Genesis Of Psychiatric Disorders Research Articles

Embitterment: The Nature of the Construct and Critical Issues in the Light of COVID-19.

Embitterment is a construct that is vast and complex and may be seen in a variety of conditions and circumstances. The following paper reviews the construct of embitterment and tries to explain the concept from a psychological perspective. It also looks at the role of embitterment in the genesis of psychiatric disorders like depression, anxiety, and PTSD, while focusing on the nature and factors needed to make a diagnosis of Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder. Situations due to the current pandemic where embitterment may develop are discussed and this is coupled with a need to manage embitterment when it develops, as it may progress to a chronic condition where its effects may be both physical and psychological. Embitterment and its management from a psychotherapy standpoint is also discussed and the same is done from a workplace perspective.

Microglia cytoarchitecture in the brain of adenosine A2A receptor knockout mice: Brain region and sex specificities.

Microglia cells exert a critical role in brain development, mainly supported by their immune functions, which predicts an impact on the genesis of psychiatric disorders. In fact, microglia stress during gestation is, for instance, associated with chronic anxiety and cognitive deficits accompanied by long-lasting, region- and sex-specific changes in microglia morphology. We recently reported that the pattern of microglia morphologic plasticity, which is sex-determined, impacts on anxious-like behaviour and cognition. We also reported that the pharmacologic blockade of adenosine A2A receptors (A2A R) is able to reshape microglia morphology, in a sex-specific manner and with behavioural sequelae. In order to better understand the role of A2A R in the sex differentiation of microglia, we now compared their morphology in wild-type and A2A R knockout male and female C57BL/6 mice in two cardinal brain regions implicated in anxiety-like behaviour and cognition, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the dorsal hippocampus (dHIP). We report interregional differences between PFC and dHIP in a sex-specific manner: while males presented more complex microglia in the dHIP, microglia from females had a more complex morphology in the PFC. Surprisingly, the genetic deletion of A2A R did not alter these sex differences, but promoted the exclusive remodelling (increase in complexity) in PFC microglia from females. These findings further support the existence of a heterogeneous microglial network, distinct between sexes and brain regions, and help characterizing the role of A2A R in the sex- and brain region-specific morphologic differentiation of microglia.

Invest in family.

The family is an integral part of one's life. It is very essential that every individual employed or unemployed invests time therein. The family is a source of support and growth for an individual, and the lack of family support or loneliness may be a causative factor in the genesis of psychiatric disorders, especially depression. In India, family plays a paramount role when it comes to mental health of the individual. Tips on how one should invest time in one's family along with the role of a family in one's personal and social structure are discussed.

A Weak Spot in the Personality? Conceptualising “War Neurosis” in British Medical Literature of the Second World War

Through an analysis of leading British medical journals during the Second World War, this article argues that psychiatric understandings of the “war neurosis” suffered by British servicemen during that conflict were predicated on a notion of the “neurotic serviceman” as an objective personality type predisposed to break down during the strain of wartime. By discounting the effects of traumatic war experiences in favour of an aetiology that located the genesis of psychiatric disorder within the inherently unstable individual, such an approach minimized the influence of the martial environment in favour of heredity and the events of early childhood as the ultimate arbiters of mental stability in service personnel.

The Serotonin Transporter in Psychiatric Disorders

<p>The neurotransmitter serotonin has been widely studied in psychiatric disorders. Indeed, the serotonergic hypothesis for mood disorders is the most widely accepted hypothesis. Most psychotropic medications, including SSRI antidepressants and atypical antipsychotics, act on the serotonergic system. The serotonergic system consists of serotonin, serotonin receptors, and the serotonin transporter. Within the serotonergic system, the serotonin transporter protein has been a focus of intense research. Researchers have tried to investigate the role of the serotonin transporter protein in a range of psychiatric disorders, from affective disorders to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to schizophrenia. The serotonin transporter protein has also been the focus of researchers trying to explore its role in variations in drug response. In this article, we review the existing evidence involving the serotonin transporter protein in the genesis of psychiatric disorders, variations in symptom presentation, and variations in drug response. We also briefly discuss some of the peculiarities of genetic research in psychiatric disorders and how they affect the outcome of research studies. </p> <h4>ABOUT THE AUTHORS</h4><p>Mohd A. Shamsi, MD, MSc, is Final-year Resident, Department of Psychiatry University of Missouri-Columbia. Sultana Jahan, MD, is Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri-Columbia.</p> <p>Address correspondence to: Mohd A. Shamsi, MD; e-mail <a href="mailto:shamsim@health.missouri.edu">shamsim@health.missouri.edu</a>.</p> <p>Dr. Shamsi and Dr. Jahan have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.</p> <h4>EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES</h4> <ol><li>Describe the location of the serotonin transporter within the serotonin system and its role in the mechanism of antidepressant action.</li> <li>Demonstrate the basic terminology of genetics relevant to advances in psychiatry. </li><li>List the effects of a good study design and the importance of large sample sizes. </li></ol>

