Genetic Coefficient Of Variation Research Articles

Analysis of Genetic Variability, Trait Relationships, and Yield Determinants in Soybean

Aim: This study was conducted to enhance soybean yield by evaluating genetic variability, heritability, and trait correlations among 52 advanced breeding lines. Study Design: A randomized complete block design with three replications was used to assess key traits, including plant height, primary branches, nodes per plant, pods per plant, seeds per pod, flowering duration, maturity duration, and yield per plant. Place and Duration of Study: Trials were carried out during the Kharif season of 2023 at the N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. Methodology and Results: High genetic coefficients of variation and heritability for pods per plant and yield per plant indicate their strong genetic control and potential for selection, which was carried out in 52 genotypes. Correlation analysis identified pods per plant as the most influential trait associated with yield, making it a critical selection criterion. Path analysis further highlighted its direct positive impact on yield, while seeds per pod and days to maturity also contributed positively. Complex indirect effects of traits like nodes per plant and days to flowering emphasize the need for a balanced selection approach. Conclusion: These findings provide a comprehensive framework for optimizing selection strategies in soybean breeding programs, contributing to the development of high-yielding varieties.

Genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance estimates in selected groundnut genotypes (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i> L.) for agro-morphological and yield traits.

Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), is a crucial food and oil crop in the tropics, require genetic variability assessment for efficient breeding programs using appropriate parameters like genetic coefficient of variation, heritability estimates, association among yield related traits and genetic advance. This study aims to identify genotypes with desirable traits to improve yield and adaptability, contributing to better crop improvement strategies. The study used a randomized complete block design with three replications, consisting of fourteen selected genotypes. Quantitative traits were used to estimate genetic variability parameters, heritability, and genetic advance. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences (p < 0.005) for all studied traits, indicating greater variability in genotypes. Characters exhibited different levels of variability, heritability, and genetic advance among the genotypes. The estimate of the broad-sense heritability ranged from 13.33% to 33.33% for canopy spread and days to maturity respectively. Low to high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were recorded. The study found that traits such as number of branches, pods per plant, fresh and dry plant weight, kernel yield, pod yield, and shelling percentage showed high genotypic coefficient of variation, moderate broad sense heritability, and high genetic advance. These traits can be beneficial for groundnut improvement through effective phenotypic selection, resulting in high expected genetic gain. The study found that pod yield is significantly correlated with kernel yield, grain length, grain width, 100-seed weight, fresh and dry 100-pod weight, and number of pods per plant. Kernel yield is positively correlated with the number of branches per plant, pod per plant, fresh and dry 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, grain length, and grain width. In addition, the first four principal components accounted for 90.37% of total variation in all morphological traits.

Genetic Studies on Yield and Its Components in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.)

A field trial was carried out at the International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Hyderabad during Kharif, 2023-24, with the aim of studying genetic parameters for yield and its components among pigeonpea genotypes which provides in developing an apt selection index to be included in the breeding programs. This research was conducted on 200 genotypes of Indian pigeon pea on seven traits. Data were analysed to calculate analysis of variance (ANOVA), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genetic coefficient of variation (GCV), broad sense heritability (h2bs) and estimated genetic progression as percentage mean using R software v 4.3.1. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference for days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm), hundred seed weight and seed yield per plant among the genotypes. The genotypic coefficient of variance was lower than the genotypic coefficient of variance for all the traits under selection. Higher extent of genotypic coefficient of variation is manifested by days to 50% flowering, plant height, seeds per pod, hundred seed weight and seed yield per plant. High heritability coupled with genetic advance as per cent mean was observed in seed yield per plant, number of days to 50% flowering and plant height. The results concluded that seed yield per plant, number of days to flowering up to 50%, and plant height are the traits that should be emphasized as selection indicator in Indian pigeon pea breeding programs.

