Generation Of Smartphones Research Articles

Assessment of wound dimensions using a smartphone-based application - Imitomeasure in wound assessment

Dimensions of wounds can be measured using several methods such as a photograph, a comparison, a ruler, or a graph. Current generation smartphones have high quality in-built cameras, and they are easily accessible than before and have become affordable. Making use of certain applications built for these smartphones have helped achieve various benefits in medical field. A software called Imitomeasure has been developed for the purpose of measuring wound dimensions without touching the wound. This app has the advantage over clinical measurement using rule or tape, in that, it is a non-contact method, hence less chances of spreading infection to that patient. The effectiveness of Imitomeasure has been assessed, and it has been found to be a very effective application in measuring wound dimensions. In this study, the size of wounds over gluteal region has been measured using Imitomeasure application in a smartphone.

Overcoming Premature Smartphone Obsolescence amongst Young Adults

Rapid smartphone replacement contributes significantly to electronic waste issues. This paper investigates determinants of premature smartphone obsolescence amongst young adults and proposes psychology-based solutions to reduce associated sustainability impacts. Activity Theory maps replacement journeys to focus interventions on problem recognition. Grounded in contemporary Installation Theory, obsolescence drivers are analysed across physical affordances, embodied competencies and social regulations. Smartphone replacement journeys are mapped through Activity Theory to focus on problem recognition as an intervention point. Expert interviews and a user survey supplement literature in investigating obsolescence factors. Solutions are then structured along Installation Theory dimensions for a systemic approach targeting underlying barriers. Solutions address the three layers of behavioural determination. Smartphone modularity addresses physical issues, like repairability and upgrade. Consumer education campaigns improve competencies and perceptions, hereby fostering longer use. A “Slow Smartphone Movement” is proposed, leveraging social strategies, including pledges and online communities, to redefine cultural obsolescence narratives and address the positional aspects of having the latest generation smartphone. Together these multilayered interventions provide actionable pathways to prolonging lifespan by fundamentally reshaping psychological ownership patterns underlying premature smartphone disposal. Rather than isolated initiatives, these synergistic solutions provide specific, evidence-based pathways to fundamentally transforming entrenched obsolescence mindsets and behaviours amongst younger demographics. The paper concludes by outlining study limitations and stating that future research must empirically evaluate the proposed solutions.The current paper investigates the determinants and consequences of premature smartphone obsolescence amongst young adults and proposes psychology-based solutions to reduce its detrimental environmental and societal impact. Activity Theory was used to define the research scope, ultimately focusing on the first stage in the buyer behaviour model, reflecting a prototypical customer journey along five consecutive decision stages. Problem recognition, essentially the perceived difference between the current and desired state of being, was subsequently analysed through the three interrelated layers of Installation Theory, physical affordances, embodied competencies, and social regulations. Eventually, potential solutions, grounded in academic literature, expert interviews, and a consumer survey, were organised along the three dimensions of installation theory, creating a holistic and effective strategy for tackling smartphone obsolescence. Smartphone modularity represents a promising starting point to address the problems associated with physical affordances, such as broken parts, worn batteries, and planned obsolescence more generally.Additionally, extensive consumer education coupled with awareness campaigns highlighting the alternatives to purchasing new products and awareness campaigns highlighting the alternatives to purchasing new products could tackle issues associated with embodied competencies. Lastly, social regulations manifested partly in the universal need for belonging and social inclusion, represent the last driver of smartphone obsolescence. Virtual communities and reward schemes could further foster lasting normative change, eventually helping redefine the detrimental consumerism culture.

(304) Effects of Wireless Radiation Exposure on Genetic Variants in Human Sperm: A Preliminary Prospective Study