Comparison of Well, Emotionally Disordered, and Behaviorally Disordered Children with Linguistic Problems

This paper examines the backgrounds and developmental and psychosocial aspects of children who have different types of psychiatric disorders and associated speech or language disorders. Four groups of children are compared: a psychiatrically “well” group ( N=298). a “behaviorally disordered group” ( N=142). an “emotionally disordered group” ( N=92). and a “mixed” group having both an emotional disorder and a behavioral disorder ( N =11). The data show that although socioeconomic, demographic, and developmental factors generally do not differentiate the groups, speech and language factors frequently do. The findings suggest that speech and language factors may play a primary role in the genesis of psychiatric disorders.

Temporal Lobe Involvement in Multiple Sclerosis Patients With Psychiatric Disorders

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently develop psychiatric disturbances. The clinical histories and magnetic resonance imaging results from eight patients with MS and psychiatric disorders were compared with those from eight control MS patients matched for age, sex, duration and severity of illness, and clinical course. Both groups had widespread lesions on the magnetic resonance imaging scans; however, the psychiatric group had more clinically defined sites of MS involvement, possibly indicating a difference in the biologic activity of the lesions in this group. The total lesion area was not different between the groups. However, the distribution of lesions did differ; the psychiatric group had significantly more temporal lobe involvement than the control group. These results indicate a role for the cerebral lesions themselves, particularly those in the temporal lobes, in the genesis of psychiatric disorders in MS.

Meyerian psychobiology, personality development, and the role of life experiences.

The psychobiological life history approach to psychiatry is perhaps the most important of Adolf Meyer's contributions to psychiatric thinking. The author outlines the implications of that approach for current concepts and practice. He reviews the literature regarding the causative role of life experiences in the genesis of psychiatric disorder, the extent to which the effects of stressors are situation-specific, the effects of stress on the organism, the reason for individual variations in the response to stress, and the cause of life stressors.

Resilience in the face of adversity. Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder.

Almost since the beginnings of psychiatric practice, there has been a recognition that negative life experiences and stressful happenings may serve to precipitate mental disorders (Garmezy & Rutter, 1985). Nearly 200 years ago, Pinel wrote about the psychiatric risks associated with unexpected reverses or adverse circumstances, and it is reported that his initial question to newly admitted psychiatric patients was: “Have you suffered vexation, grief or reverse of fortune?” Nevertheless, although an appreciation that a variety of stressors may play a role in the genesis of psychiatric disorder has a long history, the systematic study of such effects is much more recent.

Hide and secrete: women's sexual magic in belize.

The study is an interpretive descnption of certain kinds of magic or dirt sorcery used by women in Belize (fonnerly British Honduras) to preserve mantal and common-law unions. Relations between the sexes are briefly described, pnmarily in economic terns, and suggestions are made as to the possible functions of the magical methods of attachment, which may serve as stabllizing influences in a society where marriage is quite brittle. This paper is a descriptive analysis of certasn mwical practices associated with relations between the sexes in Belize (formerly British Honduras) which I uncovered while engaged in arlthropological field work there (funded by NIH grant MH 48830). These practices were occasionally mentioned in connection with the genesis of psychiatric disorder and indeed, after further inquiry, appeared to constitute a fairly important part of the cultural content of inter-sex behavior. The purpose of this report is to present a detailed description of a rather unique sexually-related belief and action system and to offer some possible explanations as to how this system is related to other aspects of socio-cultural organization, especially the position of women. To place this information in a larger perspective a few facts about Belize are in order. The absolute smallness of the country, both in area and population, has been an important factor in the development of the present society as are the location and economy. With a total area of 8666 miles and a population of 140,000 (1973 estimates), it is very small in scale. The ethnically diverse population is concentrated in the fotmer capitol, Belize City, with the remaining persons scattered in the surrounding rural areas. Located as Belize is on the cultural and geographic border between Latin America and the Caribbean, there is a blending of West Indian and Ibero-American life styles which gives the small colony a distinctive ambience and atmosphere. However, Belize has not prospered greatly in the past; and, due to social, political, geographic, and historical factors,