Screening and Site Adaptability Evaluation of Qi-Nan Clones (Aquilaria sinensis) in Southern China

In recent years, plantations of Aquilaria sinensis in China have been dominated by Qi-nan, yet there remains limited research on the growth evaluation and breeding of these clones. In this study, a multi-point joint variance analysis, an additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model, a weighted average of absolute scores (WAASB) stability index, and a genotype main effect plus a genotype-by-environment interaction (GGE) biplot were used to comprehensively analyze the yield, stability, and suitable environment of 25 3-year-old Qi-Nan clones from five sites in southern China. The results showed that all the growth traits exhibited significant differences in the clones, test sites, and interactions between the clones and test sites. The phenotypic variation coefficient (PCV) and genetic variation coefficient (GCV) of the clones’ growth traits at the different sites ranged from 16.56% to 32.09% and 5.24% to 27.06%, respectively, showing moderate variation. The medium–high repeatability (R) of tree height and ground diameter ranged from 0.50 to 0.96 and 0.69 to 0.98, respectively. Among the clones, Clones G04, G05, G10, G11 and G13 showed good growth performance and could be good candidates for breeding. Environmental effects were found to be the primary source of variation, with temperature and light primarily affecting growth, while rainfall influenced survival and preservation rates. Yangjiang (YJ) was found to be the most suitable experimental site for screening high-yield and stable clones across the different sites, whereas the tree height and ground diameter at the Chengmai (CM) site were significantly higher than at the other sites, and the Pingxiang (PX) and Zhangzhou (ZZ) sites showed poor growth performance. The findings suggest that Qi-nan clones are suitable for planting in southern China. There were also abundant genetic variations in germplasm resources for the Qi-nan clones. The five selected clones could be suitable for extensive planting. Therefore, large-scale testing is necessary for determining genetic improvements in Qi-nan clones, which will be conducive to the precise localization of their promotion areas.

Potential of Black Rice Mutants (M4) Through Genetic Parameters to Develop Superior Drought-Resistant Varieties

Rice plays an important role in meeting carbohydrate requirement and calorie needs to ensure food security. However, in recent years, rice productivity has decreased due to land conversion and climate change such as El Niño. The productivity of drought-resistant rice can be increased through breeding. Genetic diversity and heritability are important genetic parameters in the plant breeding process. Information about genetic diversity and heritability helps determine genetic progress through selection. This research aims to examine the potential genetic diversity and heritability of several mutant lines (M4) of black rice (G10) in order to develop superior rice varieties that are adaptive to dry land. In this research, we used experimental methods using a Randomized Block Design (RBD), calculating the value of the Genetic Diversity Coefficient (GDC) and heritability between quantitative characters. The results of narrow genetic research were found in the characteristics of the number of productive tillers and weight of 100 grains, while high heritability was found in the characters of plant height, moderate heritability was found in the total number of tillers, panicle length, number of empty grains per panicle, and weight of 100 grains. Overall, this research succeeded in identifying mutant lines (M4) of black rice (G10) which have the potential to be developed into superior varieties, especially for cultivation in dry land.

Adaptation Test and Genetic Parameters Estimation of Chili (Capsicum spp.) by Automation Drip Irrigation System in UG Technopark, Cianjur

Bean stew efficiency in 2019-2021 is vacillated because of the utilization of improper assortments and ecological variable. This study plans to decide assortments that have ideal development and creation at UG Technopark and to decide the hereditary variety between bean stew assortments. This study used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three blocks and one factor made up of eight chili varieties. The information examination utilized in this review was investigation of varians (ANOVA) at 5 and 1% level and the post hoc test utilized Duncan's Various Reach Test at 5%. Noticed information additionally were broke down utilizing coefficient of hereditary difference, coefficient of phenotypic change and heritability examination. The results showed that the Bonita variety has the highest plant height, dichotomous height, and the largest stem diameter. Bishop's crown variation had the biggest character of crown width, length and width of leaves meanwhile Ayesha variety had the fastest flowering time. On the fruit characters, Bishop’s crown variety had the highest fruit weight per plant and fruit diameter. Reisa varieties had the highest fruit weight. Each character had a wide range of genetic coefficients of variation with values ranging from 16.50 to 77.96%, high phenotypic coefficents of variation with values ranging from 13.93 to 86.38% and high broad meaning heritability values ranging from 0.43 to 1.00.

