Generation Wireless Research Articles

Pragmatic analysis of polyphase CIC decimation filter for next generation wireless applications

Pragmatic analysis of polyphase CIC decimation filter for next generation wireless applications

Response study of impact of slot area variation in miniature antenna for Kurtz-Above band applications in 5G/6G wireless communication

Modern fifth-generation/sixth generation (5G/6G) wireless demand for efficient miniature antenna. To fulfill these demands here efforts have been made using high frequency structure simulator software (HFSS) to design a compact microstrip patch antenna (MPA). The design of the antenna consisted of two slots- one located near the feed line and the other one at the opposite side of the feed line. The volumetric dimension of the proposed antenna was 13.2 mm x 11.4 mm x 1.6 mm, designed at resonant frequency 33 GHz, employing 1.6 mm thick Rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate having dielectric constant 2.2 and loss tangent 0.0013. A transmission line having a length of 5.7 mm and a width of 2 mm was used to excite the antenna for electromagnetic radiation fields. Antenna parameters simulation results were obtained for different slot areas, keeping other design parameters like dimensions of ground, patch, substrate, and feed port fixed. Different slot areas were selected by changing slot width, keeping its length constant. A gain of 7.7 dB with voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.9 and return loss (S11) -19.23 dB was obtained for slot width 3 mm and area 1.5 mm2. The directivity of the antenna was reported as 5.7dB, with a very good surface current density of 104.94 Amp/m, considered sufficient in the fringing fields breaking situation. Bandwidth was found to be inversely proportional to slot width. VSWR, S11, and 3D gain showed inverse dependence on slot area. Gain and S11 change in direct proportion to feed width whereas VSWR changes inversely with feed length. The proposed MPA is suitable for satellites, mobile phones, wireless communication systems, and remote sensing applications.

Relay Assisted Device-to-Device Communication for Future Generation Wireless Networks: A Review from Architectural and Challenges Perspective

The rapid evolution of wireless communication technologies, along with the increasing demand for efficient and reliable data transfer, has driven the rethinking of traditional cellular network architectures in the context of next-generation networks. In conventional cellular systems, communication between users typically occurs through base stations. However, to improve efficiency, scalability, and spectral utilization, device-to-device (D2D) communication has been introduced, enabling direct data transmission between users without base station involvement. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of D2D communication from architectural and challenges perspective for future generation networks. Additionally, the study focuses on relay-assisted D2D (RAD2D) communication, examining the role of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) in optimizing relay selection processes. In light of the existing literature, challenges for implementing RAD2D are discussed from different perspectives such as relay selection, energy efficiency, secure communication, resource allocation, and the management of dynamic network conditions

A Review on Cyber-Twin in Sixth Generation Wireless Networks: Architecture, Research Challenges & Issues

A Review on Cyber-Twin in Sixth Generation Wireless Networks: Architecture, Research Challenges & Issues

A Review on Machine Learning Assisted Handover Mechanisms for Future Generation Wireless Networks

A Review on Machine Learning Assisted Handover Mechanisms for Future Generation Wireless Networks

Wideband circularly polarized reconfigurable metasurface antenna for 5G applications

Abstract A framework of a metasurface (MTS) – based wideband circularly polarized (CP) reconfigurable antenna for fifth generation (5G) wireless systems operating in the sub-6 GHz mid-frequency range is presented in this article. The proposed structure contains a simple patch antenna, which serves as the primary source, a shorting pin, two ring slots, and a metasurface superstrate. The shorting pin and two ring slots produce perturbation resulting in circular polarization with a narrow axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. A metasurface (MTS) superstrate composed of 4 × 4 rectangular patches stacked over the primary source antenna generates additional resonances that significantly improve the −10 dB impedance and 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. Two PIN diodes are employed to alter the circular polarization between left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP). The prototype is made using an FR-4 epoxy substrate and has an overall size of 50 mm × 35 mm × 4.2 mm. The antenna has a −10 dB bandwidth of 44 % (4.0–6.2) and a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 28 % (4.2–5.6). It also has a 3 dB beam width of 74° and 85° in the E and H planes, a gain of 7.1 dBi, cross-polar isolation of more than 15 dB, and a unidirectional radiation pattern. The simulated and measured results confirm that the implemented antenna is promising for sub-6 GHz 5G communication systems, particularly cognitive radio, wireless body area networks (WBAN), and satellite communication systems.