Abstract Introduction In the present era, the extensive use of modern cell phones has raised the health risks associated with the radiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) they emit, which the human body can absorb. RF-EMR exposure can potentially harm the process of spermatogenesis by increasing oxidative stress, elevating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), and triggering the formation of free radicals that leads to sperm DNA damage. Our previous research revealed decreased sperm motility and viability in semen samples exposed to RF-EMR through WiFi calling. Objective To investigate the effects of WiFi radiation on genetic variants in human sperm using current-generation smartphones. Methods Six healthy, normozoospermic men aged 25-35 provided semen samples for this study. A current generation smartphone was used in WiFi calling mode, specifically through Whatsapp voice call, to serve as the source of RF-EMR. The call duration was six hours. Semen samples were analyzed based on the 2010 WHO guidelines before and after the radiation exposure. The genomics facility at our university extracted DNA from semen samples of each participant before and after RF-EMR exposure to perform whole exome sequencing with alignment to the reference genome. After sequencing, we compared genetic variants for each participant before and after RF-EMR exposure. Results After six hours of exposure, a significant decrease in sperm progressive motility was observed (p<0.05). Following exposure, the median number of exonic, nonsynonymous variants absent before exposure increased to 4 (IQR 3). Across the four successfully sequenced samples, we found 20 new, exonic, nonsynonymous variants after RF-EMR exposure. Significantly, male reproductive tissues expressed 12 variants, five associated with ciliary function and two related to mitochondrial function (see Table 1). Gene Chromosome Variant Location Function SPDYE11 Chr7 A > C Spermatids • Acetylcholine receptor activity • Cell cycle regulation SPDYE17 Chr7 A > C Spermatids • Protein kinase activity • Cell cycle regulation PRB2 Chr12 T > G salivary gland • Cell cycle regulation GGT2 Chr22 G > A Spermatids • Cell cycle regulation RGPD3 Chr2 C > T Spermatids • Ciliary function EPPK1 Chr8 G > A Spermatids, spermatocytes • Epithelial structure GOLGA6L4 Chr15 G > A Spermatids, spermatocytes • Ciliary function TCP11X2 ChrX T > C Spermatids • Acrosome reaction • Cilia function • Spermatid development HRNR Chr1 A > G Mitochondria • Metal ion binding POUF1 Chr13 > GCC Mitochondria • Structure & function of spermatozoa NPIPB13 Chr16 T > A Spermatids • Ciliary function • Sperm motility NBPF11 Chr1 A > C Spermatids, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells • Cell cycle regulation • Microtubule development ANKRD20A1 Chr9 T > A Spermatocytes • Ciliary function Table 1. Candidate genes with variants after six hours of phone radiation exposure Conclusions Based on our pilot study, we observed a decrease in sperm progressive motility and an increase in potentially related genetic variants associated with sperm motility following six hours of exposure to RF-EMR. These preliminary results highlight the need for further research to investigate the effects of RF-EMR exposure on semen parameters and to determine the clinical significance of these genetic variants. Disclosure No.

A microscope in your pocket: can smartphones be used to perform microsurgery?

To evaluate the use of the latest generation smartphone camera in performing arterial microanastomosis in rats. Ten Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups and underwent anastomosis of the right carotid artery with the aid of magnification from a microscope (group M) and a smartphone camera (group S), to compare patency in 72 hours, as well as to measure the weight of the animals, diameter of the carotid arteries and anastomosis time. There was no statistical difference between the weight of the animals or the diameter of the carotid arteries. There was a statistical difference for the time spent on anastomoses, which was greater in group S, with higher rates of thrombosis (p < 0.05). Although our patency and anastomosis time results were statistically lower in the smartphone group, there was success in some cases. As the segment continues to progress, it is likely that the results will improve in line with the evolution of camera technology.

Dual-polarized 8-port sub 6 GHz 5G MIMO diamond-ring slot antenna for smart phone and portable wireless applications.

This manuscript presents high performance dual polarized eight-element multiple input multiple output (MIMO) fifth generation (5G) smartphone antenna. The design consists of four dual-polarized microstrip diamond-ring slot antennas, positioned at corners of printed circuit board (PCB). Cheap Fr-4 dielectric with permittivity 4.3 and thickness of 1.6mm is used as substrate with overall dimension of 150 × 75 × 1.6 mm3. In mobile system due to limited space mutual coupling between nearby antenna elements is an issue that distort MIMO antenna performance. Defected ground structure is used to control coupling. The defected ground structure has advantages like ease of fabrication, compact size and high efficiency as compare to other techniques. Less than 30dB coupling is achieved for adjacent elements. The -10 dB impedance bandwidth of 700 MHz is achieved for all radiating elements ranging from 3.3 GHz to 4.1 GHz. The value is about 900MHz for -6dB. The proposed antenna offers good results in terms of fundamental antenna parameters like reflection coefficient, transmission coefficient, maximum gain, total efficiency. The antenna achieved average gain more than 3.8dBi and average radiation efficiency more than 80% for single dual polarized element. The antenna provides sufficient radiation coverage in all sides. The MIMO antenna characteristics like diversity gain (DG), envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), total active reflection coefficient (TARC) and channel capacity are calculated and found according to standards. Furthermore, effect of user on antenna performance in data-mode and talk-mode are studied. Proposed design is fabricated and tested in real time. The measured results shows that proposed design can be used in future smartphones applications. The design is compared with some of the existing work and found to be the best one in many parameters and can be used for commercial use.