Genetic parameters and chemical characterization of conilon coffee accessions under irrigation in the Cerrado

The objective of this study was to identify the genetic, phenotypic and environmental parameters related to chemical compounds associated with beverage quality in a conilon coffee collection, grown in an irrigated system, in the Cerrado. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Cerrados using green grains harvested in two years from 84 genotypes of the cultivar Robusta Tropical. Caffeine content, protein, ether extract, total soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity were evaluated. The data were subjected to analysis of variance. Significant differences were observed at 1% probability among accessions for all evaluated chemical characteristics in both harvest years. The high heritability, genetic coefficients of variation and selective accuracy reveal the potential for achieving genetic gains via the selection of genotypes adapted to the irrigated system in the Cerrado combined with high beverage quality.

Trunk distortion weakens the tree productivity revealed by half-sib progeny determination of Pinus yunnanensis

Twisted trunks are not uncommon in trees, but their effects on tree growth are still unclear. Among coniferous tree species, the phenomenon of trunk distortion is more prominent in Pinus yunnanensis. To expand the germplasm of genetic resources, we selected families with excellent phenotypic traits to provide material for advanced generation breeding. The progeny test containing 93 superior families (3240 trees) was used as the research material. Phenotypic measurements and estimated genetic parameters (family heritability, realistic gain and genetic gain) were performed at 9, 15, and 18 years of age, respectively. The genetic evaluation yielded the following results (1) The intra-family variance component of plant height (PH) was greater than that of the inter-family, while the inter-family variance components of other traits (diameter at breast height (DBH), crown diameter (CD), height under branches (HUB), degree of stem-straightness (DS)) were greater than that of the intra-family, indicating that there was abundant variation among families and potential for selection. (2) At half rotation period (18 years old), there was a significant correlation among the traits. The proportion of trees with twisted trunks (level 1–3 straightness) reached 48%. The DS significantly affected growth traits, among which PH and DBH were the most affected. The volume loss rate caused by twisted trunk was 18.06-56.75%, implying that trunk distortion could not be completely eliminated after an artificial selection. (3) The influence of tree shape, crown width, and trunk on volume increased, and the early-late correlation between PH, DBH and volume was extremely significant. The range of phenotypic coefficient of variation, genetic variation coefficient and family heritability of growth traits (PH, DBH, and volume) were 44.29-127.13%, 22.88-60.87%, and 0.79–0.83, respectively. (4) A total of 21 superior families were selected by the method of membership function combined with independent selection. Compared with the mid-term selection (18 years old), the accuracy of early selection (9 years old) reached 77.5%. The selected families’ genetic gain and realistic gain range were 5.79-19.82% and 7.12-24.27%, respectively. This study can provide some useful reference for the breeding of coniferous species.

Genetic evaluation for stillbirth and preweaning mortality in Australian dairy cattle

The welfare of calves is important to both farmers and consumers. Practices that increase the proportion of calves born alive and enable them to thrive through to weaning contribute to improved sustainability. Stillbirths (SB) are calvings where the calf dies at birth or within 24 h after birth. Preweaning mortality (PWM) refers to calves that die after the first day of life but before weaning based on termination data. Both SB and PWM are binary traits characterized by low heritability. Data collection for these traits is incomplete, compared with traits such as milk yield in cows. Despite these challenges, genetic variation can be measured and used to produce breeding tools, such as EBVs, to reduce calf mortality over time. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of various linear models to predict SB and PWM traits in Holstein and Jersey cattle and evaluate their applicability for industry-wide use in the Australian dairy industry. Calving records from around 2.25 million Holstein and Jersey dams were obtained from DataGene's Central Data Repository from the year 2000 onward, to calculate genetic parameters. About 7% of calves were recorded as SB in the period from 2000 to 2021 (n = 1.48 million calvings). The prevalence of PWM was much lower than SB during the same period at 2% (n = 0.89 million calves). Genetic parameters were estimated for SB direct, SB maternal, and PWM using bivariate linear models with calving ease (CE) as the second trait in the model. The heritability of these calf traits was low and varied between 1% and 5% depending on the breed, trait, and model. In Holstein cattle, heritabilities were 2% for PWM and SB direct and 1% for SB maternal, whereas in Jersey cattle heritabilities were 5% for PWM, 2% for SB direct, and 1% for SB maternal. The genetic trends for both SB direct and SB maternal in Holstein cattle indicate improvement in both traits, whereas there was no apparent increase or decrease in PWM in the past 2 decades. The coefficient of genetic variation for SB direct and PWM was between 11.7% and 23.0% in Holstein and Jersey cattle, demonstrating considerable genetic variation in calf survival traits as a first step to using genetic selection to increase the proportion of calves born alive and calves weaned. A focus on improved calf and calving recording practices is expected to increase the reliability of genetic predictions.

