Municipal Solid Waste Generation Research Articles

Optimizing Residential Construction Site Selection in Mountainous Regions Using Geospatial Data and eXplainable AI

The rapid urbanization of Abha and its surrounding cities in Saudi Arabia’s mountainous regions poses challenges for sustainable and secure development. This study aimed to identify suitable sites for eco-friendly and safe building complexes amidst complex geophysical, geoecological, and socio-economic factors, integrating natural hazards assessment and risk management. Employing the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy-AHP), the study constructed a suitability model incorporating sixteen parameters. Additionally, a Deep Neural Network (DNN) based on eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) conducted sensitivity analyses to assess the parameters’ influence on optimal location decision making. The results reveal slope as the most crucial parameter (22.90%), followed by altitude and land use/land cover (13.24%), emphasizing topography and environmental considerations. Drainage density (11.36%) and rainfall patterns (9.15%) are also significant for flood defense and water management. Only 12.21% of the study area is deemed “highly suitable”, with “no-build zones” designated for safety and environmental protection. DNN-based XAI demonstrates the positive impact of variables like the NDVI and municipal solid waste generation on site selection, informing waste management and ecological preservation strategies. This integrated methodology provides actionable insights for sustainable and safe residential development in Abha, aiding informed decision making and balancing urban expansion with environmental conservation and hazard risk reduction.

Estimation of calorific value using an artificial neural network based on stochastic ultimate analysis

The main aim of the present study was to estimate the calorific value (CV) by considering the uncertainty in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation using a cohesive Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique. The parameters from ultimate analysis are taken as input data and CV as output data for 300 samples and seasonal variation is considered for predicting CV. Monte Carlo Simulation Technique is applied to deal with the uncertainty in MSW characteristics and the Simultaneous Backward Reduction (SBR) approach is used to tackle scenarios into a manageable number. Various ANN models were built based on the seasonal variation for three cities: ANNMS, ANNMW, ANNUS, ANNUW, ANNBS and ANNBW. The results depicted that network ANNMS for the architecture (9-21-1) has a minimum MAPE value of 1.22% with an estimation accuracy of 94.61%. The network ANNUS has a minimum MAPE of 1.62% has an estimation accuracy of 93.2% for the architecture (9-23-1). The network ANNBW Baddi City has a minimum MAPE is 2.23% for the network (9-21-1) with an estimation accuracy of 91.77% respectively. The developed ANNs model in the present study is beneficial to estimate the CV of MSW samples using elemental composition considering the uncertainty in the data, leading to more accuracy in the prediction models. It helps to minimize experimental costs and gives a theoretical background for modeling MSW's energy potential based on Waste to Energy (WTE) technologies.

Forecasting municipal solid plastic waste generation and management policy using system dynamics: a case study of Khulna City in Bangladesh.

A comprehensive analysis of municipal solid plastic waste (MSPW) management while emphasizing plastic pollution severity in coastal cities around the world is mandatory to alleviate the augmenting plastic waste footprint in nature. Thus, decision-makers' persuasion for numerous management solutions of MSPW flow-control can be met through meditative systematic strategies at the regional level. To forecast solutions focused on systematic policies, an agent-based system dynamics (ASD) model has been developed and simulated from 2023 to 2040 while considering significant knit parameters for MSPW management of Khulna City in Bangladesh. Baseline simulation results show that per-capita plastic waste generation will increase to 11.6kg by 2040 from 8.92kg in 2023. Eventually, the landfilled quantity of plastic waste has accumulated to 70,000 tons within 18years. Moreover, the riverine discharge has increased to 834 tons in 2040 from a baseline quantity of 512 tons in 2023. So the plastic waste footprint index (PWFI) value rises to 24 by 2040. Furthermore, the absence of technological initiatives is responsible for the logarithmic rise of non-recyclable plastic waste to 1.35*1000=1350 tons. Finally, two consecutive policy scenarios with baseline factors such as controlled riverine discharge, increased collection and separation of plastic waste, expansion of recycle business, and locally achievable plastic conversion technologies have been simulated. Therefore, policy 2, with 69% conversion, 80% source separation, and 50% riverine discharge reduction of MSPW, has been found adequate from a sustainability perspective with the lowest PWFI ranges of 3.97 to 1.07 alongside a per-capita MSPW generation of 7.63 to 10kg from 2023 till 2040.

