Generic Entities Research Articles

Chinese engineering geological named entity recognition by fusing multi-features and data enhancement using deep learning

The engineering geology report serves as a comprehensive portrayal of the geological conditions and information within a surveyed region, making it highly valuable for extracting and mining engineering geology-related knowledge. Geological Named Entity Recognition (GNER), as a pivotal technology for information extraction and knowledge discovery, aims to identify geological objects that convey significant meanings within textual data. While general NER tools and existing approaches are commonly employed for recognizing generic entities, their effectiveness is constrained by the diverse language irregularities inherent in natural language texts, including nested entities, lengthy entities, and a scarcity of domain-specific annotated corpora. Adhering to established standards and principles governing engineering geology reports, we undertake an analysis of text structures and characteristics, as well as the linguistic descriptions and data attributes. By employing an Electronic Design Automation (EDA) enhancement method in conjunction with manual annotation, we construct an engineering GNER dataset. To address these linguistic irregularities, we propose a novel deep learning model that combines both the geological pre-training model (GeoBERT) and multiple features (pinyin, radical, and position vectors) to generate representations from byte sequences. These representations are subsequently fused and passed through a BiLSTM-Attention model for training. Finally, entity classification results are obtained using conditional random fields (CRF). Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed model achieves an impressive F1 value of 79.60% on the constructed datasets, outperforming ten baseline models analyzed in this study.

Собственность себя и чуждость мира: онтология института собственности Нового времени

The work is devoted to the ontological foundations of the Western institution of property in the Modern Age. Philosophy plays a significant role in the project of the Modern Age to substantiate the natural, rather than religious, origins of property because it can provide rational legitimation for the institution. In this regard, to explicate the ontology of property in the Modern Age, the study turns mainly to two authors in whose texts such a discourse unfolds: John Locke and Karl Marx. John Locke, in his political philosophy, for the first time in the history of Western culture, derives the ownership of things from labor and explains the ownership of labor itself as the unconditional ownership of itself. Self-ownership implies a split into self-ownership and self-property while simultaneously identifying oneself, so the question of the meaning of self-ownership is raised. What ontology is based on this specific idea of the Modern Age about the natural belonging of a person to himself, and how does a man actually realize this belonging? Answers to these questions are given through an analysis of the early works by K. Marx, in which it is possible to explicate the ontology of self-ownership: it is thematized in the distinction between individual existence and the generic essence of man. Marx continues the division of men into themselves and themselves and proceeds from the fact that men as individuals initially belong to men as generic entities (which made possible Marx's statement that in the process of alienated labor, men are alienated from themselves). It is concluded that the ontology of self-ownership is rooted in the ontology of the subject of the Modern Age in general. Since only self-ownership is recognized as unconditional property in modern times, all things in the world appear in this ontology as initially alien and requiring appropriation in order to become one's own.

A synthesis of the Chiococceae tribe (Cinchonoideae, Rubiaceae) in Mexico: morphology, diversity, and endemism

This study provides the first comprehensive checklist and analysis of species included in the Chiococceae tribe in Mexico, based on over 4000 herbarium specimens. We report 28 species in nine genera; including two endemic genera (Coutaportla and Nernstia) and 14 endemic species. It is estimated that 50 % of Chiococceae species found in Mexico are endemic. We mapped the diversity per grid cell of species using their occurrence records obtained from online databases. Distribution was concentrated in the tropical southern area of Mexico, with the most diverse states in terms of species and endemicity being Chiapas (17 species; 5 endemic), Veracruz (14 species; 4 endemic), and Oaxaca (14 species; 6 endemic). The combination of several traits in reproductive characters are useful to diagnose the generic entities of Chiococceae; for example form, size, symmetry, and merosity of the corolla; consistency, dorsiventral compression, and dehiscence of the fruit; and attachment and margin of the seed are useful for diagnosing the generic entities of Chiococceae. We also highlight taxonomic problems on the generic level (Asemnantha/Chiococca, Coutaportla/Lorencea; Solenandra/Exostema) and species level (e.g. Chiococca alba), for which further studies are needed to better comprehend the diversity of the Chiococceae tribe in Mexico.

