Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection Research Articles

Prevalence and Type of HPV Genital Infection in Girls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This investigation explored the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection by subtypes in girls aged up to 12. Four indexed databases, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and LILACS, were evaluated. Twenty-nine observational studies published between 1992 and 2018 were included. The prevalence of genital condyloma acuminatum or HPV-positive serology due to prior infection among girls with suspected/confirmed sexual abuse was 25%, and without a history or information about abuse, 8%. The analysis indicated that low-risk HPV types were the most prevalent among this group, corresponding to 86.6% of the identified types. Human papillomavirus 6 and 11 were the most prevalent types, followed by HPV 16 and 2. Moreover, the analysis identified limited epidemiological data on genital warts in children up to 12 years. Several studies focused on convenience sampling, sexually abused girls, or failed to separate data by gender. Findings of our systematic review and prevalence meta-analysis indicate that the occurrence of HPV infection in girls aged 12 or younger is relatively rare, underscoring the significance of understanding the prevalence of HPV in the pediatric population. However, it is essential to be cautious when applying these results to the pediatric population, given cases of girls who are suspected of or have suffered sexual abuse. There is a pressing need for further research to fill the information gap on HPV infection in this vulnerable group.

Prevalence of Oral Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Patients with Genital HPV Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background and aims: The relationship between oral-genital infections caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) in men and women is not well studied. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of concurrent and concordant oral-genital HPV infection. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by selecting 89 articles from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, exclusively searching for English studies published in international journals up to June 2023. The study summarized the percentages of concurrent (presence of any HPV in both oral and genital sites) and concordant (presence of the same types of HPV in both oral and genital sites) oral-genital HPV infections. The quality of these studies was evaluated using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies (QATQS). Moreover, meta-analysis was done using comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) software with a random-effects method at a significant level of 0.05. Results: The meta-analysis incorporated a total of 86 articles. Based on QATQS, 83% of these studies achieved ‘Moderate’ ratings. The overall prevalence of concurrent oral-genital HPV infection was 15.5% (95% CI: 11.2–21) in women and 14% (95% CI: 8–23.3) in men. The concordance rate was 41.9% (95% CI: 33.8–50.5) in women and 32.2% (95% CI: 11–64.7) in men. Additionally, the prevalence of genital and oral HPV infections was 61% (95% CI: 21.3–90.6) and 9.5% (95% CI: 7.7–11.7), respectively. Conclusion: This meta-analysis showed that the high prevalence of genital HPV and oral-genital HPV can be a reason for the possibility of self-contamination.

Risk factors associated with oral Human Papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence within a young adult population

BackgroundThe prevalence of, and risk factors for, genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections within the young adult population are well-established; the same is not known for oral HPV. This observational study aimed to determine oral HPV prevalence and abundance within a UK young adult population, and examine if sexual practices and established risk factors of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) (such as smoking and alcohol consumption) influenced HPV prevalence.MethodsConvenience sampling was used to recruit a small sample of 452 UK-based young adults studying at a higher education (HE) institution to the study; the study was not powered. A highly sensitive real-time PCR HPV screening method was developed for the detection of multiple HPV subtypes from oral swabs. HPV-positive samples were subsequently screened by qPCR for viral subtypes HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, HPV-18. Results were analysed by univariate and multivariate methods and stratified for gender, with lifestyle behaviour data collected via questionnaire. Socio-economic status was not captured within the questionnaire.ResultsWe found a high oral HPV prevalence of 22.79%, with a dominance of high-risk viral type HPV-16 (prevalence 19.12%; abundance average 1.08 × 105 copies/million cells) detected within healthy young adults. Frequent smoking (p = .05), masturbation (p = .029), and engagement in multiple sexual activities (p = .057), were found to be associated with oral HPV prevalence, and HPV-16 prevalence, whilst behaviours traditionally associated with genital HPV were not.ConclusionsOur results strengthen the link between sexual practices and oral HPV transmission. We suggest that young adults should be considered high-risk for the contraction of oral HPV, although acknowledge that this sample of HE students may not be representative of the wider population. We show that high-risk HPV-16 is prevalent in the healthy population, as well as dominating within OPSCC; this study is one of the first to determine the dominance of oral HPV-16 prevalence and abundance within this population, presenting a clear need for greater awareness of oral HPV infections, and the risk factors for HPV-positive OPSCC within young adults.

