Generation Of Historians Research Articles

I.L. MAYAK AS A REVIEWER OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE ON THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME

The subject of this study is a part of the scientific heritage of the Honored Professor of Moscow University, Iya Leonidovna Mayak (1922-2018), represented by her reviews on national and foreign monographs on Roman history, published in 1958-1999. The article deals with I.L. Mayak’s motives for writing the reviews, the methodological foundations of her analysis, her requirements for the source base and the historiographical rating of classical studies, their structure and the logic of presentation. It is noted that I.L. Mayak was opposed to dogmatism in the application of the theory of socio-economic formations as well as a hypercritical attitude to sources related to archaic Rome, the spread of which she considered to be the methodological consequence of Kantianism. It is shown that I.L. Mayak not only monitored the diffi cult process of rehabilitation of the ancient tradition as a source for studying the archaic Rome, but herself actively promoted this process, in particular by means of reviewing other people’s works. Th e study considers the requirements set out by I.L. Mayak for classical studies such as the need to provide a terminological analysis of sources data, to trace changes in the content of concepts over time, to show the possibility of various interpretations of the given facts. In the formulation of theoretical constructions I.L. Mayak considered essential to provide a concept against the background of the concepts introduced by predecessors, and if the problem was debatable, to indicate the view clearly and definitely. The analysis of reviews written by Iya Leonidovna allows us to conclude that they make it possible to expand our understanding of her academic views, especially on those problems of Roman history, which she did not directly examine in her monographs and articles, in particular, on the issue of preserving polis paradigm in the late Roma n Empire. Reviews by I.L. Mayak reflect her image memorable to many generations of historians: she was respectful to colleagues, however critical of their work, delicate in remarks, stringently academic in expressing her thoughts. The article shows the polemic sharpness and dialogic character of the reviews by I.L. Mayak.

P.B. Umansky as a Scholar and Pedagogue: The Origins of American Studies in Kazan

Petr Borisovich Umansky (1930–1993), a distinguished scholar and Kazan University lecturer in the latter half of the 20th century, stands out as a key figure in the Kazan school of world history and American studies in Russia. After graduating from university in 1952, he was mentored by another famous Soviet historian, G.R. Levin. In 1962, he defended his Сandidate’s dissertation titled “F. Douglas and the abolitionist movement in the United States between the 1830s and 1850s” at the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. He later became widely recognized as the founder of the study of American historiography of the War of Independence. His works were featured in the publications of Kazan University and major central journals like “Novaya i Noveishaya Istoriya”, “Voprosy Istorii”, and “Istoriya i Istoriki”. He also actively participated in various scientific gatherings, such as the First All-Union Historiographical Conference and the First Symposium of Americanists in Moscow. At Kazan University, P.B. Umansky played a vital role in shaping the school of researchers specializing in American studies. Many of his former students now teach at his alma mater and continue to pass down their knowledge to new generations of historians. With a career spanning from the 1950s until his death, P.B. Umansky was widely hailed as one of the top international lecturers in Tatarstan. The article is supplemented with the memoirs of the historian’s son, E.P. Umansky.