Exploring the Representations of Individual Entities in the Brain Combining EEG and Distributional Semantics.

Semantic knowledge about individual entities (i.e., the referents of proper names such as Jacinta Ardern) is fine-grained, episodic, and strongly social in nature, when compared with knowledge about generic entities (the referents of common nouns such as politician). We investigate the semantic representations of individual entities in the brain; and for the first time we approach this question using both neural data, in the form of newly-acquired EEG data, and distributional models of word meaning, employing them to isolate semantic information regarding individual entities in the brain. We ran two sets of analyses. The first set of analyses is only concerned with the evoked responses to individual entities and their categories. We find that it is possible to classify them according to both their coarse and their fine-grained category at appropriate timepoints, but that it is hard to map representational information learned from individuals to their categories. In the second set of analyses, we learn to decode from evoked responses to distributional word vectors. These results indicate that such a mapping can be learnt successfully: this counts not only as a demonstration that representations of individuals can be discriminated in EEG responses, but also as a first brain-based validation of distributional semantic models as representations of individual entities. Finally, in-depth analyses of the decoder performance provide additional evidence that the referents of proper names and categories have little in common when it comes to their representation in the brain.

AGR4BS: A Generic Multi-Agent Organizational Model for Blockchain Systems

Blockchain is a very attractive technology since it maintains a public, append-only, immutable and ordered log of transactions which guarantees an auditable ledger accessible by anyone. Blockchain systems are inherently interdisciplinary since they combine various fields such as cryptography, multi-agent systems, distributed systems, social systems, economy, and finance. Furthermore, they have a very active and dynamic ecosystem where new blockchain platforms and algorithms are developed continuously due to the interest of the public and the industries to the technology. Consequently, we anticipate a challenging and interdisciplinary research agenda in blockchain systems, built upon a methodology that strives to capture the rich process resulting from the interplay between the behavior of agents and the dynamic interactions among them. To be effective, however, modeling studies providing insights into blockchain systems, and appropriate description of agents paired with a generic understanding of their components are needed. Such studies will create a more unified field of blockchain systems that advances our understanding and leads to further insight. According to this perspective, in this study, we propose using a generic multi-agent organizational modeling for studying blockchain systems, namely AGR4BS. Concretely, we use the Agent/Group/Role (AGR) organizational modeling approach to identify and represent the generic entities which are common to blockchain systems. We show through four real case studies how this generic model can be used to model different blockchain systems. We also show briefly how it can be used for modeling three well-known attacks on blockchain systems.

GeoReservoir: An ontology for deep-marine depositional system geometry description

An ontology is a logical theory that accounts for a domain vocabulary’s intended meaning, allowing us to develop a computational artifact that explicitly and formally represents the community’s conceptualization related to a vocabulary. This paper presents the GeoReservoir ontology — the result of the ontological analysis of the terminology adopted by geologists in sedimentological studies about deep-marine depositional systems, which is one of the most relevant types of oil and gas reservoirs around the world. Despite the variety of studies describing the patterns of productive reservoirs, this domain demanded new approaches in conceptual modeling methodologies because the available terminology presents issues such as ambiguity and contamination of different interpretations in the terms’ definitions. Previous work has dealt with these issues in geology, resulting in the GeoCore, an ontology that explicitly defines the most generic entities in geology. However, the domain in focus still demanded a specialized ontology containing the particular terms found in reports about deep-marine deposits. GeoReservoir is an extension of GeoCore, which, in its turn, extends the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), a foundational ontology for scientific domains. GeoReservoir takes advantage of both BFO and GeoCore’s foundations, allowing us to focus our effort on defining the domain-specific entities. A team of professional reservoir geologists supported the knowledge acquisition process. We developed the ontology in iterative steps from an initial prototype to a complete artifact containing the taxonomy of entities and the relations between the entities, being increasingly refined by the experts. We further present a case study demonstrating how one could describe a depositional system in GeoReservoir terms. Moreover, we validated the ontology against defined competency questions (CQs). This work’s final result is offering a sound, consistent and unambiguous terminology to support the integration of data and knowledge about deep-marine depositional system geometry and lithology.