Telemedical Support Using Smartphones for Spine Surgery in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Objective: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face many challenges compared to industrialized nations, most notably in regard to the health care system. Patients often have to travel long distances to receive medical care with few reliable transportation mechanisms. In time-critical emergencies, this is a significant disadvantage. One specialty that is particularly affected by this is spine surgery. Within this field, traumatic injuries and acutely compressive pathologies are often time-critical. Increasing global networking capabilities through internet access offers the possibility for telemedical support in remote regions. Recently, high-performance cameras and processors became available in commercially available smartphones. Due to their wide availability and ease of use, this could provide a unique opportunity to offer telemedical support in LMICs. Methods: We conducted a feasibility study with a neurosurgical institution in east Africa. To ensure telemedical support, a commercially available smartphone was selected as the experimental hardware. Preoperatively, resolution, contrast, brightness, and color reproduction were assessed under theoretical conditions using a test chart. Intraoperatively, the image quality was assessed under different conditions. In the first step, the instrumentation table was displayed, and the mentor surgeon marked an instrument that the mentee surgeon should recognize correctly. In the next evaluation step, the surgical field was shown on film and the mentor surgeon marked an anatomical structure, and in the last evaluation step, the screen of the X-ray machine was captured, and the mentor surgeon again marked an anatomical structure. Subjective image quality was rated by two independent reviewers using the similar modified Likert scale as before on a scale of 1-5, with 1 indicating inadequate quality and 5 indicating excellent quality. Results: The image quality during the video calls was rated as sufficient overall. When evaluating the test charts, a quality of 97% ± 5 on average was found for the chart with the white background and a quality of 84% ± 5 on average for the chart with the black background. The color reproduction, the contrast, and the reproduction of brightness were rated excellent. Intraoperatively, the visualization of the instrument table was also rated excellent. Visualization of the operative site was rated 1.5 ± 0.5 on average and it was not possible to recognize relevant anatomical structures with the required confidence for surgical procedures. Image quality of the X-ray screen was rated 1.5 ± 0.9 on average. Conclusion: Current generation smartphones have high imaging performance, high computing power, and excellent connectivity. However, relevant anatomical structures during spine surgery procedures and on the X-ray screen in the operating room could not be identified with reliability to provide adequate surgical support. Nevertheless, our study showed the potential in smartphones supporting surgical procedures in LMICs, which could be helpful in other surgical fields.

MIMO ANTENNA ARRAY WITH DIRECTIONAL DIAGRAM SPREAD FOR 5G SMARTPHONES

Multiple-input/multiple-output technology can exponentially increase the data transfer rate and spectrum efficiency without any need of increasing the transmission power and bandwidth. It is the most promising technology to be used in the upcoming 5G communications. To be more accurate, the fourth generation smartphones are set to use the long-term evolution MIMO technology and operate in multi-bands. Therefore, MIMO antennas are to use in future portable devices such as mobile handsets and tablets. A new multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna design is introduced for future smartphones. The proposed design contains four pairs of double-fed circular-ring resonators located at different edges of the smartphone printed circuit board (PCB) with an FR-4 substrate and a dimension of 75 × 150 mm2. The antenna elements are fed by 50-Ohm microstriplines and provide polarisation and radiation pattern diversity function due to the orthogonal placement of their feed lines. By inserting a rectangular slot under each microstrip feed-line, the mutual coupling characteristic of the antenna ports is reduced. A good frequency bandwidth (S11 ≤ − 10 dB) of 3.3–3.9 GHz has been obtained for the smartphone antenna array. Nevertheless, for S11 ≤ −6 dB, this value is 3.1–4.3 GHz. More than 3 dB realised gain and 80% total efficiency are achieved for the single element radiator. The design provides not only sufficient radiation coverage supporting different sides of the mainboard but also the polarisation diversity. In addition, sufficient properties are obtained in the vicinity of human-hand/human-head. The proposed MIMO antenna design is also capable to generate dual- or multi-band function. Moreover, a new and compact phased array millimeter-wave (mm-wave) antenna design with end-fire radiation beams is introduced which can be easily integrated into smartphones.