Kodikologija Lietuvoje 1918–1990 metais: tarp knygos istorijos ir paleografijos

The article discusses the development of the discipline of codicology in Lithuania in the period 1918-1990 thus continuing the research carried out from the early 19th century until 1918. The concept of codicology and its affiliation with the discipline of book studies allow us to identify the chronology of the research with the development of book studies, which entered the stage of independent science in the period under discussion. This was also the time when the discipline of codicology in Western Europe underwent a quantum leap - with the birth of the term codicology and the emphasis on its distinction from palaeography. The concept expanded to include the study of manuscripts in various aspects - from their physical structure to the reception of written culture. Did this influence the development of the discipline in Lithuania? Did it succeed in renewing the codicological research that had begun at the beginning of the 19th century? How did the science of codicology develop in the turbulent 20th century? Why did codicology failed to become the subject of a separate research and is hardly mentioned in Lithuanian science? The answer to these questions is sought through the bibliographies of Lithuanian book studies and history, publications of sources of the period, and the history of Lithuanian scientific institutions. The research enables us to talk about two distinct periods. Between 1918 and 1939, the subjects of bibliography and book history were formed and established in Lithuanian scholarship, while the history of the manuscript book was recorded as the earliest period of Lithuanian book history. The bibliographies, which were started on a national basis, recorded single copies of codices in a variety of languages and included some external features, but the manuscripts did not receive a closer look. V. Biržiška formulated the concept of the history of the manuscript book with a distinction between the Cyrillic and Latin codices. His insights about the poor quality of manuscript books in the GDL were later developed to some extent but remained mainly unchanged until the 1990s, and apparently influenced the subsequent development of research. The first phase can therefore be called the bibliographical period. The second phase covers the period 1945-1990. The end of the Second World War saw the reactivation of academic institutions, the training of a new generation of historians and librarians, the accumulation of manuscript books, and the appearance of individual works on the history of the book. However, we can only speak of codicological research and attention to the manuscript book as a research object since the 1980s. Historians and philologists (S. Lazutka, E. Gudavičius, V. Raudeliūnas, V. Mažiulis, V. Drotvinas), following the work of the scholars of the Vilnius Imperial University in the early 19th century, began to publish sources of writing. The comprehensive study of the First Statute of Lithuania by S. Lazutka and E. Gudavičius, published in 1983, clearly demonstrated the difference between codicology and palaeography. The detailed codicological description, still called palaeography, was used as an auxiliary research method to argue the origin and originality of the text, the history of its functioning and the dating process. Thus, between 1945 and 1990, codicology completely fulfilled its role as an auxiliary science of history. While book studies became an independent discipline in the period under discussion, codicology did not become as a discipline complete in itself. It remained a discipline between book history and palaeography, looking for a place in the structure of Lithuanian science. Although the term codicology was already in use in the scientific world and the concept of the term had expanded considerably, it did not function in Lithuanian science. However, it is significant to note that the studies in which codicology was used as an auxiliary science at the same time developed the topics of book science, raised new questions, and drew attention to new phenomena and cultural connections.

The Crucible of German Democracy. Ernst Troeltsch and the First World War

In this magisterial volume Robert E. Norton addresses a simple question: how and why did Germany become a parliamentary democracy in 1918? The scale of the undertaking is daunting, especially as so many accounts of the period have been coloured by the tragic course of what came later. The period has to be read against the complex constitution and political dynamics of the Prussian state and the German empire, whose underlying tensions surfaced in the First World War as Germany suffered setbacks which made constitutional change impossible to resist. Norton rises to the challenge. Seeking to read the period on its own terms, he emphasizes the contingencies of German history: German democracy was not doomed to fail. Norton approaches his task through the writings of Ernst Troeltsch (1865–1923), the polymathic Heidelberg systematic theologian who migrated to the Philosophical Faculty at Berlin in 1915 and who rivalled Adolf von Harnack as a public intellectual. In lectures, cultural commentary, journalism and academic writings, Troeltsch was one of the most prolific and intelligent interpreters of his own society. The gradual publication of the Kritische Gesamtausgabe has made his work easily accessible, and Norton has used virtually everything that Troeltsch wrote to develop a historical narrative shaped by a liberal, critical thinker engaging with his own society. Much of the book constitutes detailed exposition of texts that have never been translated into English, which is a major achievement in itself and will serve to introduce Troeltsch to a new generation of historians and theologians, few of whom will have access to the original language.

B. H. Roberts: A Life in the Public ArenaFrank J. Cannon: Saint, Senator, Scoundrel

B. H. Roberts: A Life in the Public ArenaFrank J. Cannon: Saint, Senator, Scoundrel

Историческая наука Петрограда–Ленинграда в условиях социальной трансформации (1917–1934)