PHYSICS AND METAPHYSICS OF FICTION REFLECTED IN FILM: A CASE OF DECRYPTION

The article deals with religious, materialistic, and mixed interpretations of the thing and the personality as generic entities in the story «Oh, whistle, and I'll come to you, my lad» by M. R. James and its screen versions. The differences found in the versions concern petty and significant deviations from the original story, which influence the initial message. The method used to achieve the results represented in the article combines the ideas of Philosophical Hermeneutics and those of the medieval exegetical method of allegorese applied to deal with obscure passages in sacred texts. The original story treated within the Protestant ideological paradigm gives way to materialistic views that are subject to refutation, reconsideration, and combination with philosophical issues in the screen versions – transponents. The thing as an inanimate object is endowed with personal qualities of a living being; on the contrary, an individual is viewed as a thing with no mind.

Risk Stratification of Nursing Homes to Plan COVID-19 Responses: A Case Study of Victoria, Australia.

Emergency management responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in nursing homes lacked preparation and nuance; moving forward, responses must recognize nursing homes are not generic organizations or services, and individually appreciate each's unique nature, strengths, and limitations. The objective of this study was to describe an approach to stratifying nursing homes according to risk for COVID-19 outbreak. Population-based cross-sectional study of all accredited nursing homes in Victoria (n = 766), accommodating 48,824 permanent residents. We examined each home's facility structure, governance history, socio-economic status, proximity to high-risk industry, and proximity and size of local acute public hospital, stratified by location, size, and organizational structure. Privately owned nursing homes tend to be larger and metropolitan-based, and publicly owned homes regionally based and smaller in size. The details reveal additional nuance, eg, privately owned metropolitan-based medium- to large-sized facilities tended to have more regulatory noncompliance, no board of governance, and fewer Chief Executive Officers with clinical background. In contrast, the smaller, publicly owned, remote facilities perform better on those same metrics. Nursing homes should not be regarded as generic entities, and there is significant underlying heterogeneity. Stratification of nursing homes according to risk level is a viable approach to informing more nuanced policy direction and resource allocation for emergency management responses.

Novel marine cyanobacteria from the Atlantic coast of Brazil

ABSTRACT Marine cyanobacteria have emerged as a source of promising bioactive compounds. The isolation of strains from tropical environments seems to be an important step in the search for molecules displaying bioactivity, besides being valuable for biotechnological purposes. Thus, the objective of the present study was to describe marine cyanobacterial strains, isolated and characterized in terms of morphology and molecular phylogeny, as well as screened for biologically active compounds. Five strains were isolated and morphologically characterized as Leptolyngbya (CENA553, CENA554 and CENA555) and Geitlerinema (CENA552 and CENA556). Considering the phylogenetic results, these strains did not match the clusters of the type-species or reference strains, indicating the possible emergence of new generic entities morphologically related to Leptolyngbya and Geitlerinema. Among the isolated strains, CENA552 and CENA556 were selected for chemical analyses. Five known nucleosides with biological activities and two amino acids were recognized and isolated from the CENA556 strain. The GC-MS analyses of strains CENA552 and CENA556 revealed distinct classes of non-polar compounds, with a predominance of octadecane (CENA556), 2-hexyl-1-decanol (CENA552) and neophytadiene (CENA552 and CENA556) hydrocarbons. All nucleosides and amino acids were highly abundant, indicating these morphotypes as promising sources of these bioactive compounds. This is the first report considering taxonomy/molecular phylogeny as well as chemistry prospection of morphotypes resembling Geitlerinema-like isolated from the Brazilian coastal area, highlighting the potential of these taxa for biotechnological applications.