Applicants and Prospects of Uplink/Downlink Decoupled Access Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) in B5G/6G

The cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) is an important information technology solution to address the low-latency and high-reliability communication demands of current vehicle users in beyond 5th generation (B5G) and 6th generation (6G) wireless communications. However, existing C-V2X frameworks suffer from frequent handovers, insufficient data rates, and imbalanced base station loads due to the smaller coverage range of base stations. To address these challenges, it becomes imperative to introduce uplink/downlink decoupled access (DUDe) into the preexisting coupled access framework. This article analyzes the core challenges of C-V2X, summarizes the development background and advantages of DUDe, examines the feasibility of applying DUDe in C-V2X, explores various application directions related to uplink/downlink decoupled access C-V2X, and finally concludes with the development of uplink/downlink decoupled access C-V2X.

Framework for Federated Learning and Edge Deployment of Real-Time Reinforcement Learning Decision Engine on Software Defined Radio

Machine learning promises to empower dynamic resource allocation requirements of Next Generation (NextG) wireless networks including 6G and tactical networks. Recently, we have seen the impact machine learning can make on various aspects of wireless networks. Yet, in most cases, the progress has been limited to simulations and/or relies on large processing units to run the decision engines as opposed to deploying it on the radio at the edge. While relying on simulations for rapid and efficient training of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) may be necessary, it is key to mitigate the sim-real gap while trying to improve the generalization capability. To mitigate these challenges, we developed the Marconi-Rosenblatt Framework for Intelligent Networks (MR-iNet Gym), an open-source architecture designed for accelerating the deployment of novel DRL for NextG wireless networks. To demonstrate its impact, we tackled the problem of distributed frequency and power allocation while emphasizing the generalization capability of DRL decision engine. The end-to-end solution was implemented on the GPU-embedded software-defined radio and validated using over-the-air evaluation. To the best of our knowledge, these were the first instances that established the feasibility of deploying DRL for optimized distributed resource allocation for next-generation of GPU-embedded radios.

Simulation and Analysis of the Code Domain NOMA with UFMC for 5G Wireless Networks

In fifth generation (5G) wireless networks, radio access techniques and multi-carrier waveforms play a vital role in meeting the diversified demands of ultra-low latency, massive connectivity, and higher throughput. Multi-access schemes used conventionally in 4G system was Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) technique. The OMA techniques suffer from inefficient spectrum utilization, high latency, and supports a limited number of users. Next-generation networks, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), has a great potential, in which multiple users are simultaneously served using the same time, frequency, or code resource increasing the throughput. Code domain-NOMA (CD-NOMA) is the key technique implemented in the system design where multiple users are distinguished based on unique user-specific spreading codes. The NOMA system could significantly benefit from Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) modulation waveform in terms of flexibility, spectral efficiency, compatibility with Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technique, and relaxed synchronization requirements. The novel integrated system proposed in the paper is CD-NOMA-UFMC with convolutional codes. The major outcome of the paper is that the combination of UFMC air interface modulation technique with CD-NOMA access method can be the most effective way to meet the growing demands of 5G.

Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition a-SiOCN:H low-Z thin films for bulk acoustic wave resonators

The 5th generation (5G) wireless telecommunication standards with newly defined frequency bands up to 6 GHz are currently established around the world. While outperforming surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters above 1 GHz, bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators in multiplexers for radio-frequency front-end (RFFE) modules continuously face higher performance requirements. In contrast to free-standing bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs), solidly mounted resonator (SMR) technology uses an acoustic Bragg mirror, which has already been successfully applied for several GHz applications. In this work, we investigate the potential of amorphous hydrogenated silicon-oxycarbonitride (a-SiOCN:H) thin films synthesized with low-temperature plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) as a low acoustic impedance (low-Z) material. Compared to the state-of-the-art where in Bragg mirrors up to now SiO2 is used as standard, the acoustic impedance ratio against the high-Z material tungsten (W) is enhanced for a better device performance. To limit the expected increase in viscous loss when the acoustic impedance is reduced, to a minimum, predominantly the mass density was reduced while keeping the mechanical elasticity high. By doing so, acoustic impedance values as low as 7.1 MRayl were achieved, thereby increasing the impedance ratio of high-Z to low-Z materials from 8:1 up to 14:1.

Authentication in a Hyperconnected World: Challenges, Opportunities and Approaches

Authentication and integrity are the prerequisites for trustworthy and secure communication. Without unambiguous knowledge of who is being interacted with, no confidential content can be exchanged, no (remote) access to systems and equipment can be granted, and no trust can be established. This situation is further exacerbated by an increasing interconnection and globalization towards a hyperconnected world. (Communication) Participants are no longer necessarily in close physical and social proximity and do not need to know each other, but can have their source/destination anywhere in the world.
 An authentication process is used to verify that someone -whether human or machine-, is in fact who she claims to be: The process thus includes a validation step to evaluate an assertion. However, systems differ in terms of their requirements, for instance with regard to the authentication options available, the time period required for re-authentication and the frequency of re-authentication, as well as the level of security to be achieved with authentication. The latter particularly with regard to the cost/benefit ratio of the application. Additionally, there are efforts to finally abolish traditional passwords, passphrases and pin codes and render them obsolete.
 In this work, technologies and methods for authentication beyond passwords and trustworthy authentication will be examined, particularly with regard to future communication infrastructures such as Beyond 5G and Sixth Generation (6G) wireless systems. Thereby, the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods, but also the relevance to Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Post Quantum Cryptography, as well as the use of 6G-enabling technologies like Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs), Wireless Optical Communication (WOC) and Physical Layer Security (PhySec), for example as additional factors of a multi-factor authentication process, will be considered, along with Body Area Networks (BANs) and the integration of the human body relying on biometrics. The various concepts are compared with regard to their requirements, limitations and possible applications in order to provide the user with an orientation as to which authentication method is conceivable and useful in which specific scenarios.

THz graphene-integrated metasurface for electrically reconfigurable polarization conversion

Abstract Terahertz (THz) waves have been widely hailed as a key enabling technology for future sixth generation (6G) wireless networks. Dynamic modulation of their polarization states is of great attraction for high-capacity communications and anisotropic sensing. The development of such technology is, however, still in very early stage owing to the difficulties of realizing electrical reconfigurability for THz devices. Artificially constructed metasurfaces and new nanomaterials, such as graphene, have been shown to provide revolutionary platforms for manipulating and controlling the wave properties, especially at THz frequencies. This work leverages the light–matter interaction in a graphene-integrated metasurface functioning as an electrically reconfigurable THz polarization converter. A novel graphene-gold bilayer topology is applied to construct such a metasurface which enables wide-range electrical tunability of the polarization conversion. Under a y-polarized illumination, the reflected components of x- and y-polarizations are tuned dynamically through an external bias voltage across the metasurface, thereby producing an elliptically polarized wave with tuneable ellipticity and angle. By changing the voltage from 0 V to 12 V, the reflected polarization ellipticity has been tuned from −0.94 to −0.5 at around 240 GHz, featuring linear-to-circular and linear-to-elliptical polarization conversions. Meanwhile, the polarization angle has been modulated from 12° to −23° at around 236 GHz. This work provides an experimentally validated THz graphene-integrated metasurface with wide polarization modulation depths, low biasing voltages and simple configuration. It promises great potential for applications in future THz communications and sensing.