Among the significant objects of research are the emergence of the discourse of the "St. Petersburg historical school" in the early Soviet period, the transformation of the system of scientific institutions and higher educational institutions of Petrograd-Leningrad associated with historical science, the evolution of the subject of historical research. The focus is also on the processes of termination of the historical-clerical and the emergence of historical-party science, the relationship of the historical community and government. The author offers the periodization of historical science in the early Soviet period. 
 The role of Petrograd/Leningrad University as the main center of historical science of the city is considered, the process of emergence and development of new "Soviet" scientific and educational centers is studied. The central element of research was prosopographic research, which made it possible to trace how the collective portrait of the corporation of historians changed. One of the directions of statistical calculations was the consideration of the dynamics and direction of political repression against historians who worked in Petrograd-Leningrad, about a third of them were subjected to repressions. Here, the most massive repressions hit the institutions of the Academy of Sciences, and, paradoxically, the new "ideological" Soviet institutions. Yet, prosopographic research shows that despite repressions and transformations, a high degree of continuity between different generations of historians was maintained in the institutions of Petrograd-Leningrad, and the main scientific schools formed in the pre-revolutionary period were also preserved. Reasonable assumption is put forward about the preservation of the traditions of professional crafts within the framework of Leningrad historical school, although subjected to significant deformation in the conditions of the totalitarian political regime.

The development of history of education as a teaching subject in Serbia (1871–1989)

ABSTRACT This article is focused on the theoretical basis of the study of the history of education in Serbia in the period from the foundation of the first Teacher College (1871) to the end of the socialist establishment in the country (1989). By theoretical bases, we mean theoretical and methodological assumptions, including ideological patterns, which influenced the constitution of the history of education as a scientific discipline. The aim of the paper is to analyse and clarify scientific and non-scientific assumptions in the conception of the history of education in Serbia. As a teaching discipline, the history of education has always been placed within the framework of professional education of primary school teachers and education scientists. As a scientific discipline it has gone through different phases, which are presented in this paper: from Christian-oriented support for teacher training, through fitting into current developments in cultural history, to particular propaedeutics of the method of dialectical materialism for all disciplines of the educational science. The history of education in Serbia in the 20th century reached its full development through cooperation with general historians on projects from the national history of education and schooling, as part of the shift of interests from political to social historiography. This orientation of scientific discipline was not accompanied by an increase, but rather a decrease in the role of the history of education in the professional education of teachers in Serbia.

Emily Blackwell's Medical School Betrayal: "Duplicity and Double Dealing Somewhere".

Elizabeth Blackwell's younger sister, Emily (1826-1910), was the third woman to graduate from a regular U.S. medical college in 1854. Unlike the experience of the two women who preceded her, the Chicago medical school that accepted Emily refused to allow her to complete her studies and graduate, forcing her to hastily find an alternative. There was no explanation at the time and the Chicago Tribune, which investigated the incident, could only speculate about the source of such a dishonorable act: "It is very evident there is duplicity and double dealing somewhere. Who is guilty?" Generations of historians have attributed it to Illinois Medical Society pressure against Rush Medical College, but there was no contemporary evidence of such pressure. A closer examination of Blackwell's journal and historical records suggests that Rush founder, president, and professor of surgery, Daniel Brainard engineered her dismissal. One possible motive was a misplaced romantic approach by Brainard. Rush's actions had the paradoxical result of temporarily opening the doors of the Cleveland Medical College (now Case Western Reserve) to four more women medical students.

Mali from the Empire of the Lion’s King and Kings to the Hands of Fifty Four Diplomatic Colonial Agents in the Appellation of French Sudan, Federation 1235-1960

This paper focuses on the identification of different French colonial agents whom in their portfolios were able to show their strength and hegemony in one of the former greatest African Empire known as Mali Empire with outstanding Lion King Sundiata Keita and other Kings from 1235 until it’s collapsed. The lucrative economic and commercial activities of the empire called for the attention of different actors in the later centuries at the time thereby making the history of the present day Mali very important to Africa. The French pre-colonial and colonial era dating from 1880 through the Berlin colonial conference of 1884-1885 to the granting of independence in 1960 opened the doors and mechanisms of neo-colonialism characterized with pre-crisis era which became serious challenges to that country till the 21st Century denunciations of French activities in that country. The scrutiny of specialized sources and other related scientific works enable the use of historical approach by bringing the highlights of the Mali Empire before identification of the main European agents. This study is very important because the young generation of historians can open other research activities concerning those specific colonial agents during their tenure of office and any colonial claims still waiting by Africans can be very important with concrete evidences.