Accelerometers in Our Pocket: Does Smartphone Accelerometer Technology Provide Accurate Data?

This study evaluates accelerometer performance of three new state of the art smartphones and focuses on accuracy. The motivating research question was whether accelerator accuracy obtained with these off-the-shelf modern smartphone accelerometers was or was not statistically different from that of a gold-standard reference system. We predicted that the accuracy of the three modern smartphone accelerometers in human movement data acquisition do not differ from that of the Vicon MX motion capture system. To test this prediction, we investigated the comparative performance of three different commercially available current generation smartphone accelerometers among themselves and to a gold-standard Vicon MX motion capture system. A single subject design was implemented for this study. Pearson's correlation coefficients® were calculated to verify the validity of the smartphones' accelerometer data against that of the Vicon MX motion capture system. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the smartphones' accelerometer performance reliability compared to that of the Vicon MX motion capture system. Results demonstrated that (a) the tested smartphone accelerometers are valid and reliable devices for estimating accelerations and (b) there were not significant differences among the three current generation smartphones and the Vicon MX motion capture system's mean acceleration data. This evidence indicates how well recent generation smartphone accelerometer sensors are capable of measuring human body motion. This study, which bridges a significant information gap between the accuracy of accelerometers measured close to production and their accuracy in actual smartphone research, should be interpreted within the confines of its scope, limitations and strengths. Further research is warranted to validate our arguments, suggestions, and results, since this is the first study on this topic.

Hybrid diffractive optics design via hardware-in-the-loop methodology for achromatic extended-depth-of-field imaging.

End-to-end optimization of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) profile through a digital differentiable model combined with computational imaging have gained an increasing attention in emerging applications due to the compactness of resultant physical setups. Despite recent works have shown the potential of this methodology to design optics, its performance in physical setups is still limited and affected by manufacturing artefacts of DOE, mismatch between simulated and resultant experimental point spread functions, and calibration errors. Additionally, the computational burden of the digital differentiable model to effectively design the DOE is increasing, thus limiting the size of the DOE that can be designed. To overcome the above mentioned limitations, a co-design of hybrid optics and image reconstruction algorithm is produced following the end-to-end hardware-in-the-loop strategy, using for optimization a convolutional neural network equipped with quantitative and qualitative loss functions. The optics of the imaging system consists on the phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) as DOE and refractive lens. SLM phase-pattern is optimized by applying the Hardware-in-the-loop technique, which helps to eliminate the mismatch between numerical modelling and physical reality of image formation as light propagation is not numerically modelled but is physically done. Comparison with compound multi-lens optics of a last generation smartphone and a mirrorless commercial cameras show that the proposed system is advanced in all-in-focus sharp imaging for a depth range 0.4-1.9 m.

Solutions and limitations of the geomatic survey of an archaeological site in hard to access areas with a latest generation smartphone: the example of the Intihuatana stone in Machu Picchu (Peru)

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Archaeological remains need to be geometrically surveyed and set in absolute reference systems in order to allow a "virtual visit" and to create "digital twins" useful in case of deterioration for proper restoration. Some countries (e.g., Peru) have a vast archaeological heritage whose survey requires optimized procedures that allow high productivity while maintaining high standards of geometric accuracy. A large part of Peru's cultural heritage is located in remote areas, at high altitudes and not easily accessible. For this reason, it is of great interest to study the possible applications of easily transportable instruments. In this study it was verified how the capabilities of the latest smartphones in terms of absolute differential positioning and photogrammetric acquisition can allow the acquisition of a geometrically correct and georeferenced three-dimensional model. The experimentation concerned a new survey of the Intihuatana stones at Machu Picchu and its comparison with a previous survey carried out with a much more complex laser scanning instrumentation. It is important to note that both the photogrammetric survey and the GPS/GNSS survey were carried out with the same smartphone taking full advantage of both features of the same mobile phone. Relative comparison to an existing point cloud provided differences of 2 millimeters in mean with an RMSE of 2 cm. The absolute positioning accuracy compared to a very large-scale cartography appears to be of the order of one metre as was expected mainly due to the high distance of the GPS/GNSS permanent stations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