Factors Associated with HPV Genital Warts: A Self-Reported Cross-Sectional Study among Students and Staff of a Northern University in Nigeria.

The menace of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections among low- and middle-income countries with no access to a free HPV vaccine is a public health concern. HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Nigeria, while the most known types of HPV genotypes being transmitted are the high-risk HPV-16 and 18 genotypes. In this study, we explored the predictors of self-reported HPV infections and HPV genital warts infection among a population of students, non-academic staff, and academic staff of Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida (IBB) University located in Lapai, Nigeria. We also assessed their knowledge about HPV infections and genotypes, and sexual behaviors. An online cross-sectional study was conducted by setting up a structured questionnaire on Google Forms and it was distributed to the university community via Facebook and other social media platforms of the university. The form captured questions on HPV infection, and knowledge about HPV infection and genotypes, as well as the sexual health of the participants. All variables were described using frequencies and percentage distribution; chi-squared test statistics were used to explore the association between HPV infection (medical records of HPV infection) and the participants' profile, and a logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors associated with HPV genital warts infection among the population. This study reveals those participants between the ages of 26-40 years (81.3%) and those currently not in a sexually active relationship-single/divorced (26.4%)-who have self-reported having the HPV-16 and -18 genotypes. Moreover, participants between 26-40 years of age (OR: 0.45, 95%CI: 0.22-0.89) reported themselves to be carriers of HPV genital warts. Therefore, this study reveals the factors associated with HPV infection and genital warts peculiar to IBB university students and staff. Hence, we suggest the need for HPV awareness programs and free HPV vaccine availability at IBB university.

Is Concentrated Urine PCR Test Valuable to Detect Genital HPV Infection [ID 2683587

INTRODUCTION: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of cervical cancer and early detection is crucial for effective prevention. The standard HPV detection method, cervical smear PCR, entails discomfort and deters many women. Therefore, it is challenging to screen large populations for HPV from cervical smear samples. In this study, we investigated the sensitivity of detecting HPV by PCR in concentrated urine samples. METHODS: Urine and cervical smear samples were collected from 126 patients (ages 20–35) at Acibadem Altunizade Hospital. Urine samples were concentrated by a tool (MyMagiCon). The presence of HPV DNA in cervical smear and urine samples was determined by PCR. RESULTS: Among 126 patients, HPV was detected in 57 either in at least one of the sample types (cervical smear, urine, and concentrated urine). Among all HPV-positive patients, HPV was identified in 87.7% of swab samples, 86% of concentrated urine samples, and only 73.7% of unconcentrated urine samples. The χ2 test comparing cervical smear and concentrated urine samples yielded a Kappa value of 0.78 (95% confidence), indicating strong statistical correlation within this study. Additionally, PCR from concentrated urine samples, identified six HPV-positive samples that were HPV negative in cervical smear samples of the same patients. CONCLUSION: It was possible to identify HPV in concentrated urine samples by PCR with a sensitivity almost equal to cervical smear sampling. Since obtaining urine is much easier than obtaining cervical smear samples, this may enable easy screening of large populations for HPV. This may have a big effect in the prevention of cervical cancer.

Empirical sample-specific approaches to define HPV16 and HPV18 seropositivity in unvaccinated, young, sexually active women.