The Jewish World of Alexander Hamilton by Andrew Porwancher

Reviewed by: The Jewish World of Alexander Hamilton by Andrew Porwancher Stanley Mirvis Andrew Porwancher, The Jewish World of Alexander Hamilton (Princeton Univ. Press, 2021). Pp. 272; 19 b/w photos. $27.95 cloth. I regularly speak in public about colonial American Jewish communities. It has become almost an inevitability that someone asks me the question: "is it true that Hamilton was Jewish?" My initial reaction, admittedly elitist, was to be dismissive. Would someone be asking me this question if not for the popularity of Lin-Manuel Miranda's Hamilton musical (which, in full disclosure, I have not seen)? I was aware that Hamilton was born and raised in the West Indies, and of a tradition that he had attended a Jewish school. But that was the full extent of my knowledge on the matter. Armed only with this sliver of information, I became increasingly puzzled by the question. How does one make the leap from Hamilton possibly having attended a Jewish school in Nevis—whatever that might have been—to becoming Jewish? My instinctual conclusion was that such a logic distortion could only be rooted in antisemitism. That is, as America's founding banker and first Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton must have been a Jew. After all, nobody was trying to claim Jefferson, Madison, or Adams as Jewish. With this assumption I began to warn those asking the question about the potentially antisemitic overtones of what they were asking. After reading Andrew Porwancher's exciting new book The Jewish World of Alexander Hamilton, I now realize that there is much more to this question than I had previously assumed. I was astonished by how differently Porwancher approached the issue of Hamilton's Jewishness. Whereas for me, it was puzzling, even troubling, how much Jewishness people assigned to Hamilton, for Porwancher, the anti-Jewish bias rested in the extent to which previous Hamilton scholars had overlooked his Jewishness. Porwancher believes that generations of historians have been reluctant, even unwilling, to admit that there was a "Jewish"—so to speak—Founding Father. Porwancher has successfully made the case that there is much more substance to Hamilton's Jewishness than simplistic legends about his attendance at a Jewish school or antisemitic assumptions about Jewish predilections for finance. He makes an almost Freudian argument that Hamilton's exposure to Jews and Judaism in the Caribbean and especially his mother's likely affiliation with the Judaism of her first husband, was foundational in shaping the rest of his career. It was particularly informative for Hamilton's consistently favorable disposition toward Jews in debates over religious tolerance. Porwancher convincingly demonstrates that Hamilton was the strongest advocate for Jewish civil liberties and the most legitimately philosemitic of the Founding Fathers. The true value of the book, I believe, rests not in Porwancher's claim of Hamilton's own sense of Jewishness, the subject of the first two chapters, but rather in expertly situating Hamilton in the debates over religious tolerance. Hamilton is generally overlooked, compared to other Founding Fathers, in the historical discourse about the origins and ideologies of religious tolerance in America. For Porwancher, Hamilton's posture toward Jews is a powerful barometer of his dedication to true religious tolerance in the Early Republic. He demonstrates that, unlike every other Founding Father—except Washington—Hamilton was the only [End Page 578] one who didn't express some ambivalence about or even outright hostility toward Jews. Not only was Hamilton free of anti-Jewish stereotyping and bigotry, but he also maintained lifelong friendships and partnerships with Jews who were a crucial part of his New York law practice both before and after his government service. The Jewish World of Alexander Hamilton is an excellent Jewish communal history of the Early Republic, especially in New York City. Given their demographic paucity, Jews are often a footnote in studies of the early American experience. Jewish Studies, alternatively, sometimes treats Jews in isolation. Through the Hamiltonian lens, Porwancher has struck a good balance. He offers valuable profiles of well-known figures such as Haym Salomon and Gershom Mendes Seixas as well as lesser-known figures such as Isaac Moses and Moses Myers. His terrific discussion of state-constitutional...