Genetic diversity, heritability, and estimated breeding values for growth of domesticated Asian seabass Latescalcarifer from Thailand

To establish a new breeding program, genetic diversity of five domesticated populations and two commercial stocks of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) were examined. Moderate levels of genetic diversity based on microsatellite polymorphism were found. The number of alleles per locus (NA) was 3.429–11.571. Observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosities were 0.416–0.772 and 0.423–0.805. FST and genetic heterogeneity analysis revealed significant genetic differences of most pairwise comparisons (P < 0.001). Genetic distance between populations was 0.000–0.703. Phylogenetic analysis divided examined populations to two genetic stocks; A: DOF-Chachoengsao 2, DOF-Songkhla, and DOF-Trang and B: Commercial Farm 1 (Phuket) and Commercial Farm 2 (Chachengsao), DOF-Chachoengsao 1 and DOF-Krabi. The base population (G0, 51 families) was established from crosses between these founder populations. Heritability and estimated breeding values (EBVs) for growth in G0 families were evaluated at 519 day post hatch (dph, mean body weight = 616.64 ± 266.80 g, N = 1655). The heritability (h2) for growth of L. calcarifer in this study was 0.386 ± 0.020. The additive genetic coefficient of variation was 28% indicating high potential of genetic improvement for growth in this population. The distribution of EBVs showed high variation both between and within families. Fish exhibiting high EBVs (SATREPS-DOF-G0-hEBVs) clustered with a phylogenetic clade A while the SATREPS-DOF-G0-lEBVs group was phylogenetically allocated to clade B. Genetic selection with +1SD criteria is expected to achieve genetic gain of 28.5% per generation. The information on genetic diversity and EBVs estimates allows efficient implementation of our ongoing breeding program of L. calcarifer.

Genetic Variability and Correlation for Traits Related to Drought Tolerance in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Different Water Regimes

The understanding of the variability existing in a population base of crop is pivotal to crop improvement. This study examined the variance components, heritability estimates and correlations between some morphological and physiological traits related to drought tolerance in groundnuts under two water regimes, to speed up the selection and breeding of groundnut genotypes tolerant to drought. The experiment was carried at the Research Farm of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University. Data collected for performance evaluation were number of days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of pods/plant, seed weight/plant and pod yield/plant. Physiological traits related to drought tolerance measured included, Harvest Index (HI), SPAD Chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) at 40, 60 and 80 Days after showing (DAS). Variance components, Genetic Coefficient of Variation (GCV), Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) and broad-sense heritability were calculated for all the traits recorded. Results showed that number of pods/plant, seed weight/plant, SCMR at 60 DAS and HI showed a strong positive and highly significant (P&lt;0.01) with pod yield/plant in all watering conditions. Heritability of the traits ranged from 8.16%- 60.00% with pod yield/plant having the highest value and days to 50% flowering having the lowest values in non-stress (NS), while under water stress condition, heritability was low to moderate from 0.53-53.33%. The SCMR at 60 DAS, number of pods/plant and HI had moderate heritability and significant correlation with pod yield/plant under water stress condition, these traits could be useful criteria in drought tolerance selection.

Genetic diversity in see-see partridge (Ammoperdix griseogularis, Galliformes) populations from sub-Himalayan Mountain ranges of Pakistan

We used Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to investigate the genetic structure of two populations of see-see partridge (Ammoperdix griseogularis, Galliformes) from the Suleiman range, in the Pakistani Himalayan region. The see-see partridge is a vulnerable species with a distribution in the Middle East and central Asia. The percentage of polymorphic bands (94.05%), Shannon Index (H = 0.455) and Nei’s average gene diversity (I = 0.298) of A. griseogularis at species level were rather high when compared with other avian species. 17% of polymorphic loci showed statistically significant differences in their allelic frequencies. The G (Nei’s coefficient of genetic variation) values indicated low levels of differentiation (G = 0.08). A genetic distance D of 0.05 indicated that both populations were to some degree in isolation but their differentiation was not significant. Overall, our genetic data can support action plans aiming to locally preserve differentiated genetic resources that, in the future, could potentially result in ecologically and behaviourally differentiated populations. In view of the rapid environmental changes that the Himalayan region has been experiencing in the last decade, this study could help in conservation plans.