SUPER-RESOLUTION IMAGES ON MOBILE SMARTPHONE AIMED AT 3D MODELING

Abstract. In these last years have been calculated several general algorithms to process the images acquired by mobile devices. Nevertheless, they don't always work at their full effectiveness due the numerous constraints and external issues. The latest generation smartphones, pushed by higher user expectations, have increasingly performing camera functions, in particular way, about the always increasing resolution, with a large number of pixels to process or two cameras for stereo view. Considering that pixels in an image sensor synthetizes the number of incoming photons, taking a photograph with a digital camera means to applying a low-pass filter to a scene where the tiny textures, such as characters that measure a few pixels, are observed blurry. This happens when using digital zoom or when the visibility is compromised or during the night artificial lights. For all these reasons the conventional image converter resolution algorithms (as bilinear interpolation algorithm) don’t work with the high-frequency information of a scene once lost. All these aspects are more relevant if we are taking photos to carry out a 3D scenario. Indeed, the 3D model will have an higher geometric accuracy if the image resolution will be higher. Super-Resolution algorithms (SRa) are classified into two categories: (1) approaches that reconstruct a high-resolution image from itself and (2) approaches that register multiple low-resolution images to interpolate sub-pixel information. In this paper we verify the geometric accuracy of a 3D model, when using the Morpho Super-Resolution™ algorithm, also in critical condition. This algorithm doesn’t require pixel shift, indeed, some cameras have a functionality named pixel shift, which captures multiple images while shifting the image sensor.

Multiple Elements MIMO Antenna System With Broadband Operation for 5th Generation Smart Phones

In this work, a simple, low-cost, dual wideband sub6GHz Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna system for a smart phone is presented. The antenna system is fabricated using inexpensive and commercially easily available 0.8 mm thick FR4 substrate. The presented system consists of a single main board and two side boards containing eight antennas and feedings. The radiating elements are etched on the side boards to provide space for other electronic components and RF systems and sub systems. The dimensions of the main board and the two side boards are 150 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times 75\times0.8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> and 150 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times 6\times0.8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> , respectively. The radiating elements are etched on the side substrates and the feeding network is designed on the main board. The proposed system resonates at 3.5 GHz and 5 GHz providing −10 dB bandwidth of 250 MHz (ranges from 3.3 GHz to 3.55 GHz) and 1700 MHz (ranges from 4.2 GHz to 6.2 GHz), respectively. The design and the arrangement of the structure enable pattern diversity and ensures at least −15 dB of isolation between any two given radiating elements. Moreover, various different key performance parameters such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), mean effective gain (MEG), channel capacity (CC), specific absorption rate (SAR), gain, and efficiency are also presented. It is found that the peak gain of the system is 5.8 dBi, ECC is lower than 0.015, efficiency ranges between 58% to 78%, peak SAR is 1.28 W/Kg, and the maximum CC is 40.2 bps/Hz within the frequency band of interest. In addition, to further demonstrate the usefulness of such structure as a smart mobile terminal, single and dual hand scenarios are also presented. To validate the concept and the computed results, a prototype is fabricated and measured. It is found that the simulated results are in very good agreement with the measured results. Based on the performance and the measured results, we believe that this structure holds a promising future within the next generation smart mobile phones.

Mobile Forensics Data Acquisition

Mobile technology is among the fastest developing technologies that have changed the way we live our lives. And, with the increase of the need to protect our personal information, smartphone companies have developed multiple types of security protection measures on their devices which makes the forensic data acquisition for law enforcement purposes so much harder. As we all know, one of the biggest tasks in mobile forensics investigation is the step of data acquisition, it is the step of extracting all the valuable information that will help the investigators to bring out all the evidences. In this paper, we will explain the traditional forensic data acquisition methods and the impact of encryption and security protection that been implemented in new smartphones on these methods, we will also present some new mobile forensics methods that will help to bypass the security measures in new generation smartphones, and finally, we will propose a new data extraction model using artificial intelligence.

