E. cupaformis Park, sp. nov., and E. atrihispida Park, sp. nov.), and one from South Africa (E. capensis Park, sp. nov.). Three of them (whose males remain unknown)—E. cupaformis, E. atrihispida and E. crococorypha—share with E. gymnopalpa (Janse, 1963), comb. nov., a yellowish-orange ground colour of the forewing, and are thus grouped in the E. gymnopalpa species-complex. Additionally, the genus Atrichozancla Janse, 1954, syn. nov. hitherto composed of three species (A. phaeocrossis (Meyrick, 1937), A. cosymbota (Meyrick, 1920), and A. gymnopalpa Janse, 1963), is synonymized with the genus Eridachtha on the basis of wing venation and genital characteristics. The adults and genitalia of the new Afrotropical species are illustrated, as well as those of E. calamopis Meyrick, 1920 and E. phaeochlora Meyrick, 1920.

Five new species of the spider genus Bifurcia Saaristo, Tu &amp;amp; Li, 2006 (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from Sichuan, China

Five new species of the genus Bifurcia are described: B. kangdingsp. nov. (♂♀), B. labahesp. nov. (♂), B. ludingsp. nov. (♂♀), B. shuangqiaosp. nov. (♂♀), and B. xiaojinsp. nov. (♂♀) from western Sichuan, China. A distribution map of the species and illustrations of genital characters are provided in this paper.

A new species and a newly record species of Amphinemurinae from Yunnan, China (Plecoptera, Nemouridae)

A new stonefly species of the genus Protonemura Kempny, 1898 of the subfamily Amphinemurinae, namely Protonemura potatsoensis Qian &amp; Bai sp. nov., is described from Yunnan, southwestern China. Sphaeronemoura poda Sivec &amp; Stark, 2010 is newly recorded for China. Detailed descriptions, photographs of genital characters and cervical gills features are presented.

Gender Diversity-Related Mental Health Care: Evidence, Trends, Obstacles

Abstract Gender identity may be experienced within a broad spectrum beyond the binary understanding of sex concerning genital characteristics. In people with gender identities not congruent with the gender culturally associated with the sex assigned at birth, distress related to biopsychosocial correlates of this condition may arise. In current diagnostic systems, this is considered within the framework of “Gender Incongruence” (ICD-11) and “Gender Dysphoria” (DSM 5). Although this diversity is known to be present throughout the ages, the terms related to gender identity were introduced to medical literature a hundred years ago. They were popularized with the advances in medical procedures that assist individuals in acquiring physical features aligning with their gender identity and expression. There has been an increase in research interest with increasing numbers in medical centers working on gender-affirmative medical procedures. Starting from the 1970s, international organizations prepared guidelines on the standards of care for trans and gender diverse (TGD) individuals. Despite all the progress in the gender-affirming medical care provided to TGD individuals and the changes in the legal recognition of gender, health inequalities persist globally. The discrepancy in mental and physical health conditions has long been shown to be associated with “minority stress.” The minority stress perspective suggests that distal and proximal chronic stressors arising from society are associated with adverse health outcomes for TGD individuals. Resilience against these stressors is more robust with better coping styles and social support. Lately, structural stigma and discrimination have been shown to be an important source of inequality. Therefore, much more progress is still required with respect to societal inequalities, human rights, and structural transphobia for the improvements in medical care to impact the global health condition of TGD people. However, lately, there have been attempts to restrict TGD individuals’ access to medical care and their legal rights, even if they were not close to the level they ought to be. This backlash mostly sits on the discussion on the management of TGD adolescents and children. Models of care for these age groups have been developed for decades, and despite evidence of the protective and beneficial effects on health and development, in many countries, there are attempts to block their access to medical care. Growing debate on TGD care turned into a political combat, where scientific evidence and human rights perspectives are often ignored. These tendencies present a strong challenge for public health and the professional identity and practice of healthcare professionals.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

A new species of the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner, 1822 (Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae) from Korea

A new species of Gracillariidae, Phyllonorycter wolaksana sp. n., is described on the basis of six specimens from Republic of Korea. External and genital features of the new species are illustrated. Holotype of the species is deposited in the Gongju National University of Education, Gongju, Korea.

A revision of the genus Coryssiphus Simon, 1903, with its transfer to Systariinae (Araneae: Miturgidae).

The genus Coryssiphus Simon, 1903 is redescribed and found to be composed of two species. Coryssiphus unicolor Simon, 1903 is synonymised with C. cinerascens Simon, 1903, being the female of that species. Coryssiphus praeustus Simon, 1903 and C. cinerascens are redescribed and the genus is transferred from Liocranidae to Miturgidae: Systariinae based on a number of somatic and genitalic characters. The peculiar presence of Coryssiphus in Africa is briefly discussed.

Two new species of Cameraria Chapman (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) associated with Salix or Cornus in Japan.

Two new species of the genus Cameraria Chapman, 1902, Cameraria riparia sp. nov. and Cameraria corni sp. nov., are described from Japan. Larval setal maps, illustrations and/or photographs of wing patterns, wing venations and genitalia are provided for both species, and the systematic positions of the two species are discussed based on their morphologies. The larvae of C. riparia feed on Salix spp. and make blotch mines, whereas C. corni larvae feed on Cornus kousa subsp. kousa and make linear blotch mines. C. riparia was collected on Hokkaido and Honshu Islands, and considerable differences in the male genital characters were detected between the two populations. However, a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the COI barcode region indicated that there was no clear genetic differentiation between the two populations (maximum divergence, 1.41%). C. corni was collected on Honshu and Kyushu Islands, and this is the first record of the trophic association of Lithocolletinae with Cornaceae.