Provenance and family variations in early growth of Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica Maxim.) and selection of superior families.

This study, conducted in China in November 2020, was aimed at exploring the variations in growth traits among different provenances and families as well as to select elite materials of Juglans mandshurica. Thus, seeds of 44 families from six J. mandshurica provenances in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces were sown in the nursery and then transplanted out in the field. At the age of 5 years, seven growth traits were assessed, and a comprehensive analysis was conducted as well as selection of provenance and families. Analysis of variance revealed statistically significant (P < 0.01) differences in seven growth traits among different provenances and families, thereby justifying the pursuit of further breeding endeavors. The genetic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits ranged from 5.44% (branch angle) to 21.95% (tree height) whereas the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) ranged from 13.74% (tapering) to 38.50% (branch number per node), indicating considerable variability across the traits. Further, all the studied traits except stem straightness degree, branch angle and branch number per node, showed high heritability (Tree height, ground diameter, mean crown width and tapering, over 0.7±0.073), indicating that the variation in these traits is primarily driven by genetic factors. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (r > 0.8) between tree height and ground diameter (r = 0.86), tree height and mean crown width (r = 0.82), and ground diameter and mean crown width (r = 0.83). This suggests that these relationships can be employed for more precise predictions of the growth and morphological characteristics of trees, as well as the selection of superior materials. There was a strong correlation between temperature factors and growth traits. Based on the comprehensive scores in this study, Sanchazi was selected as elite provenance. Using the top-percentile selection criteria, SC1, SC8, DJC15, and DQ18 were selected as elite families. These selected families exhibit genetic gains of over 10% in tree height, ground diameter and mean crown width, signifying their significant potential in forestry for enhancing timber production and reducing production cycles, thereby contributing to sustainable forest management. In this study, the growth traits of J. mandshurica were found to exhibit stable variation, and there were correlations between these traits. The selected elite provenance and families of J. mandshurica showed faster growth, which is advantageous for the subsequent breeding and promotion of improved J. mandshurica varieties.

Genomic prediction for root and yield traits of barley under a water availability gradient: a case study comparing different spatial adjustments

BackgroundIn drought periods, water use efficiency depends on the capacity of roots to extract water from deep soil. A semi-field phenotyping facility (RadiMax) was used to investigate above-ground and root traits in spring barley when grown under a water availability gradient. Above-ground traits included grain yield, grain protein concentration, grain nitrogen removal, and thousand kernel weight. Root traits were obtained through digital images measuring the root length at different depths. Two nearest-neighbor adjustments (M1 and M2) to model spatial variation were used for genetic parameter estimation and genomic prediction (GP). M1 and M2 used (co)variance structures and differed in the distance function to calculate between-neighbor correlations. M2 was the most developed adjustment, as accounted by the Euclidean distance between neighbors.ResultsThe estimated heritabilities (h^2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\widehat{h}}^{2}$$\\end{document}) ranged from low to medium for root and above-ground traits. The genetic coefficient of variation (GCV\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$GCV$$\\end{document}) ranged from 3.2 to 7.0% for above-ground and 4.7 to 10.4% for root traits, indicating good breeding potential for the measured traits. The highest GCV\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$GCV$$\\end{document} observed for root traits revealed that significant genetic change in root development can be achieved through selection. We studied the genotype-by-water availability interaction, but no relevant interaction effects were detected. GP was assessed using leave-one-line-out (LOO) cross-validation. The predictive ability (PA) estimated as the correlation between phenotypes corrected by fixed effects and genomic estimated breeding values ranged from 0.33 to 0.49 for above-ground and 0.15 to 0.27 for root traits, and no substantial variance inflation in predicted genetic effects was observed. Significant differences in PA were observed in favor of M2.ConclusionsThe significant GCV\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$GCV$$\\end{document} and the accurate prediction of breeding values for above-ground and root traits revealed that developing genetically superior barley lines with improved root systems is possible. In addition, we found significant spatial variation in the experiment, highlighting the relevance of correctly accounting for spatial effects in statistical models. In this sense, the proposed nearest-neighbor adjustments are flexible approaches in terms of assumptions that can be useful for semi-field or field experiments.