150 Gbps THz Chipscale Topological Photonic Diplexer.

Photonic diplexers are being widely investigated for high data transfer rates in on-chip communication. However, dividing the available spectrum into nonoverlapping multicarrier frequency sub-bands has remained a challenge in designing frequency-selective time-invariant channels. Here, an on-chip topological diplexer is reported exhibiting terahertz frequency band filtering through Klein tunneling of topological edge modes. The silicon topological diplexer chip facilitates two high-speed channels with quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) over a broad bandwidth of 12.5 GHz each. These channels operate at carrier frequencies of 305 and 321.6 GHz, achieving a combined diplexer capacity of 150 Gbits-1. To ensure minimal interference between adjacent channels, a guard band is implemented. Topologically protected edge modes suppress the frequency selective fading of the broadband signals and hold promise for diverse integrated photonic applications spanning terahertz and telecommunication realms, including the design of lossless topological multiplexers, interconnects, antennas, and modulators for the sixth to X generation (6G to XG) wireless.

Performance Optimization for 5GWireless Network

Fifth Generation (5th G) wireless network is a challengeable research area. As it is intended to serve growing number of subscribers, and to handle various types of data. Therefore, the need for more number of channels and higher performance is increasing. In this paper, we focus on the adopted modulation scheme by 5th G (256 QAM), where the signals set have been arranged among the constellation diagram in order to reach minimum Bit Error Rate (BER) using Gradient Search Method [1]. The novelty of this study comes from adding permutation loop, which is applied on the resulting signals set of Gradient Algorithm, in order to achieve better performance (lower BER).The results show that acceptable BER under given Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) could be reached with the relatively large amount of data that is required by this digital modulation scheme.

Terahertz MIMO antenna array for future generation of wireless applications

Abstract The paper proposes a high gain, low ECC, and high isolation THz MIMO antenna array for future generation wireless applications to accommodate a growing population of mobile users. A THz MIMO antenna array is designed with dimensions of 1200 × 2200 × 191.29 µm3. It employs the array of double-slit complementary split-ring resonators (D-CSRRs) on the bottom layer to improve the gain, return loss, and isolation. The gain of the proposed antenna array is 11.3 dBi with 66.45 % radiating efficiency at 0.65 THz. The −10 dB impedance bandwidth lies from 0.62–0.66 THz. The parameters of the MIMO antenna are evaluated such as isolation, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), and channel capacity loss. The ECC and DG value observed are 2.84 × 10−6 and 9.98 dB, respectively, at 0.65 THz. The channel capacity loss and isolation of the proposed MIMO antenna array are below 0.4 bps/Hz and (|S 21| > 25 dB), respectively, in the complete operating band. The suggested THz MIMO antenna array can be utilised for THz high-speed wireless communication, video-rate imaging systems, sensing, the medical field for cancer imaging, security scanning, and the detection of illicit goods.

Sixth Generation 6G to the Waying Seventh 7G Wireless Communication Visions and Standards, Challenges, Applications

The increasing need for next-generation wireless networks becomes apparent as the Internet of Everything (IoE) gains prominence in smart services, projecting widespread popularity in the future. While sixth generation (6G) networks have the capability to support a diverse range of IoE services, their potential limitations in meeting the demands of innovative applications prompt consideration for seventh generation (7G) wireless systems. This article seeks to compare the characteristics of 6G and the planned 7G wireless systems. The commercial development of fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems is currently underway, introducing new services and enhancing user experiences. Despite these advancements, 5G encounters challenges that require on-going improvements. With the International Telecommunication Union Radio communication Sector (ITU-R) actively envisioning 6G and anticipating a consensus on 7G by October 2024, numerous unresolved questions persist in global discussions. This paper delivers a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of 7G, exploring the vision, technical requirements, and application possibilities. It presents a critical evaluation of the 7G network architecture and essential technologies. Furthermore, the article provides an in-depth examination of advanced 7G verification platforms and existing test beds, unveiling these aspects for the first time. Future research directions and lingering issues are emphasized to contribute to the on-going global discourse on 7G networks. Discussions on lessons learned from 7G networks culminate in the suggestion that 7G systems signify the pinnacle of mobile communication technology. The ongoing research on 7G, an intelligent cellular technology, holds promise for the future of wireless communication.