Nie tylko Bulla gnieźnieńska. O znaczeniu dokumentu fundacyjnego Zbyluta (1153) dla polskich badań historycznojęzykowych

NOT ONLY BULLA GNIEŹNIEŃSKA: ON THE IMPORTANCE OF ZBYLUT’S FOUNDATION DOCUMENT (ISSUED IN 1153) FOR POLISH HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC RESEARCH: PART 2: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VERSIONS OF THE DOCUMENT This article is the second part of a series. The purpose of the first part was to introduce the Zbylut’s document (its original and copies) into the Polish historical-linguistic research, to verify and supplement the existing transliterations, to show the document as an object of studies, and to select historical information that may prove to be important from the historical-linguistic perspective. The foundation document issued in 1153 by knight Zbylut for the Cistercians in Łekno, called the Zbylut’s document, may be of value to historians of language for at least three reasons: first, it contains onomastic material from the mid-12th century; second, it is available in several versions (including two parallel originals from the mid-12th century and one copy from the end of the same century), which are fully legible and perfectly preserved; and third, it has been carefully studied by a few generations of historians. The results of their research constitute an invaluable and basic context for linguistic analyses. However, the issue of the number of writing hands and the relationship between different versions of the document, which is very important for linguistic research, could not be resolved unequivocally. Until now, it has usually been assumed that the three documents were written by two or three different hands.

History and philosophy of science takes form

During the past hundred years the strength of the amalgam of history and philosophy of science (HPS) has waxed and waned, while assuming multiple forms and acquiring different imprints. In the 1940s and 1950s, philosopher Gerd Buchdahl and colleagues in Melbourne, Australia, assembled a methodologically powerful version of HPS, drawing on their readings, with general historians, of the philosophical works of R.G. Collingwood and Ludwig Wittgenstein, among others. Buchdahl later tried to export this pioneering conceptualization to Cambridge University, where he came to lead a new department of HPS. To appreciate the qualities and dimensions of the innovative mode of inquiry, it is necessary to understand the ecology of knowledge that promoted its emergence in an out-of-the-way settler colonial society, a productively marginal site where unanticipated filiations and alliances might be licensed to unsettled émigré scholars such as Buchdahl. Accordingly, this essay brushes off a forgotten genealogy of the relations of history and philosophy and science, thereby revealing a neglected past cognitive identity of HPS and suggesting a means to re-imagine its future.

Poor Man's Fortune: White Working-Class Conservatism in American Metal Mining, 1850–1950

Poor Man's Fortune: White Working-Class Conservatism in American Metal Mining, 1850–1950