Age trends of genetic variation and early selection for growth traits in Cunninghamia lanceolata open-pollinated families

Abstract The present study measured the growth traits of 98 open-pollinated half-sibling families from the second-generation clonal seed orchard of Chinese fir for 6 consecutive years from age 2 to 7, the change patterns of genetic variation in growth traits and genetic parameters were analyzed, and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) was used for early selection to determine the excellent families. The growth traits of Chinese fir revealed highly significant differences between families, indicating that there was significant genetic variation at the family level, which serves as the foundation for exceptional family selection. The heritabilities of family and individual for H (height) ranged from 0.61 to 0.65 and 0.41 to 0.46, respectively; for DGH (the diameter at ground height)/DBH (the diameter at breast height), they were 0.55 to 0.66 and 0.35 to 0.46, respectively; and for V (tree volume), they were 0.66 to 0.70 and 0.48 to 0.49, respectively. The growth traits of genetic control were at a greater level at age 5. The findings of the coefficient of variation analysis demonstrated that the phenotypic variation coefficient were larger than the genetic variation coefficient for three growth traits at various ages. The juvenile-mature genetic and phenotypic correlations revealed an increasing tendency with age, and mainly controlled by genetic factors. Compared to other age groups for growth traits, age 5 had greater phenotypic and genetic association coefficients, as well as greater efficiency of early selection. Based on the selection method of breeding value, nine families were selected with a 9.2 % selection rate.

Correlation and Pathway Analysis and their Applications to Improve Yield in Bread Wheat Under Humic Acid Conditions

This study aimed to know the relationship between growth traits and yield components with yield by studying some statistical and genetic parameters in addition to correlation and path analyses . The study included fifteen types of bread wheat (Sham 8, Aba 99, Kraita, Al_ Ezz, Aba 95, Mexibak, Sham 6, Abu Ghraib 3, Al-Fath, Intisar, Latifa, Tamouz3, Bohouth 22, and Al_Rasheed) under the influence of three levels of humic acid (0, 20 and 40 kg.h−1) using the Randomized complete block design to the arrangement of split plots with three replicates and characteristics, the number of days to heading ofspikes, the area of the flag leaf, plant height, number of active tillers, number of grains of the spike, 1000 grains weight and the total yield. The most important results were summarized as: The presence of high genetic variance compared to environmental variance, which was reflected in the high value of heritability in the broad sense, and that the coefficient of environmental variation was low compared to the coefficient of genetic and phenotypic variation, which was average, and that the expected genetic improvement as a percentage was average for all studied traits except number of days to heading trait varying levels of humic acid. We conclude from this that the third level can be considered a good and suitable environment through direct selection of the two characteristics number grains per spike and grains thousand weight to improve the yield in the future.

Evaluation of some Egyptian and Iraq Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes and Estimate of its Genetic Statistical Parameters

Seventeen bread wheat genotypes were evaluated involving seven Egyptian genotypes (Yakora, 13-ssd-43, Sahel 1, Gemiza 7, Gemiza 11, Sides12 and Giza 168) and ten Iraqi genotypes (Ibba 95, Ibba 99, Sham 6, Adana, Tamros 3, Jihan, Latifia, Buhooth 22, Rashid and Abu Ghraib) to estimate their variations, correlations, coefficients of differences (environmental, genetic, phenotypic) and heritability in the broad sense. The experiment was carried out in crop field farm - Faculty of Agriculture - Tikrit University. 11/15/2018, with randomizing complete block design. The genotype of Gemiza 7 exhibited superiority in both, the number of kernels/ spike and grain yield/ plant (58.53 kernels and 24.65 g), respectively. 13-ssd-43 and Sham 6 for number of spikes /plant and grain yield/ plant reached 11.83 and 10.74 spikes /plant, 24.28 and 23.16 g, respectively. This does not belong to the wide genetic diversity in addition to the occurrence of these structures in different cluster groups and with a genetic dimension. It can be considered a parent in future breeding and improvement programs. On the other hand, the number of spikes plant shown with the coefficient of genetic and phenotypic variation can be considered of high value for heritability, and genetic improvement can be regarded as a tool for improving bread wheat in the near future.