Unleashing the potential of sixth generation (6G) wireless networks in smart energy grid management: A comprehensive review

As the world continues to seek sustainable and efficient energy solutions, the integration of advanced technologies into smart energy grid management (SEGM) becomes a paramount focus. The advent of Sixth Generation (6G) wireless networks promises to revolutionize the way energy grids are monitored, controlled, and optimized. This review paper explores the potential of 6G wireless networks in the context of SEGM. It discusses the vision and potential techniques that can be harnessed to unlock the full capabilities of 6G networks. The paper delves into the challenges and opportunities presented by 6G technology, addressing issues such as scalability, security, real-time monitoring, and dynamic spectrum access. Moreover, it explores how 6G wireless networks can enable seamless integration with other advanced technologies, such as blockchain and cybertwin, to enhance the resilience and reliability of smart energy grids. The comprehensive review aims to shed light on the transformative role of 6G wireless networks, paving the way for a sustainable and intelligent future in energy grid management.

Enhancing Continuous Beam Angle Resolution for Next Generation Wireless Systems: A Multi-Stage Phase-Shifting Polyphase Filters Approach

Enhancing Continuous Beam Angle Resolution for Next Generation Wireless Systems: A Multi-Stage Phase-Shifting Polyphase Filters Approach

Design and Performance Analysis of Defected Ground Slotted Patch Antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications

Recently, there have been notable advancements in wireless communication systems to address the deficiencies of fourth generation (4G) wireless technology, such as insufficient spectrum bandwidth, slow data transfer rates, and constrained network capacity. These issues may be addressed in fifth generation (5G) wireless technology, which is no longer stand-alone. This article proposes and designs a defected ground slotted patch antenna (DGSPA) for 5G (Sub-6 GHz band) applications. It can work at 3.5 GHz in the 5G N77 band, Sub-6 GHz 5G, LTE Band 42, and WiMAX. The suggested antenna has an overall dimension of 38×38×1.575 mm3 and is built on the Rogers RT5880 substrate material, whose dielectric permittivity is 2.2. The CST software is used as the simulation tool to analyze the designed antenna’s performance. The novelty of the recommended antenna is in terms of its small size with defective ground structure (DGS), high antenna gain, perfect impedance matching, and improved impedance bandwidth. The role of the DGS is evaluated by comparing the antenna’s performance with and without the DGS. It has been noticed that the DGS-backed antenna had an impedance bandwidth improvement of more than 11MHz, whereas the impedance profile is (50.086−????0.179) Ω, which denotes 50 Ω pure resistivity. It will operate within the frequency range of (3.4828 - 3.522) GHz with an impedance bandwidth of 69.2 MHz. The proposed antenna’s reflection coefficient (|????1,1|) is obtained as -54.028 dB at the resonating frequency of 3.5176 GHz, whereas the radiation gain and efficiency are observed as 6.463 dB and 93.475%, respectively. Thus, due to its promising performance based on radiation pattern, optimum efficiency, and higher bandwidth, the recommended defected ground slotted patch antenna can efficiently be used for the application of Sub-6 GHz 5G services.

Performance Evaluation of OTFS-NOMA Scheme for High Mobility Users

Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) is a promising approach which is widely employed in sixth generation (6G) wireless network systems. Because of its superior performance in high-mobility environments, OTFS modulation has received a lot of attention lately. Due to OTFS modulation works in the delay-Doppler (DD) domain rather than the conventional time-frequency (TF) domain, it works effectively in such circumstances. The idea of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is integrated into OTFS as an important approach to improve the spectral efficiency (SE) to investigate the efficiency potential and performance. In this research, we study OTFS modulated NOMA system for two destination users in the high mobility environment. The message passing detection algorithm is utilized to examine bit error rate (BER) performance for both near and far users in the proposed OTFS modulated NOMA system. The BER simulation results demonstrate that the power allocation (PA) coefficient, delays, and Doppler effects significantly impact the performance of the system.