A Large-Scale Fully Annotated Low-Cost Microscopy Image Dataset for Deep Learning Framework.

This work presents a large-scale three-fold annotated, low-cost microscopy image dataset of potato tubers for plant cell analysis in deep learning (DL) framework which has huge potential in the advancement of plant cell biology research. Indeed, low-cost microscopes coupled with new generation smartphones could open new aspects in DL-based microscopy image analysis, which offers several benefits including portability, easy to use, and maintenance. However, its successful implications demand properly annotated large number of diverse microscopy images, which has not been addressed properly- that confines the advanced image processing based plant cell research. Therefore, in this work, a low-cost microscopy image database of potato tuber cells having total 34,657 number of images, has been generated by Foldscope (costs around 1 USD) coupled with a smartphone. This dataset includes 13,369 unstained and 21,288 stained (safranin-o, toluidine blue-o, and lugol's iodine) images with three-fold annotation based on weight, section areas, and tissue zones of the tubers. The physical image quality (e.g., contrast, focus, geometrical attributes, etc.) and its applicability in the DL framework (CNN-based multi-class and multi-label classification) have been examined and results are compared with the traditional microscope image set. The results show that the dataset is highly compatible for the DL framework.

The potential value of new generation smartphone electrocardiogram for detecting atrial fibrillation after an ischemic stroke

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the western world. The term embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) indicates those nonlacunar strokes in which the most common causes have been excluded. It is thought that covert atrial fibrillation (AF) is the main etiology of ESUS. However, there are no definitive data about the actual prevalence of AF in ESUS.

A State-of-Art Review of Digital Technologies for the Next Generation of Tinnitus Therapeutics.

Background: Digital processing has enabled the development of several generations of technology for tinnitus therapy. The first digital generation was comprised of digital Hearing Aids (HAs) and personal digital music players implementing already established sound-based therapies, as well as text based information on the internet. In the second generation Smart-phone applications (apps) alone or in conjunction with HAs resulted in more therapy options for users to select from. The 3rd generation of digital tinnitus technologies began with the emergence of many novel, largely neurophysiologically-inspired, treatment theories that drove development of processing; enabled through HAs, apps, the internet and stand-alone devices. We are now of the cusp of a 4th generation that will incorporate physiological sensors, multiple transducers and AI to personalize therapies.Aim: To review technologies that will enable the next generations of digital therapies for tinnitus.Methods: A “state-of-the-art” review was undertaken to answer the question: what digital technology could be applied to tinnitus therapy in the next 10 years? Google Scholar and PubMed were searched for the 10-year period 2011–2021. The search strategy used the following key words: “tinnitus” and [“HA,” “personalized therapy,” “AI” (and “methods” or “applications”), “Virtual reality,” “Games,” “Sensors” and “Transducers”], and “Hearables.” Snowballing was used to expand the search from the identified papers. The results of the review were cataloged and organized into themes.Results: This paper identified digital technologies and research on the development of smart therapies for tinnitus. AI methods that could have tinnitus applications are identified and discussed. The potential of personalized treatments and the benefits of being able to gather data in ecologically valid settings are outlined.Conclusions: There is a huge scope for the application of digital technology to tinnitus therapy, but the uncertain mechanisms underpinning tinnitus present a challenge and many posited therapeutic approaches may not be successful. Personalized AI modeling based on biometric measures obtained through various sensor types, and assessments of individual psychology and lifestyles should result in the development of smart therapy platforms for tinnitus.