Given low seroconversion rates following human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, fixed external cutoffs may lead to errors in estimating HPV seroprevalence. We evaluated finite mixture modeling (FMM) and group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) among unvaccinated, sexually active, HPV-exposed women to determine study-specific HPV16 and HPV18 seropositivity thresholds. We included 399 women (aged 18-24 years) enrolled in the HPV Infection and Transmission Among Couples Through Heterosexual Activity (HITCH) cohort study between 2005 and 2011 in Montreal, Canada. Participants' blood samples from up to six visits spanning 2 years were tested by multiplex serology for antibodies [median fluorescence intensity (MFI)] specific to bacterially expressed HPV16 and HPV18 L1 glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins. We applied FMM and GBTM to baseline and longitudinal antibody titer measurements, respectively, to define HPV type-specific seronegative and seropositive distributions. Study-specific thresholds were generated as five standard deviations above the mean seronegative antibody titers, mimicking cutoffs (HPV16: 422 MFI; HPV18: 394 MFI) derived from an external population of sexually inactive, HPV DNA-negative Korean women (aged 15-29 years). Agreement (kappa) of study-specific thresholds was evaluated against external cutoffs. Seroprevalence estimates using FMM (HPV16: 27.5%-43.2%; HPV18: 21.7%-49.5%) and GBTM (HPV16: 11.8%-11.8%; HPV18: 9.9%-13.4%) thresholds exceeded those of external cutoffs (HPV: 10.2%; HPV18: 9.7%). FMM thresholds showed slight-to-moderate agreement with external cutoffs (HPV16: 0.26%-0.46%; HPV18: 0.20%-0.56%), while GBTM thresholds exhibited high agreement (HPV16: 0.92%-0.92%; HPV18: 0.82%-0.99%). Kappa values suggest that GBTM, used for longitudinal serological data, and otherwise FMM, for cross-sectional data, are robust methods for determining the HPV serostatus without prior classification rules.IMPORTANCEWhile human papillomavirus (HPV) seropositivity has been employed as an epidemiologic determinant of the natural history of genital HPV infections, only a fraction of women incidentally infected with HPV respond by developing significant antibody levels. HPV seropositivity is often determined by a dichotomous fixed cutoff based on the seroreactivity of an external population of women presumed as seronegative, given the lack of evidence of HPV exposure. However, considering the variable nature of seroreactivity upon HPV infection, which arguably varies across populations, such externally defined cutoffs may lack specificity to the population of interest, causing inappropriate assessment of HPV seroprevalence and related epidemiologic uses of that information. This study demonstrates that finite mixture modeling (FMM) and group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) can be used to independently estimate seroprevalence or serve as the basis for defining study-specific seropositivity thresholds without requiring prior subjective assumptions, consequently providing a more apt internally valid discrimination of seropositive from seronegative individuals.

Menstrual Blood as a Diagnostic Specimen for Human Papillomavirus Genotyping and Genital Tract Infection Using Next-Generation Sequencing as a Novel Diagnostic Tool.

Menstrual blood (MB) is a convenient specimen type that can be self-collected easily and non-invasively by women. This study assessed the potential application of MB as a diagnostic specimen to detect genital tract infections (GTIs) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in women. Genomic DNA was extracted from MB samples. Pacific Bioscience (Pacbio) 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) high-fidelity (HiFi) long-read sequencing and HPV PCR were performed. MB samples were collected from women with a pathological diagnosis of CIN1, CIN2, CIN3 or HPV infection. The sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of high-risk HPV detection using MB were found to be 66.7%. A shift in vaginal flora and a significant depletion in Lactobacillus spp. in the vaginal microbiota communities were observed in the MB samples using 16S rDNA sequencing. In this study, we demonstrated that MB is a proper diagnostic specimen of consideration for non-invasive detection of HPV DNA and genotyping using PCR and the diagnosis of GTIs using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). MB testing is suitable for all women who menstruate and this study has opened up the possibility of the use of MB as a diagnostic specimen to maintain women's health.

Analogies between HPV Behavior in Oral and Vaginal Cavity: Narrative Review on the Current Evidence in the Literature.