Human Agency in Medieval Society, 1100–1450 by Ionuţ Epurescu-Pascovici

Epurescu-Pascovici makes strong arguments about individual human agency in medieval France and Italy but does not neglect Providence. He deploys five case studies based on different types of sources classified as ego-documents—self-narratives (autobiographies), cartularies (charters), livres de raison (personal cartularies), Tuscan ricordi and ricordanze (memoires, and account books), and vernacular advice manuals. Some well-studied texts also appear, like the ricordanze of the Florentine Giovanni di Pagolo Morelli and the advice book Le Ménagier de Paris, as well as the unpublished charters of an obscure lordship in France. Choosing these sources and not others reflects the author’s effort to expand “agency” beyond the elites and past politics. Other types of sources, like wills (classic ego-documents), or acts, like suicide (self-agency), would have brought women more directly into this account of human agency, but the case studies are admirable in their range—given the practical limitations.Epurescu-Pascovici takes a sophisticated methodological approach to agency and is well versed in the theories that he found most valuable for his work, mainly from sociology and anthropology rather than from political science or economics. The book’s interdisciplinary theoretical stance enables the author to explore his main question: How do ordinary individuals act effectively in this world? He is less interested in how people induce others to act for them. His sharp focus on ego-documents raises philosophical questions (of which the author is well-aware) about the differences between what people expect and what they get, but no irony enters this study. “Action theory,” an established field, requires that there is something outside the text to study, welcome news to most historians.Epurescu-Pascovici commendably avoids rehashing old debates about the medieval “rise of the individual,” striving instead to connect his medieval findings to the broader issues surrounding the rise of European modernity, a development that the Middle Ages probably affected. One of the most interesting findings concerns Providence, which to the author’s great credit he decided not to ignore, even though this title does not promise to include it. In the field of medieval history, some scholars condescend to mock gently or deprecate Providence, even as others pursue sectarian interests in a cloud of vacuous credulity.Surveying personal narratives, Epurescu-Pascovici finds two types of agency, human and providential. He suggests a pattern in which first impressions discerned natural or human causes, and retrospection later found the divine hand in action (34). Beyond this point, the philosophers and theologians take over the debate. “Hindsight,” however, is a subject that historians can study, and Epurescu-Pascovici prudently calls his conclusions tentative, inviting other scholars to confirm or reject his conjectures. They will.Aphrodisiacs, prayers, incantations, and prophetic dreams help to define the boundaries between human and non-human agency (animals do not feature in this book). Events like marriages, gift exchanges, and funerals involve contemporary actions as well as subsequent reflections (143). Morelli’s remarkable self-narrative contains examples of most of these topics; generations of historians have mined it to the point of wondering whether anything new remains to be found in it. Epurescu-Pascovici has carefully studied this text, as edited (twice) by Vittore Branca, to arrive at the sharp question, Was Morelli a person of faith? (183). Most historians (and believers) tend to take Morelli at his word in this matter. Epurescu-Pascovici’s astute analysis on this point is refreshing. He concludes that Morelli saw God in the big things, like war and death in childhood, but that social networks embodying human agency explained most of daily life. Whatever merit this distinction may have, it enables Epurescu-Pascovici to take an old text in new directions.The evidence assembled in this book supports persuasive arguments about the varieties of individual agency and religious experiences. By stressing social networks, Epurescu-Pascovici approaches the frontier of collective agency, but he does not cross it. People acting in groups or in social networks left behind classes of records that we might call “we-documents” (laws?). One of the features of modernity may well be the burgeoning of collective agency, alongside the self-agency so ably charted in this fine book.

Disallowing and Differentiation of the Same Race: Black Characters Dream of Indigenous Ethnicity in Toni Morrison's Paradise

This paper will address the issue of disallowing and differentiation of the same race (shadism) in a bid to create a pure race throughout their experience and the remembrance of their previous generation's history. The remaining founding families established a new town in Ruby, which had a strict racial code that had to be followed by everyone in the town. Failure to do this resulted in punishment. Also, it uses the characters in the novel Paradise to show how their dream of an indigenous ethnicity fails due to the same issues they had experienced at the hands of the whites in their history of resistance. Discrimination between light-skinned blacks and dark-skinned blacks is evident. The disallowing event proves that even the black community despised each other on the basis of skin color.

Celebrating 100 Years of California History

Celebrating 100 Years of <i>California History</i>

Apostles of Change: Latino Radical Politics, Church Occupations, and the Fight to Save the Barrio by Felipe Hinojosa