Environmental Impact Assessment of a Dumping Site: A Case Study of Kakia Dumping Site

Open dumping threatens the environment and public health by causing soil, water, and air pollution and precipitating the deterioration of the environmental balance. Therefore, sustainable waste management practices and compliance with environmental regulations are important to minimize these negative impacts. In this context, it is very important to identify the environmental damage inflicted by open dumping areas and to take measures to prevent this damage. Makkah is among the cities that still use open dumping for solid waste disposal. The rapid increase in this city’s population is generating large quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW), making it difficult to manage waste economically without harming the environment or public health. During Umrah and Hajj, the rate of MSW generation increases to an even greater degree. The sustainable management of MSW in holy cities is of great importance. This study aimed to investigate the environmental impact of the Kakia Open Dumping Site in Makkah on air quality, soil, and nearby groundwater wells. It also conducted analyses of essential elements (Ca, Mg, and Na), heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Cr), and a metalloid (As) in leachate produced at the Kakia Open Dumpsite, enabling the development of management strategies. In addition, the correlations between the essential elements, the metalloid, and the heavy metals were also analyzed. The goal is not only to mitigate the negative effects of open dumping, but also to highlight the need to adopt sustainable management strategies for MSW in religiously significant cities like Makkah.

Fostering community participation in sustainable municipal solid waste management at multiple scales in Tehran, Iran

This article delves into the intricacies of waste management in Tehran, offering insights into the structured framework governing the control of solid waste materials. As collected, the average daily generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the region is 0.645 kg per inhabitant. Unexpectedly, the impact of socio-economic factors on processes such as garbage sorting, creating products from recyclable waste, and composting was shown to be comparatively weaker than that of supporting elements. The initial approach entails providing environmental cadres and the community with more comprehensive MSW reduction training, which will cultivate a nuanced comprehension of waste management. The second strategy focuses on amplifying information dissemination through mass media and targeted campaigns, emphasizing effective MSW practices. The objective of the third endeavor is to augment the quantity of environmental cadres, which will be comprised of community and local leaders, in order to inspire and direct endeavors to reduce MSW. The fourth and final strategy underscores the expansion and diversification of waste storages, positioning them as customer-centric institutions dedicated to environmental campaigns and training. Ultimately, the collaborative implementation of these strategies is poised to instigate a positive shift towards heightened community participation in MSW reduction practices.

Formulation of Novel Microbial Consortia for Rapid Composting of Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste: An Approach in the Circular Economy

Urbanization and rapid industrialization have led to the escalation of municipal solid waste generation and accumulation. Composting is widely recognized as a sustainable solution for solid waste management. However, its long-term investment is considered a disadvantage. The present research study discusses the rapid biotransformation of solid waste into valorized compost. Bacteria were isolated from soil, solid waste, and leachate samples from open dump sites. From the 18 different bacterial consortia created using potential isolates, the five most promising consortia were selected based on concurrent different enzyme production. These selected consortia were incorporated into typical compost bins with Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Daily monitoring of enzymatic activity, pH, conductivity, bulk density, moisture, and temperature, along with other composting parameters, was conducted. The study’s results demonstrated that consortium No. 5, comprising Bacillus haynesii, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus safensis, exhibited significant (p<0.05) enzyme activity of cellulase, amylase, lipase and proteinase enzymes during composting compared to the control and other treatment setups. Consortium No. 5 also facilitated rapid and successful composting, as evidenced by significant alterations of composting parameters by exhibiting a shorter average composting time, reducing it from 110±10 days to 20±3 days, showcasing the potential applicability of formulated bacterial consortium as a sustainable and greener approach to the global solid waste problem. The novelty of this study lies in the isolation of local bacterial strains from open dump sites soil, MSW, and MSW leachate samples, which were then utilized in the composting organic fraction of MSW, enhancing the potential for effective waste management.