"Collectives in organizations appear less morally motivated than individuals": Correction to Jago, Kreps, and Laurin (2019).

Reports an error in "Collectives in organizations appear less morally motivated than individuals" by Arthur S. Jago, Tamar A. Kreps and Kristin Laurin (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Advanced Online Publication, Apr 25, 2019, np). In the article "Collectives in Organizations Appear Less Morally Motivated Than Individuals" by Arthur S. Jago, Tamar A. Kreps, and Kristin Laurin, the second affiliation of the first author was omitted from the byline and author note. The byline should appear instead as University of Southern California and University of Washington-Tacoma. The first paragraph of the author note should appear instead as Arthur S. Jago, Department of Management and Organization, University of Southern California, and Milgard School of Business, University of Washington-Tacoma. The third paragraph of the author note should appear instead as the following: Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Arthur S. Jago, Milgard School of Business, University of Washington - Tacoma, 1900 Commerce Street DOU 306, Tacoma, WA 98402. Email: ajago@uw.edu (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2019-22737-001.) Organizations often benefit from signaling moral values. Across 5 studies, we explore how people attribute moral conviction to different organizational agents. We find that people believe collectives (e.g., groups; entire organizations) have less moral conviction than individuals, even when both agents behave identically (Studies 1 and 2). We test a variety of potential mechanisms for this effect, and find evidence for two parallel pathways: first, people believe collectives have less of a capacity for emotional experience, and therefore are less likely to use emotions when making decisions; and second, people believe collectives are also more self-interested, and therefore more likely to behave out of concern for their reputations rather than morality (Study 3). In examining boundary conditions for this effect, we find that it occurs when people judge generic for-profit companies and government entities, but not family businesses or charities (Study 4). Finally, we demonstrate that, because collectives appear less morally motivated than individuals, people also assume collectives will exhibit less persistence after enacting prosocial initiatives (Study 5). We discuss theoretical, practical, and social implications of these differing attributions of moral conviction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

PDG89 USING THE REAL WORLD DATA TO IDENTIFY THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE MOST COMMON SYMPTOM CLUSTERS OF DRUG ADRS AND NUMBERS OF DRUGS PER PATIENT REGIMEN IN A MEDICAID POPULATION

In the development of an adverse drug reactions (ADRs) screener, ADRs were collated according to symptom clusters (SCs) to improve psychometric efficiency. The ADDRESS (Adverse Drug Reaction/Event Screening System) application is programmed in a manner such that, when multiple drugs are being screened, SCs that are duplicated across more than one drug are only asked once. This suggests a hypothesis that the number of SCs per drug will reduce as the number of drugs being screened for a given patient increases. Our objective is to understand the function of SC questions required by number of drugs being used by patients in a Medicaid population. Using a Medicaid database from a previous study, we identified 4133 generic drug entities (drug differ by dosage form) in the dataset. The drugs in the Medicaid Database were matched with the ADDRESS database by generic name. Drugs were ignored if no match could be made. The association between the most common SCs clusters of the top 465 most prescribed drugs and the numbers of prescribed drugs per patient on Medicaid population are investigated and the maximum likelihood method is used to show the maximum number of SCs covered per patient per drug. There were 49.26 percent of drugs (n=2036) in the Medicaid database matched to ADDRESS database. The number of ADR SCs per drug per person taken follows an exponential distribution. If a patient is taking over 30 drugs, the number of ADR SCs per drug per individual would converge around 1. As the number of drugs in an individual’s therapy increases, SCs duplication increases to the point that ADR SCs exponentially decrease to around 1 new SC per additional drug per person in the Medicaid population examined.

