Generation Of Potential Difference Research Articles

Synthesis of a Novel Nanoparticle BaCoO2.6 through Sol-Gel Method and Elucidation of Its Structure and Electrical Properties

The physical properties of cobalt oxide with varied oxidation states, and coordination numbers, in the transition series, have numerous applications. The present study explores the physical properties of BaCoO2.6 nanoparticles synthesized through the sol-gel method. The X-ray diffraction figure exhibits a 25 nm crystallite size hexagonal phase. The observational data shows the reduction in the real part of impedance ( Z ’ ), dielectric constant ( ξ ’ ), dielectric loss ( ξ ” ), and a raise in ac conductivity of mixed type of conduction with an elevation in frequency analyzed through impedance spectroscopy. The conductivity due to grain and grain boundaries is shown foremost in the complex impedance analysis. The plot of ∆ V / ∆ T (Seebeck coefficient) in the low-temperature range indicates p-type behavior and the metal-insulator transition in the as-synthesized sample. The sample characteristics suggest applications in optical and switching devices. The Seebeck coefficient is the generation of potential difference when subjected to temperature difference. Thermoelectric materials are associated with the concept of high electrical conductivity like crystals and low thermal conductivity to that of glass. Nanothermoelectric materials can decrease further the thermal conductivity through phonon scattering. Electrical characterization suggests the presence of both NTCR and PTCR behavior in the sample, and hence, it explores the application in thermistor/resistance temperature detector’s (RTD) and low dielectric constant and loss to electro-optical and higher conversion efficiency to storage devices. Additionally, impedance spectroscopy helps in the study of electrochemical systems and solid-state devices wherein the transition of metal-insulator is an add-on to the research.

A Self-Charging Supercapacitor for a Patch-Type Glucose Sensor

Wearable electronic medical devices measuring continuous biological signals for early disease diagnosis should be small and lightweight for consecutive usability. As a result, there has been an increasing need for new energy supply systems that provide continuous power without any interruption to the operation of the medical devices associated with the use of conventional batteries. In this work, we developed a patch-type self-charging supercapacitor that can measure biological signals with a continuous energy supply without batteries. The glucose oxidase coated on the surface of the microneedle-type glucose sensor encounters glucose in the interstitial fluids of the human body. Electrons created by glucose oxidation operate the self-powered system in which charging begins with the generation of potential differences in supercapacitor electrodes. In an 11 mM glucose solution, the self-powered solid-state supercapacitors (SPSCs) showed a power density of 0.62 mW/cm2, which resulted in self-charging of the supercapacitor. The power density produced by each SPSC with a drop of 11 mM glucose solution was higher than that produced by glucose-based biofuel cells. Consequently, the all-in-one self-powered glucose sensor, with the aid of an Arduino Uno board and appropriate programming, effectively distinguished normal, prediabetic, and diabetic levels from 0.5 mL of solutions absorbed in a laboratory skin model.

On the generation of potential differences across the membranes of ellipsoidal cells in an alternating electrical field.

Particles with a nonconducting membrane, oriented in an alternating electrical field, will show the behaviour of electrical dipoles. Across the membranes there will be generated alternating electrical potential differences, which may be calculated for confocal ellipsoidal cells by solving Laplace's equation. We have evaluated a formula valid generally for single confocal ellipsoidal cells under physiological conditions, the cells being placed with one of their semi-axes parallel to an external electrical field. The values of the generated potential difference, considered at the position of their maximum values, are dependent on the shape and size of the cells, on their orientation to the electrical field and on the frequency and strength of the field. The relaxation frequency depends also on cell shape, size and orientation, but furthermore on the membrane properties and on the conductivities inside and outside the cells. For simple cases like spheres and cylinders perpendicular to the electrical field, our formula will correspond to known expressions. Values for the generated potential differences, form-factors and relaxation frequencies are given for different types of spheroids and at different orientations. Of some practical importance are long prolate spheroids with their long semi-axes parallel to the external field, because only small field strengths are necessary in order to generate large potential differences which may evoke action potentialse.g. in muscle or nerve cells. The significance of this mechanism concerning the determination of protection and safeguard standards for the exposure to low-frequency electrical fields is discussed.

Distribution of electric potential and ion transport in the hypocotyl of <italic>Vigna sesquipedalis</italic> I. Distribution of overall ion concentration and the role of hydrogen ion in generation of potential difference

Distribution of electric potential and ion transport in the hypocotyl of <italic>Vigna sesquipedalis</italic> I. Distribution of overall ion concentration and the role of hydrogen ion in generation of potential difference

Microphonic Potentials from the Utricle

Stevens and Davis1 have put forward the view that the generation of potential differences in the cochlea when sound is incident on the ear is due to the piezoelectric properties of the hair-cells themselves.