Human genital papilloma virus infection is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the world. It is estimated that more than 75% of sexually active women contract this infection in their lifetime. In 80% of young women, there is the clearance of the virus within 18-24 months. In developed countries, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is now the most frequent human papilloma virus (HPV)-related cancer, having surpassed cervical cancer, and it is predicted that by 2030 most squamous cell carcinomas will be the HPV-related rather than non-HPV-related form. However, there are currently no screening programs for oral cavity infection. While the natural history of HPV infection in the cervix is well known, in the oropharynx, it is not entirely clear. Furthermore, the prevalence of HPV in the oropharynx is unknown. Published studies have found wide-ranging prevalence estimates of 2.6% to 50%. There are also conflicting results regarding the percentage of women presenting the same type of HPV at two mucosal sites, ranging from 0 to 60%. Additionally, the question arises as to whether oral infection can develop from genital HPV infection, through oral and genital contact or by self-inoculation, or whether it should be considered an independent event. However, there is still no consensus on these topics, nor on the relationship between genital and oral HPV infections. Therefore, this literature review aims to evaluate whether there is evidence of a connection between oral and cervical HPV, while also endorsing the usefulness of the screening of oral infection in patients with high-risk cervical HPV as a means of facilitating the diagnosis and early management of HPV-related oral lesions. Finally, this review emphasizes the recommendation for the use of the HPV vaccines in primary prevention in the male and female population as the most effective means of successfully counteracting the increasing incidence of OSCC to date.

Prevalence of genital high-risk human papillomavirus infections and associated factors among women living with human immunodeficiency virus in Uganda

BackgroundWomen living with HIV are at risk for cervical dysplasia and cancer worldwide. In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that testing for high-risk HPV (hrHPV) infection be incorporated into cervical cancer screening programs using molecular nucleic acid tests (NATs) but this has not previously been done in Uganda. The country’s coverage for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) screening remains low at less than 10% for women aged 25–49 years. This study determined the genital prevalence of hrHPV infection and the associated factors among women living with HIV in Uganda.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 15 selected health facilities among participants who were on Antiretroviral therapy (ART). Participants who consented to participate were instructed on how to collect their own high vaginal swabs using a cervical brush for HPV molecular testing (HPV DNA or HPV RNA) and their demographics data was collected using a standard questionnaire. Laboratory diagnosis for HPV molecular testing was done using Gene xpert machines and Hologic Aptima Machine. Modified Poisson regression analysis was conducted to determine the associated factors.ResultsThis study involved 5856 HIV positive participants on ART. A total of 2006 out of 5856 (34.3%) participants had high risk HPV infections. HPV infections by genotypes were: HPV16 317(15.8%), HPV 18/45 308 (15.4%) and other high-risk HPV 1381 (68.8%). The independent factors associated with all hrHPV were parity, education level, having more than one partner, and engaging in early sex. Smoking was associated with HPV 16, HPV 18/45 and other hrHPV. Age was associated with all hrHPV, marital status with HPV 16, and occupation with HPV 16.ConclusionsThe prevalence of genital high-risk HPV infections among HIV positive women attending ART clinics in public facilities in Uganda was high. Other hrHPV genotype was the commonest compared to 18/45 and HPV 16. The integration of cervical cancer screening in ART programmes remains paramount to support the early detection of cervical cancer and Non-invasive self-collected urine and vaginal sampling for cervical cancer screening present an opportunity.

Genital and Oral HPV Geno-Prevalence Measured through Urine and Saliva Samples in Young Adults in Italy.

The aims of the study were to determine, in the urine and oral samples of young adults, the genotype-specific prevalence of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection, the HPV DNA type-specific prevalence in unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals, and the determinants of HPV infection. Selected participants were asked to fill in a self-administered questionnaire and to self-collect urine and saliva samples. Among the 1002 participants, 81 (8.1%) resulted positive for HPV DNA. The most common low-risk genotype was HPV 42 (2.2%), followed by HPV 43 (0.8%), and 40 (0.5%). The HPV 51 was the most common high-risk genotype (1.5%) followed by HPV 66 (1%) and HPV 68 (1%), and no participants were infected with HPV genotypes 18, 33, 45. Females, those who have had one or more occasional sexual partner, those who never/rarely/sometimes used condoms during their sexual activity, those with a previous diagnosis of sexually transmitted infection, and those who were not vaccinated were more likely to be tested positive for HPV infection. The low prevalence of genital HPV infections has provided evidence of the effectiveness of HPV vaccination both in vaccinated and not yet vaccinated subjects through herd immunity and indicated its decisive role in the changing epidemiology of circulating HPV genotypes in the population.

