Genesis Of Theory Research Articles

The Genesis of Theory and Practice

One of the questions in social science is about the relationship between theory and practice. It goes back to the ancient Greek philosophers whose world was strictly separated into polis and oikos. The actors of polis were engaged in the formation of a democratic society requiring active action in the sense of vita activa. According to Arendt, with the decline of the polis and the emergence of the new forms of the society, vita activa was initially set in opposition to vita contemplativa and then later devalued in favour of vita contemplativa. However, with Galilei and Kant, there has been a counter-movement, which no longer understood theory as isolating oneself from the world but as shaping social realities. Theory and practice are joined today by the concept of research. The relationship between theory and practice will be examined initially within a historical perspective offering the genesis. Then the features of some institutions are discussed in terms of their communications with theory and practice and redefined accordingly.

Public finance in postulates of economic schools: genesis of theories

The article aims to study the genesis of public finance theories in the context of social development due to the need to determine the role of the state in providing social services and the efficiency and quality of public goods. The need for research is generated by two aspects: the dependence of the state and vector of public finance development on the historical and political conditions of state development; the need to develop tools, institutions, and procedures in the context of expanding state participation in the provision of social services to the population. Theoretical aspects of determining public and private goods and their place in the theory of public finance are substantiated. The public and private goods are compared and their essential characteristics are revealed. The key features of public goods (non-competitiveness, non-exclusion, indivisibility) are highlighted. The article addresses the peculiarities of scientific approaches to the issue of financing the manufacture and providing public goods to representatives of various scientific schools and trends (classical political economy, fiscal exchange models, theory of economic sociodynamics, libertarian theory, institutional economic theory, new classical macroeconomics, etc). The experience of developed countries in the historical context clearly indicates that despite the diversity and differences of national economic models focusing on different schools of economic theory, there is a constant gradual strengthening of the role of the state in social development. Emphasis is placed on changing the role of the state in modern conditions of forming new priorities and implementing the Sustainable Development Goals that ensure the development of human capital and provide the population with quality public goods. The article substantiates that in modern conditions, the issues of social services efficiency as a guarantee of human capital development, their maximum proximity to consumers, the role of the state and public administration system in the social sphere, and balancing the public finance system in ensuring social and economic progress are increasingly relevant.

On the Genesis of the Idiotypic Network Theory

The idiotypic network theory (INT) was conceived by the Danish immunologist Niels Kaj Jerne in 1973/1974. It proposes an overall view of the immune system as a network of lymphocytes and antibodies. The paper tries to offer a reconstruction of the genesis of the theory, now generally discarded and of mostly historical interest, first of all, by taking into account the context in which Jerne's theoretical proposal was advanced. It is argued the theory challenged, in a sense, the supremacy of the clonal selection theory (CST), this being regarded as the predominant paradigm in the immunological scenario. As CST found shortcomings in explaining certain phenomena, anomalies, one could view INT as a competing paradigm claiming to be able to make sense of such phenomena in its own conceptual framework. After a summary outline of the historical background and some relevant terminological elucidations, a narrative of the various phases of elaboration of the theory is proposed, up to its official public presentation.

Logic of discovery and justification in regulatory genetics

In the above pages I have sketched a history of the genesis and comparative evaluation of the repressor model of genetic regulation of enzyme induction. I have not attempted in this article to carry out an analysis of the more scientifically interesting fully developed Jacob-Monod operon theory of genetic regulations but such an analysis of the operon theory would not, I believe, involve any additional logical or epistemological features than have been discussed above. I have argued that the above account of the development of a theory of enzyme induction involved inferential moves and well-characterized desiderata, of both empirical and non-empirical character, in the genesis and evaluation of new hypotheses and theories. I have also contended that the reasoning displayed in the genesis of a theory is in a large measure identical to that utilized in evaluating a theory. Both of these conclusions are at variance with the views of philosophers such as H. Reichenbach, Sir Karl Popper, and C.G. Hempel who have argued that the genesis of new hypotheses is primarily an irrational affair and that only the context of justification is susceptible of rational reconstruction. In the alternative view presented here, scientific discovery and scientific justification represent the application in contexts, which are primarily telically distinguishable, of a fundamentally unitary logic of scientific inquiry.