Reviewed by: Apostles of Change: Latino Radical Politics, Church Occupations, and the Fight to Save the Barrio by Felipe Hinojosa Mario T. Garcia Apostles of Change: Latino Radical Politics, Church Occupations, and the Fight to Save the Barrio. By Felipe Hinojosa. (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2021. Pp. 219. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index.) In fifty years of incredible productivity in Chicano history, surprisingly few studies of religious history were written. One of the exciting new changes in this historiography is the increased study of religion, especially the link between religion and community activism. A new generation of historians is leading the way, and Felipe Hinojosa is a key member of this vanguard. Building on his first major contribution in this effort, Latino Mennonites: Civil Rights, Faith and Evangelical Culture (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014), Hinojosa has followed with an even more innovative second book about what he calls “Apostles of Change.” Who are these Apostles? They are lay activists who, influenced by the Chicano and Puerto Rican civil rights struggles, recognized that churches were a major institution within the barrios that needed to be challenged along with political, economic, and educational systems. They ministered to the spiritual needs of their congregations but failed to address poverty, unemployment, inferior schooling, and urban displacement. Some Chicano/Latino activists said basta (enough), and they took the churches on. Hinojosa’s study concerns four cases where activists linked religion to civil rights and community empowerment issues. Based on thorough research, Hinojosa studies the takeover of three churches, and the intervention of a fourth one, in Chicago, Los Angeles, New York City, and Houston. In Chicago, a coalition of Chicano and Puerto Rican youth activists, including the militant Young Lords along with Black and White supporters, occupied Presbyterian-operated McCormick Theological Seminary for five days in May 1969. Their main concern was urban renewal. While the takeover did not stop this assault on the area, it did help to initiate a larger struggle that forced both Protestant and Catholic churches to deal with material conditions in the barrios. In Los Angeles, Chicano movement activists organized Católicos Por La Raza, which called on the Catholic Church to do more for its Mexican American parishioners. Shunned by Cardinal James McIntyre, the group forced a confrontation with him during his Christmas Eve Mass in 1969. The intervention led to McIntyre’s resignation and to the Church becoming more responsive to Latino needs. In East Harlem in New York City, the Puerto Rican-led Young Lords occupied the First Spanish United Methodist Church in December 1969 for eleven days and transformed it into a people’s church by providing a variety of social services. Although arrested, the Young Lords inspired others to reconsider church priorities. Finally, and of particular importance to Texas history, Hinojosa examines the occupation of Juan Marcos Presbyterian Church in Houston’s northside barrio in the spring of 1970 for twenty days by the Mexican American Youth Organization [End Page 328] (MAYO). Its efforts to transform the church into a social service agent, while limited, likewise pressured church leaders to reexamine their relationship to the Mexican American community. These takeovers and interventions in churches during the civil rights era reveal that religion was not absent in Chicano/Latino freedom movements and that secular activists more often than clergy led the way in linking churches to the social needs of people. Acting as “apostles of change,” these activists transformed the meaning of church. In successfully resurrecting these histories, Hinojosa has written a significant addition to the growing historiography of Chicano/Latino religious history. Well-written and organized, it should be welcomed by historians of the Chicano/Latino experience and by those interested in American religions. Mario T. Garcia University of California, Santa Barbara Copyright © 2022 The Texas State Historical Association

Formation of Soviet Postgraduate Studies in History in USSR in 1930s: Legislative Regulation and Practice

The formation of the institute of postgraduate studies in history in the USSR in the 1930s is examined in the article. The sources used are published legislative acts, journalistic materials, archival data. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the proposed problem was often considered in the context of the history of scientific and scientific and educational institutions or exclusively through regulatory legal acts without taking into account the practice that actually existed and developed under the influence of the community of scientists. Using the materials of curricula for the training of graduate students of Moscow University, Leningrad University, the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, as well as using the individual plans of graduate students, the author proves that the older generation of historians sought to integrate pre-revolutionary standards and mechanisms for training dissertation candidates into the new conditions of Soviet power. It is stated in the article that, despite the publication of numerous decrees, instructions, rules by government structures in relation to the institute of graduate school in the 1930s, there were no clear recommendations on the nature of the process of training scientific personnel. Supervisors of post graduate students, as a rule, themselves determined the scope of requirements for applicants. The author reveals the relative freedom of historians in determining the conditions and scientific criteria for entering the scientific community of neophytes.

Preserving the White Man's Republic: Jacksonian Democracy, Race, and the Transformation of American Conservatism

Preserving the White Man's Republic: Jacksonian Democracy, Race, and the Transformation of American Conservatism

Productive marginalities: The history of science in/aboutPolandsince 1989

While the history of science in Polish language has a long history, both intellectual and institutional, it became less visible internationally following the fall of the Iron Curtain. This article looks into the institutional state of history-of-science writing in Poland, and discusses several key focal points that emerged in recent years. By distinguishing between the core history of science, written at institutions devoted to this discipline, and broader academic discussions concerning science's past, I claim that, in recent decades, more important topical and theoretical innovation has come from what we can term the “esoteric” circle (referring to Ludwik Fleck)—that is, scholars who do not identify themselves as historians of science. Given that those scholars from abroad who are interested in Polish history of science are in fact general historians, we get a strong impression that we are witnessing a deeper turn in the field, one with diminishing specialization and greater attention paid to situating science in a broader range of societal processes.