An innovative hybrid approach for extracting named entities from unstructured text data

AbstractNamed entity recognition (NER) is the core part of information extraction that facilitates the automatic detection and classification of entities in natural language text into predefined categories, such as the names of persons, organizations, locations, and so on. The output of the NER task is crucial for many applications, including relation extraction, textual entailment, machine translation, information retrieval, etc. Literature shows that machine learning and deep learning approaches are the most widely used techniques for NER. However, for entity extraction, the abovementioned approaches demand the availability of a domain‐specific annotated data set. Our goal is to develop a hybrid NER system composed of rule‐based deep learning as well as clustering‐based approaches, which facilitates the extraction of generic entities (such as person, location, and organization) out of natural language texts of domains that lack generic named entities labeled domain data sets. The proposed approach takes the advantages of both deep learning and clustering approaches but separately, in combination with a knowledge‐based approach by using a postprocessing module. We evaluated the proposed methodology on court cases (judgments) as a use case since it contains generic named entities of different forms that are poorly or not present in open‐source NER data sets. We also evaluated our hybrid models on two benchmark data sets, namely, Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL) 2003 and Open Knowledge Extraction (OKE) 2016. The experimental results obtained from benchmark data sets show that our hybrid models achieved substantially better performance in terms of the F‐score in comparison to other competitive systems.

DNA barcoding and faunistic criteria for a revised taxonomy of Italian Ephemeroptera

Mayfly (Ephemeroptera) systematics has considerably changed over the years, but many questions have yet to be answered. The synergistic connection between traditional knowledge and new data sources, producing increasingly complex information, has become a compelling issue for modern taxonomy. Molecular tests and the use of reliable reference sequence libraries may constitute effective complements to the traditional method in guiding recognition of species and giving information about taxonomic incongruences which require further examination. In the present study, we sought to verify the current Italian mayfly nomenclatural system through DNA barcoding and relevant points to reliably manage the available amount of morpho-ecological and molecular data are discussed. We investigated COI (Cytochrome oxidase I) sequence variation in 163 individuals of Italian mayflies, 126 of which were previously assigned to 24 morphologically recognised species, and 37 could be attributed only to generic taxonomic entities (“sp.”, “cf.” or “gr.”). DNA barcoding statistical tests for species delimitation hypotheses based on genetic distances and inferred gene trees were integrated with GenBank searches and surveys of the historical literature to better understand the knowledge acquired on the status and diversity of the investigated taxa. Combined criteria to define three categories of reliability were then assessed. Concurrent data allowing unambiguous identification were attained for only eight species. High intraspecific genetic distances (> 3%) and a lack of reliable reference material or convincing taxonomic information evidenced 29 critical states, deserving further investigation. Solid species names, potential cryptic species and entities about which little is known are pointed out for a future upgrade/reorganisation of the taxonomy of Italian Ephemeroptera.

Several problems of the polyphasic approach in the modern cyanobacterial system

The taxonomic criteria for cyanobacteria were substantially changed with the introduction of electron microscopy and molecular analyses. The system must be modified according to the results following from these studies and the genetic diversification in various clades must be used as an obligatory basic method for cyanobacterial classification. However, cytomorphological and ecological data cannot be neglected. It is necessary to discover always the relations, correlations, interactions, and coincidences between the genetic basis and morphological and ecological markers. They can have various taxonomic values in various clades and their importance must be re-evaluated in different taxa, but they cannot be omitted. Therefore, cryptic, morpho-, and ecospecies also appear based on different kinds and combinations of characters. The “polyphasic approach” is a methodological procedure that has been a means of dealing with all these problems. From this approach, the modern cyanobacterial system resulted in which numerous genera were divided into more generic entities, as well as making problematic the use of some traditional expressive characters, such as unicellularity vs. filamentous forms, the presence of sheaths, type of branching, presence of aerotopes, etc. The nomenclatural rules for phototrophic organisms must be respected even in this new system.

Special issue on software reuse

Special issue on software reuse

Potamolinea gen. nov. (Oscillatoriales, Cyanobacteria): a phylogenetically and ecologically coherent cyanobacterial genus.