Estimation of forest canopy structure and understory light using spherical panorama images from smartphone photography

Abstract Accurate estimates of forest canopy structure are central for a wide range of ecological studies. Hemispherical photography (HP) is a popular tool to estimate canopy attributes. However, traditional HP methods require expensive equipment, are sensitive to exposure settings, and produce limited resolution which dramatically affects the accuracy of gap fraction estimates. As an alternative, hemispherical images can be extracted from spherical panoramas produced by many smartphone camera applications. I compared hemispherical photos captured with a digital single lens reflex camera and 180° lens to those extracted from smartphone spherical panoramas (SSP). The SSP HP method leverages built-in features of current generation smartphones to produce sharper images of higher resolution, resulting in more definition of fine canopy structure. Canopy openness and global site factor from SSP HP are highly correlated with traditional methods (R2 &amp;gt; 0.9), while leaf area index estimates are lower, especially in more closed canopies where traditional methods fail to capture fine gaps.

Magnetic Interference on Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices From Apple iPhone MagSafe Technology.

BackgroundMagnet wireless charging is being utilized increasingly in current generation smartphones. Apple's MagSafe is a proprietary wireless charging technology with an array of magnets that has the capacity to generate magnet fieldstrength >50 gauss (G). We hypothesize that there is clinically significant magnet interference caused by Apple's MagSafe technology on cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED).Methods and ResultsThis study has an in vivo and an ex vivo component. The in vivo component consists of consecutive patients who presented to the electrophysiology laboratory with previously implanted CIEDs. The iPhone 12 Pro Max was directly placed on the skin over the pocket of these patients and the effect was studied by device interrogation. For the ex vivo component of the study, CIEDs from major device companies were tested for magnetic interference caused by iPhone 12 Pro Max through unopened packages. We found that iPhone 12 Pro Max resulted in clinically identifiable magnet interference in 3/3 (100%) participants in vivo and in 8/11 (72.7%) devices ex vivo.ConclusionsApple's iPhone 12 Pro Max MagSafe technology can cause magnet interference on CIEDs and has the potential to inhibit lifesaving therapy.

EFFECT OF EXPOSURE OF MOBILE PHONE RADIATIONS ON RED BLOOD CELL OF MICE- A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY

The fourth generation (4G) smart phones handset emits extra radiation due to MIMO (multiple inputs and multiple outputs) systems than third generation (3G) smart phones handset. Present study was designed to compare and evaluate the detrimental effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) radiation emitted from 3G &amp; 4G cell phone on red blood cells (RBCs) through scanning electron micrograph (SEM). The Swiss albino mice were exposed to 3G mobile phone (SAR =0.406 W/Kg &amp; 0.562W/Kg for body and head respectively; average power density: 0.998 mW/cm2 ), and 4G mobile phone (SAR = 0.458 W/Kg &amp; 1.520W/Kg for body and head respectively; average power density: 1.032 mW/cm2 ) during video call for a period of 4 hours/day for 120 days. Several morphological alterations were observed in the RBCs of both the exposed groups. SEM of RBCs has altered membrane. poikilocytosis, anisocytosis and macrocytosis were evident in both 3G &amp; 4G groups. The extents of alteration were higher in 4G exposed group. Interestingly, ost of the changes were recovered to normal after removal of exposure for 30 days.

Imaging the pediatric retina: An overview.

Recent decade has seen a shift in the causes of childhood blinding diseases from anterior segment to retinal disease in both developed and developing countries. The common retinal disorders are retinopathy of prematurity and vitreoretinal infections in neonates, congenital anomalies in infants, and vascular retinopathies including type 1 diabetes, tumors, and inherited retinal diseases in children (up to 12 years). Retinal imaging helps in diagnosis, management, follow up and prognostication in all these disorders. These imaging modalities include fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, ultrasonography, retinal vascular and structural studies, and electrodiagnosis. Over the decades there has been tremendous advances both in design (compact, multifunctional, tele-consult capable) and technology (wide- and ultra-wide field and noninvasive retinal angiography). These new advances have application in most of the pediatric retinal diseases though at most times the designs of new devices have remained confined to use in adults. Poor patient cooperation and insufficient attention span in children demand careful crafting of the devices. The newer attempts of hand-held retinal diagnostic devices are welcome additions in this direction. While much has been done, there is still much to do in the coming years. One of the compelling and immediate needs is the pediatric version of optical coherence tomography angiography. These needs and demands would increase many folds in future. A sound policy could be the simultaneous development of adult and pediatric version of all ophthalmic diagnostic devices, coupled with capacity building of trained medical personnel.