Exergy Analysis of Waste-to-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Management

In recent years, there have been increasing concerns over the detrimental effects of irreversible linear patterns of material and energy consumption, which have led to an enormous generation of municipal solid waste (MSW). Concepts like waste-to-energy (WtE) and recycling have gained increasing recognition and support as responses to these challenges. This study assessed the exergetic potential of four WtE technologies (landfill gas-to-energy, anaerobic digestion, incineration, and plasma gasification) in the context of the MSW characteristics of Maiduguri, Borno State. The population of Maiduguri, waste generation rate, waste composition, and the ultimate and proximate analysis of the MSW were used for the assessment. Exergetic potential in the form of electrical energy generation and three exergy-based indicators (exergy efficiency, exergy defect, and improvement potential) were evaluated for each WtE option. The results reveal that anaerobic digestion and plasma gasification are viable options based on the exergetic potential and the measured exergy performance indicators. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and waste management authorities, facilitating informed decisions to address environmental concerns and promote resource-efficient urban development in Maiduguri and similar regions.

Prediction and Feed-In Tariffs of Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Beijing: Based on a GRA-BiLSTM Model

To cope with the increasing energy demand of people and solve the problem of a “Garbage Siege”, most cities have begun to adopt waste power generation (WTE). Compared to other WTE technologies, incineration has proven to be the most efficient technology for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment. Therefore, to further explore the economic feasibility of MSW incineration plant construction, this study established a multi-factor prediction of MSW generation based on the GRA-BiLSTM model. By fully considering the relationship between the change in feed-in tariff (FIT) and the building of an incineration plant in Beijing, the economic feasibility of building an incineration plant is discussed based on the three scenarios set. The experimental results showed that (1) the combined model based on the GRA-BiLSTM showed good applicability for predicting MSW generation in Beijing, with MAE, MAPE, RMSE, and R2 values of 12.47, 5.97%, 18.5580, and 0.8950, respectively. (2) Based on the three scenarios set, the incineration power generation of Beijing MSW will show varying degrees of growth in 2022–2035. In order to meet future development, Beijing needs to build seven new incinerators, and the incineration rate should reach 100%. (3) According to setting different feed-in tariffs, based on the economic feasibility analysis, it is found that the feed-in tariff of MSW incineration for power generation in Beijing should be no less than $0.522/kWh. The government should encourage the construction of incineration plants and give policy support to enterprises that build incineration plants.

Unlocking the potential of municipal solid waste: Emergy accounting applied in a novel biorefinery

The rampant municipal solid waste (MSW) generation caused mainly by people's lifestyle has required technological solutions to deal with this global issue. This paper assess an innovative and integrated biorefinery (2IB) to manage MSW. The 2IB is rooted in the circular economy concept, and it differs from any other currently existing technological route in managing MSW due to its integrated processes that receives both inorganic and organic fractions at the same time, besides unveiling an innovative aspect related to thermoplastic production. Due to its scientific-based advantages, the emergy accounting (withy ‘m’) is considered as method to quantify the 2IB environmental performance, comparing the results with alternatives MSW management facilities. Results show that 2IB has similar performance for the three traditional emergy indicators (m-EYR of 1.17, m-ELR of 5.73 and m-ESI of 0.20) compared to incineration and landfilling, indicating low yield, moderate load on the environment, and unsustainable. On the other hand, the emergy return indicator (ERI of 20.33) indicates higher performance for the 2IB, in which for each solar emjoule (sej) – the measure unit of emergy – invested it generates a return of about 20 sej that becomes available as benefits for societal development. From an emergy perspective, results support that 2IB should be considered as a powerful technological alternative to manage MSW. This study contributes from a theoretical perspective with discussions on the emergy accounting procedures applied on systems located at far right side of energy hierarchy, while contributing from a practical perspective by providing technical information about the 2IB that supports decision makers towards more sustainable MSW management systems.