Serum oxidative biomarkers associated with genital HPV infection and cervical lesions in women.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major cause of cervical cancer. Studies showed HPV carcinogenesis may be induced by oxidative stress affecting the host immune system. The objective of this study is to evaluate levels of four circulating oxidative stress biomarkers associated with the HPV infection, persistence, and cervical lesion status in women. The three serum biomarkers measuring oxidative damage to biomolecules (8-oxodG, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine [8-oxodG] for DNA, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal [4-HNE] for lipid, and protein carbonyl [PC] for protein) and one antioxidant (glutathione, GSH) collected from 38 women were evaluated. The PC levels were significantly higher for women with oncogenic HPV infection (p = 0.047) and persistence (p = 0.053) based on the unadjusted linear model. In particular, women with ≥3 oncogenic HPV types had a higher PC level than those without HPV infection (p = 0.041). Women with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions showed an elevated PC (p = 0.058). These trends remained similar after adjusting for age. The GSH levels were lower for women infected with ≥3 oncogenic HPV types based on age-adjusted results (p = 0.061). This study supported that serum PC was associated with HPV infection, persistence, and cervical lesions, so it can potentially be used to monitor HPV carcinogenesis. Further large-scale studies will be needed to confirm these findings.

Epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infections in sequential male sex partners of young females

ObjectivesCouple-based studies have considered human papillomavirus (HPV) transmission between current heterosexual partners (male↔female). Using data from young women and their sequential male partners, we analysed HPV transmission from upstream sexual partnerships (male 1↔female) to downstream sex partners (→male 2). MethodsAmong 502 females enrolled in the HPV Infection and Transmission among Couples through Heterosexual activity study (2005–2011, Montréal, Canada), 42 brought one male sex partner at baseline (male 1) and another during follow-up (male 2). Female genital samples, collected at six visits over 24 months, and male genital samples, collected at two visits over 4 months, were tested for 36 HPV types (n = 1512 detectable infections). We calculated observed/expected ratios with 95% CIs for type-specific HPV concordance between males 1 and 2. Using mixed-effects regression, we estimated ORs with 95% CIs for male 2 testing positive for the same HPV type as male 1. ResultsDetection of the same HPV type in males 1 and 2 occurred 2.6 (CI 1.9–3.5) times more often than chance (29 instances observed vs. 10.95 instances expected). The OR for male 2 positivity was 4.2 (CI 2.5–7.0). Adjusting for the number of times the linking female tested positive for the same HPV type attenuated the relationship between male 1 and 2 positivity, suggesting mediation. ConclusionsHigh type-specific HPV concordance between males 1 and 2 confirms HPV's transmissibility in chains of sequential sexual partnerships. HPV positivity in an upstream partnership predicted positivity in a downstream male when the linking female partner was persistently positive.

Detection and Clearance of Type-Specific and Phylogenetically Related Genital Human Papillomavirus Infections in Young Women in New Heterosexual Relationships.