A new species of the genus Celaenorrhinus Hbner, [1819] from Hainan, China (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae).

A new species, Celaenorrhinus qianhanae Li & Liu sp. nov., is described from Hainan, China. Its unique genital characteristics and wing markings are compared with other congeneric species from this island and adjacent regions, including Vietnam and China, etc. In addition, its COI gene is sequenced for molecular analysis, and the secondary sexual character, hair tufts on hind tibiae, is discussed for comparison.

Altimella gen. nov., a new genus of Cicurinidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Xizang, China, with description of two new species.

Altimella Wang & Zhang, gen. nov., a new genus belonging to Cicurinidae, is established, and two new species are described, Altimellanedong Wang & Zhang, sp. nov. (♂♀, type species) and A.ngamring Wang & Zhang, sp. nov. (♂♀), from Xizang, China. Detailed descriptions of somatic features and genital characteristics, photos of the habitus, photos and drawings of the copulatory organs, and a distribution map are provided.

Gonadal Function in Boys with Bilateral Undescended Testes.

Bilateral undescended testes (BUDT) may be a marker of an underlying condition that affects sex development or maturation. To describe the extent of gonadal dysfunction in cases of BUDT who had systematic endocrine and genetic evaluation at a single tertiary pediatric center. A retrospective review was conducted of all boys with BUDT who had endocrine evaluation between 2008 and 2021 at the Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow (RHCG). Continuous variables were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and non-continuous variables using Fisher's exact, via Graphpad Prism v 8.0. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify any associations between groups. A P < .05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 243 bilateral orchidopexies were performed at RHCG between 2008 and 2021. Of these 130 (53%) boys were seen by the endocrine team. The median (range) age at first orchidopexy was 1 year (0.2, 18.0) with 16 (12%) requiring re-do orchidopexy. The median External Masculinization Score of the group was 10 (2, 11) with 33 (25%) having additional genital features. Of the 130 boys, 71 (55%) had extragenital anomalies. Of the 70 who were tested, a genetic abnormality was detected in 38 (54%), most commonly a chromosomal variant in 16 (40%). Of the 100 who were tested, endocrine dysfunction was identified in 38 (38%). Genetic findings and evidence of gonadal dysfunction are common in boys who are investigated secondary to presentation with BUDT. Endocrine and genetic evaluation should be part of routine clinical management of all cases of BUDT.

Two new species of the spider genus Agyneta (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from Uruguay and Brazil.

Agyneta hum Cajade, Rodrigues & Sim n. sp. and Agyneta unguiserrata Cajade n. sp. are described and illustrated from Brazil and Uruguay based on males and females. Males of A. hum differ from the related A. adami (Millidge 1991) by having apical and posterior pocket of paracymbium, presence of dorsal tibial apophysis and the shape and surface of the cymbial tubercles. Females of A. hum differ from A. adami in having the margins of the proximal part of the scape parallel and the presence of a pit hook depression. Males of A. unguiserrata distinguished from all other congeners by having a dorsal tibial apophysis claw-shaped with denticles on the retrolateral margin. Females of A. unguiserrata distinguished from all other congeners by the presence of two elliptical processes in the epigynum. Illustrations of somatic and genital characters and distribution maps of the species are provided. These species constitute the first report of the genus for Uruguay.

Comparative mitochondrial genome analysis of three leafhopper species of the genus Abrus Dai & Zhang (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from China with phylogenetic implication

BackgroundThe phylogenetic position and classification of Athysanini are poorly defined, as it includes a large group of polyphyletic genera that have historically been assigned to it mainly because they still exhibit the most typical deltocephaline genitalic and external body characters but lack the distinctive characteristics that other tribes possess. The bamboo-feeding leafhopper genus Abrus belong to the tribe Athysanini of subfamily Deltocephalinae, which currently comprises 19 valid described species, and are limited to the Oriental and Palaearctic regions in China. Although the taxonomy of Abrus are well updated, the references on comparative mitogenomic analyses of Abrus species are only known for a single species. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of Abrus daozhenensis Chen, Yang & Li, 2012 (16,391bp) and A. yunshanensis Chen, Yang & Li, 2012 (15,768bp) (Athysanini), and compared with published mitogenome sequence of A. expansivus Xing & Li, 2014 (15,904bp).ResultsThese Abrus species shared highly conserved mitogenomes with similar gene order to that of the putative ancestral insect with 37 typical genes and a non-coding A + T-rich region. The nucleotide composition of these genomes is highly biased toward A + T nucleotides (76.2%, 76.3%, and 74.7%), AT-skews (0.091 to 0.095, and 0.095), negative GC-skews (− 0.138, − 0.161, and − 0.138), and codon usage. All 22 tRNA genes had typical cloverleaf secondary structures, except for trnS1 (AGN) which lacks the dihydrouridine arm, and distinctively trnG in the mitogenome of A. expansivus lacks the TψC arm. Phylogenetic analyses based on 13 PCGs, 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes consistently recovered the monophyletic Opsiini, Penthimiini, Selenocephalini, Scaphoideini, and Athysanini (except Watanabella graminea, previously sequenced species as Chlorotettix nigromaculatus) based on limited available mitogenome sequence data of 37 species.ConclusionAt present, Abrus belongs to the tribe Athysanini based on both morphological and molecular datasets, which is strongly supported in present phylogenetic analyses in both BI and ML methods using the six concatenated datasets: amino acid sequences and nucleotides from different combinations of protein-coding genes (PCGs), ribosomal RNA (rRNAs), and transfer RNA (tRNAs). Phylogenetic trees reconstructed herein based on the BI and ML analyses consistently recovered monophylitic Athysanini, except Watanabella graminea (Athysanini) in Opsiini with high support values.