Phormidium Kützing ex Gomont, a common genus of the Cyanobacteria, is widely known as a problematic group. Its simple morphology is not congruent with its genetic heterogeneity and several new generic entities have been described based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses from populations with similar morphology. During a study of the diversity of Phormidioideae (Phormidiaceae, Oscillatoriales) in Brazil, ten Phormidium-like strains from south-eastern and mid-western regions were isolated in monospecific cultures and submitted to polyphasic evaluation (morphological, ecological and molecular studies). The populations studied presented homogeneous morphology (trichomes straight, not attenuated and apical cell rounded or obtuse), differing mainly in cell length from the type species of the genus Phormidium (Phormidium lucidum Agardh ex Gomont) and occurring as three morphotypes. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the populations studied, with European Phormidium aerugineo-caeruleum (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek strains, were placed together in a very distinctive and highly supported clade. Thus, the set of characteristics of the strains resulted in the recognition of the new genus Potamolinea Martins et Branco with two species: Potamolinea magna as the type species (strains 47PC and 48PC) and Potamolinea aerugineo-caerulea (Gomont) Martins et Branco (strains 1PC, 2PC and 38PC). These two species plus one still undetermined lineage,Potamolinea sp., are morphologically and genetically distinguishable, whereas the secondary structures of the D1-D1', box-B and V3 regions were conserved within each one. The generic name and specific epithets of the new taxa are proposed under the provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants.

Phylogenetic and taxonomic position of the genus Wollea with the description of Wollea salina sp. nov. (Cyanobacteria, Nostocales)

The taxonomic separation of the related heterocytous cyanobacterial genera Wollea and Anabaena is unclear according to traditional taxonomic features, as modern polyphasic approach has not yet been applied to compare them. However, comparison of the type species of these genera and their polyphasic analyses enable the separation of both generic entities. Definitions of their diacritical characters follow from the combination of their phylogenetic and morphological criteria. The concepts of Anabaena sensu stricto (particularly without planktic types with gas vesicles in cells - Dolichospermum) and Wollea, derived from their types are proposed in the article and their review is presented in the table. A new species from saltworks in southern Thailand, W. salina, is described.

Impersonal and generic reference: a cross-linguistic look at Finnish and English narratives

In linguistic communication, in addition to referring to specific, known referents, we also need to deal with unknown, generic or non-specific referents. I investigated how the English generic you and impersonal they compare to the Finnish zero person construction and impersonal passive, respectively. In the first part of this paper, I compare the semantic, pragmatic and syntactic properties of these constructions, using examples from a range of sources. In the second part of this paper, I investigate how English generic you and impersonal they are translated into Finnish. As we will see, the differences in the semantic, pragmatic and syntactic properties of these constructions mean that the translator sometimes has to opt for alternative constructions (such as first person expressions or generic nouns). A detailed analysis of these patterns sheds light on our understanding of these typologically different constructions, and contributes to our understanding of how reference to generic and impersonal entities is accomplished in language.

The Semiotic Structure of Geometry Diagrams: How Textbook Diagrams Convey Meaning

Geometry diagrams use the visual features of specific drawn objects to convey meaning about generic mathematical entities. We examine the semiotic structure of these visual features in two parts. One, we conduct a semiotic inquiry to conceptualize geometry diagrams as mathematical texts that comprise choices from different semiotic systems. Two, we use the semiotic catalog that results from this inquiry to analyze 2,300 diagrams from 22 high school geometry textbooks in which the dates of publication span the 20th century. In the first part of the article, we identify axes along which the features of geometry diagrams can vary, and in the second part of the article, we show the viability of using the semiotic framework to conduct empirical studies of diagrams in geometry textbooks.

Integrating data storage and annotation in the data workflow using the NIX format and libraries

Integrating data storage and annotation in the data workflow using the NIX format and libraries