Understanding the natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections is essential to cervical cancer prevention planning. We estimated HPV type-specific infection detection and clearance in young women. The HPV Infection and Transmission among Couples through Heterosexual activity (HITCH) study is a prospective cohort of 502 college-age women who recently initiated a heterosexual relationship. We tested vaginal samples collected at 6 clinical visits over 24 months for 36 HPV types. Using rates and Kaplan-Meier analysis, we estimated time-to-event statistics with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for detection of incident infections and clearance of incident and present-at-baseline infections (separately). We conducted analyses at the woman- and HPV-levels, with HPV types grouped by phylogenetic relatedness. By 24 months, we detected incident infections in 40.4% (CI, 33.4%-48.4%) of women. Incident subgenus 1 (43.4; CI, 33.6-56.4), 2 (47.1; CI, 39.9-55.5), and 3 (46.6; CI, 37.7-57.7) infections cleared at similar rates per 1000 infection-months. We observed similar homogeny in HPV-level clearance rates among present-at-baseline infections. Our analyses provide type-specific infection natural history estimates for cervical cancer prevention planning. HPV-level analyses did not clearly indicate that high oncogenic risk subgenus 2 infections persist longer than their low oncogenic risk subgenera 1 and 3 counterparts.

The association between cervical HPV and female fertility

Objective: Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection worldwide with a prevalence of 10-12% in the female population in the reproductive age; few studies addressed the effect of HPV infection on fertility. It is aimed to investigate the presence of HPV infection in infertile women in the present study.
 
 Materials and methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study; the outpatient infertility clinic records between July 2020 and January 2023, were evaluated. Infertility examination and evaluation were performed following the guidelines. Infertile female individuals and control group’s HPV results were analyzed.
 
 Results: 234 infertile and 340 non-infertile females were included in the study, HPV positivity was found %11.5 for all infertile women. No significant relationship was found between and HPV (p=0.850).
 
 Conclusion: No significant association was found between female infertility and HPV. Still HPV may play a role in infertility with different genotypes. Further studies should include HPV genotypes.

Comparative Study of Intralesional Measles–Mumps–Rubella Vaccine versus Needling-Induced Autoinoculation in the Management of Genital Warts

Abstract Background Genital warts caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) are one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, especially among women. Genital HPV infection has a relatively long incubation period up to 8 months. It is known to have a high recurrence rate, and the infection by certain high-risk HPV strains is known to be associated with malignancies of cervix, penis, vulva, vagina, and anus. Thus, factors such as long latency, lesions’ multiplicity, high recurrence rate, and the tendency to malignant transformation, are essential challenges during management of genital HPV infections. The clinical outcome of traditional treatment modalities; such as podophyllotoxin, imiquimod, cryotherapy, electrocautery, trichloroacetic acid, photodynamic therapy, and laser, is limited to individual lesions. Therefore, they are usually inconvenient for patients with multiple and/or recurrent lesions. Aim of the Work to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intralesional injection of MMR vaccine in comparison with needling-induced autoinoculation in the treatment of genital warts. Patients and Methods Our study included 50 patients with multiple and recurrent genital warts (more than 4 genital warts) divided into two equal matched groups. One group was subjected to MMR injection and the other subjected to needling-induced autoinoculation every two weeks for maximum three sessions. Follow-up was done for 8 weeks after last session. Results This study reports that both treatment options showed statistically significant value in treatment of genital warts, and here was no statistically significant difference between both study groups as regard response to treatment. Conclusion both MMR and needling are simple and effective modalities of immunotherapy for treatment of multiple genital warts with excellent safety profile. The only disadvantage is the long time taken for immune response to occur. Combination treatment plan can overcome this disadvantage. Needling-induced autoinoculation; being more safe and inexpensive, may be considered as a competing immunotherapeutic treatment modality for multiple and recurrent genital warts.