Genetic Parameters of Rice Strains (Oryza sativa L.) Functional for Development and Increasing Production in Medium Plain Dry Lands

Functional rice is a food that contains more than one forming component that is useful for health. Nowadays public interest in functional food is increasing, so functional rice production needs to be increased. Therefore, this research was conducted with the hope of obtaining information on superior agronomic characters to increase the yield power of functional rice strains. The method used was experimental using a randomized group design (RAK). Data analysis consists of Analysis of Variance, genetic diversity coefficient, phenotype diversity coefficient, genotype correlation, phenotype correlation, and heritability in a broad sense. The results showed that the heritability value of high area meaning is found in the character of flowering, harvest age, plant height, panicle length of the amount of grain contained, and the amount of empty grain. The high value of the KKG and KKF is indicated by the character of the number of non-productive saplings, while the lowest value is indicated by the character of the age of harvest. All quantitative characters observed showed positive genotypic correlation results to grain weight per clump. While in phenotypic correlation only the character of plant height, panicle length, the amount of grain containing, the amount of hollow grain and the weight of 100 grains are positive. Based on the analysis that has been carried out the character of plant height, panicle length, the amount of grain containing the amount of hollow grain and the weight of 100 grains need to be taken into account as selection criteria to obtain high-yielding functional rice.

Unravelling the Genetic Potential of Buckwheat Genotypes through Yield and Yield Attributing Parameters in Semi-tropical Climate of India

In this comprehensive study on buckwheat genotypes conducted in the semi-tropical region of Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India during the rabi, 2021 growing season, a range of critical agronomic traits, including plant height, flowering time, days to maturity, test weight, and economic yield, were systematically analyzed. The analysis of variance highlighted the significance of both replicates and treatments in explaining variations across these traits. The genotypes exhibited remarkable diversity, with notable differences in plant height, with IC-26755 exhibiting the tallest plants at 99.75 cm, while IC-582972 displayed the shortest at 14.93 cm. Moreover, flowering time varied widely, with IC-582972 and IC-329201 being non-flowering genotypes. These variations in plant height and flowering time can have significant implications for crop management and breeding strategies. Assessment of genetic variability and genetic advancement underscored the substantial potential for improving traits such as economic yield and days to flowering through selective breeding efforts. Genetic coefficients of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were calculated, with "Economic yield" displaying the highest values, signifying significant inherent variability among genotypes for this trait.Phenotypic and genotypic correlation analyses unveiled intriguing relationships among traits, offering valuable insights for crop management and breeding strategies. There were strong positive correlations between days to 50% flowering and total weight, suggesting that genotypes taking more time to flower tend to produce greater total weight.Phenotypic and genotypic path analyses further elucidated the intricate interplay of traits, providing actionable insights for trait improvement through selective breeding. In the phenotypic path analysis, it was observed that total biomass fraction had a direct positive effect on days to 50% flowering and days to 80% maturity, suggesting that genotypes with higher biomass fractions tend to have later flowering and maturity.

Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Path Analysis of Sesame Genotypes under Three Plant Distributions

A field experiment was carried out at research station of Department of Field Crops at the College of Agriculture at the University of Tikrit under gypsum soil conditions during the summer agricultural season (2022 AD). plants, which are (60 x 10, 40 x 15, and 30 x 20) cm2. genetic parameters were estimated in the three environments for studied traits under study. path was analyzed to determine most traits in single plant yield. The most important results were as follows: genetic variation was higher than the environmental in the three studied environments and for all traits, and values of the coefficient of genetic and phenotypic variation were average for most of the traits studied in the three environments and broad sense heritability was high in most of the studied traits and in three environments, and expected genetic advance was high as mean for traits of single plant yield in (the second and third environment) and it is possible to adopt the two traits of number of capsules per plant and seeds 1000weight with direct selective evidence to improve single plant yield because the direct effect of these two inpath analysis was positive and high.