Global and regional estimates of genital human papillomavirus prevalence among men: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) in women has been well documented. Less is known about the epidemiology of HPV in men. We aim to provide updated global and regional pooled overall, type-specific, and age-specific prevalence estimates of genital HPV infection in men. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the prevalence of genital HPV infection in the general male population. We searched Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, and the Global Index Medicus for studies published between Jan 1, 1995, and June 1, 2022. Inclusion criteria were population-based surveys in men aged 15 years or older or HPV prevalence studies with a sample size of at least 50 men with no HPV-related pathology or known risk factors for HPV infection that collected samples from anogenital sites and used PCR or hybrid capture 2 techniques for HPV DNA detection. Exclusion criteria were studies conducted among populations at increased risk of HPV infection, exclusively conducted among circumcised men, and based on urine or semen samples. We screened identified reports and extracted summary-level data from those that were eligible. Data were extracted by two researchers independently and reviewed by a third, and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. We extracted only data on mucosal α-genus HPVs. Global and regional age-specific prevalences for any HPV, high-risk (HR)-HPV, and individual HPV types were estimated using random-effects models for meta-analysis and grouped by UN Sustainable Development Goals geographical classification. We identified 5685 publications from database searches, of which 65 studies (comprising 44 769 men) were included from 35 countries. The global pooled prevalence was 31% (95% CI 27-35) for any HPV and 21% (18-24) for HR-HPV. HPV-16 was the most prevalent HPV genotype (5%, 95% CI 4-7) followed by HPV-6 (4%, 3-5). HPV prevalence was high in young adults, reaching a maximum between the ages of 25 years and 29 years, and stabilised or slightly decreased thereafter. Pooled prevalence estimates were similar for the UN Sustainable Development Goal geographical regions of Europe and Northern America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Australia and New Zealand (Oceania). The estimates for Eastern and South-Eastern Asia were half that of the other regions. Almost one in three men worldwide are infected with at least one genital HPV type and around one in five men are infected with one or more HR-HPV types. Our findings show that HPV prevalence is high in men over the age of 15 years and support that sexually active men, regardless of age, are an important reservoir of HPV genital infection. These estimates emphasise the importance of incorporating men in comprehensive HPV prevention strategies to reduce HPV-related morbidity and mortality in men and ultimately achieve elimination of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, European Regional Development Fund, Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of Business and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia, and Horizon 2020. For the Spanish and French translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Influence of sexually transmitted infections on the cervical cytological abnormalities among Iranian women: A cross-sectional study.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are one of the world's most severe health challenges. The existence of STIs such as human papillomavirus (HPV) might cause cervical cell changes leading to cervical cancer. This study aims to assess the association of STIs with cervical cytological abnormalities and genital warts among women in northeastern Iran. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 190 women referred to the central laboratory of Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research, Mashhad, Iran from March to July 2022. The presence of genital infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Herpes simplex viruses (1 and 2) were assessed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method. HPV genital infection was detected based on the principles of reverse hybridization, and cellular changes in the cervix were examined by the liquid-based cytology technique. The mean age of participants was 35.33 8.9 yr. 34 different HPV genotypes were detected in all HPV-positive cases, and the most common genotype was low-risk HPV6. No significant association was found between STIs and cervical cytology abnormalities. The prevalence rates of sexually transmitted pathogens among HPV-positive and HPV-negative individuals were 10.9 and 1.6%, respectively. The frequency of genital warts was significantly higher in cases with multiple infections of high- and low-risk HPV genotypes. High percentages of the participants with non-HPV STIs and HPV infection had normal cervical cytology. It is advised to use STIs and HPV diagnostic tests along with cytology examinations for cervical cancer screening.

Is there any correlation between frequent lower genital Tract Infections and Human Papillomavirus Infection at the commune level?

Objective: To investigate the association between lower genital tract infection and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
 Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 1,007 sexually active women aged 21 to 70 in three areas of Quang Tri province (Hai Lang, Trieu Phong and Gio Linh). The duration of data collection is from July 2019 to July 2020. The cases were evaluated by gynecology to determine the condition of the vaginal discharge and to record normal and abnormal signs and symptoms. Specimens from cervical canal were inspected under a microscope and tested for HPV-DNA using a real-time PCR assay.
 Results: There were 33 HPV-positive cases, accounting for 3.5% of total cases. Vaginitis caused by bacteria, including bacteria, bacteriophages, and Gardnerella vaginalis, accounted for the largest prevalence of lower genital tract infections at 65.8%, followed by vaginitis caused by Candida fungi at 10.5% and Trichomonas vaginalis at the lowest rate of 0.2%. No statistically significant association was found between HPV infection and vaginitis caused by Bacteria, Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida, and Trichomonas vaginalis, as well as socio-demographic characteristics such as age, education, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, marital status, number of children, and smoking (p > 0.05).
 Conclusion: Despite the fact that lower genital tract infection and HPV infection are not uncommon at the commune level, no association was discovered between the two.

Abstract 71: Regional College Women in the United States (U.S.) Report Low Health Literacy Regarding Basic Genital Biology and Cervical Cancer Risk Factors

Abstract Purpose: Oncogenic genital diseases, triggered by genital dysbiosis and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, can be prevented by improved health literacy in women. However, uptake of preventative strategies such as the HPV vaccine, are low in some U.S. communities (<50%). This study evaluated health literacy (language framing for and understanding of) basic genital biology and cervical cancer risk factors in U.S. college women. Methods: English-speaking undergraduates (n=36) at public (mostly Texas) and private (mostly California) institutions, self-directed to participate in individual, structured interviews via video or phone. Data transcripts were analyzed and scored for thematic responses to open-ended questions. Results: Over 80% of women wanted to know more about genital biology (“what is normal”) and cancer prevention. Individual understanding of genital biology and cervical cancer risk factors was low (scoring range from 0 = know nothing to 5 = understanding a lot). Knowledge (mean +/- SD) about normal vaginal bacterial physiology, and cervical cancer risk factors, both scored very low at only 1 +/- 1. Over 2/3 of women lacked the words and/or agency to describe genital symptoms without stress to healthcare providers. About 1/3 of women had no ability to list any cervical cancer risk factors, with most in this group not recalling any prior genital health education. Recurrent barriers to improved health literacy included: 1) belief that information lacked pertinence to them based on faith or culture, 2) inhibited care-seeking due to privacy issues (e.g. family insurance or campus clinics), 3) misinformation about genital biology or cancer causes, and 4) poor willingness or opportunity to discuss genital health with providers. The most requested change to genital healthcare was a desire for a biology curriculum taught from a functional perspective (for greater accessibility across faiths and cultures) with closer implementation to college and sexual debut. Conclusions: Knowledge of genital biology and cervical cancer risks was low in this group of U.S. college women (mean score 1/5 for some aspects). Prevention of genital cancers requires a multi-pronged approach that addresses genital biology, while accepting varied social determinants of health and diverse domains of influence for women across the U.S. Citation Format: Joanna Ellington, Dennis Clifton, Jenny Fremlin, Erisa Stokes, Jessica Shuster. Regional College Women in the United States (U.S.) Report Low Health Literacy Regarding Basic Genital Biology and Cervical Cancer Risk Factors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Closing the Research-to-Implementation Gap; 2023 Apr 4-6. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 71.

Association of endometriosis with genital human papillomavirus infection in US women: a national population-based study

The prevalence of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) in women with endometriosis has never been reported in a national representative survey. We aimed to investigate the association of endometriosis with the prevalence of HPV. We analyzed the data on 1768 women (representing 43,824,157 women) in the United States aged 20–54 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the prevaccination era (2003–2006). The diagnosis of endometriosis was based on a self-report. The prevalence of any HPV in women with endometriosis did not differ from that in women without endometriosis after controlling for potential confounders such as age, ethnicity, family income, marital status, and the number of deliveries (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61–1.15). No significant association was found between the prevalence of high-risk HPV and the diagnosis of endometriosis (aPR 0.71, 95% CI 0.44–1.14). If the participants were not covered by health insurance, the prevalence of any HPV infection in women with endometriosis was higher than in those without endometriosis (aPR 1.44, 95% CI 0.94–2.20). In contrast, in a subgroup who had health insurance, a lower prevalence of any HPV infection was observed in women with endometriosis (aPR 0.71, 95% CI 0.50–1.03), and P for interaction was statistically significant (P = 0.01). There was no association between endometriosis and HPV infection in this study of HPV vaccine-naïve women of reproductive age. The association was not different by the type of HPV. However, access to healthcare may modify the association between endometriosis and HPV infection.