Modeling and evaluating costs and greenhouse gas emissions in solid waste management based on system dynamics in a mega-city: The case of Xi'an

With the escalating generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the increasing utilization of collection and transportation (C&T) vehicles within the MSW classification system, the associated costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from waste drop-off, as well as the C&T processes, have risen sharply. However, the mesoscopic view of the waste drop-off and C&T system is limited. Therefore, we divided the waste classification management (WCM) system into three subsystems: generation and drop-off, C&T, and disposal. Based on system dynamics theory, the logical relationships between relevant parameters in each subsystem were established. A WCM system dynamics model, which focused mainly on the drop-off and C&T processes, was constructed using Anylogic software. Using sensitivity, scenario, and uncertainty analyses, the economic impact and GHG emissions of the WCM system were analyzed in detail. The results showed that the waste drop-off and C&T processes accounted for 54.29–57.87% ($47.31 per ton) and 24.54–26.83% ($21.39–21.93 per ton) of the total cost in the whole waste management chain, respectively. GHG emissions were mainly generated in disposal facilities (116.84–257.86 kg CO2-eq/t), followed by C&T (19.02–20.55 kg CO2-eq/t) and drop-off processes (12.68–18.78 kg CO2-eq/t). The system cost and GHG emissions were significantly influenced by the components of the source-separated waste and operational parameters of the applied C&T vehicles. This study not only provides a basis for WCM policy formulation but also a tool for the design and optimization of waste C&T systems.

Gasification of municipal solid wastes with gypsum wastes under different gasifying environments

The global increase in population and rapid urbanization has been followed by a growing generation of municipal solid wastes and construction and demolition sector wastes. This has put increasing pressure on countries around the world to come up with sustainable ways to deal with issues related to waste generation, climate change, and social and environmental degradation. This paper investigates a novel means of co-utilization of municipal solid wastes (MSW) with gypsum wastes from the construction and demolition sector for energy recovery and materials recycling and explores synergistic improvement in their processed value. We investigated high-temperature pyrolysis and gasification under different gasifying environments of inert (N2), 10 % O2, 20 % CO2, and 70 % H2O at two different temperatures of 800 and 900 °C, in a semi-batch fixed bed reactor. Syngas obtained was analyzed for its composition and yield, while the solid residue obtained was analyzed for the crystalline phases of the inorganic content using powder-XRD (X-ray diffraction) diagnostics. These analyses revealed that increasing temperature as well as the addition of gypsum can significantly improve the carbon conversion and overall product gas yields.When comparing the gasifying environments, steam gasification provided increased syngas mass yields by up to 184 %, 425 % and 377 % respectively, as compared to CO2 gasification, O2 gasification, and pyrolysis environments. Adding gypsum at equal mass proportions (1:1) to MSW pyrolysis at 900 °C increased the syngas yield by 10 % compared to the non-catalytic case, while adding it at 800 °C reduced syngas yield by 6 % compared to the non-catalyzed pyrolytic case at 800 °C. Adding gypsum during O2 gasification increased the syngas yield by 25 % compared to the non-catalytic cases at 900 °C and increased by 12.5 % at 800 °C. However, the syngas yield was reduced by 84 % when gypsum was added at equal mass proportions (1:1) to steam gasification of MSW at 900 °C and 50 % for 800 °C. Adding gypsum to CO2 gasification also reduced the cumulative yield of syngas for both temperatures under investigation. However, the syngas quality was improved with gypsum addition as the yields of hydrocarbon were reduced. The char/solid residue was found to contain significant portions of CaS suggesting sulfur fixation capability of this process into the ash which can improve the ash characteristics in terms of metal recovery along with the improved waste conversion.

SELECTION OF SUITABLE LANDFILL SITE FOR WASTE DISPOSAL IN ILORIN METROPOLIS USING GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

Rapid urbanization globally has aggravated and worsen the management of municipal solid waste (MSW) in cities, especially the developing countries. This article underscores the pressing need for effective waste management solutions from the unruly contamination of soil and groundwater, or improper waste disposal and focuses on the selection of suitable landfill sites using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. With a global increase in MSW generation, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, the environmental and health consequences of open dumping is hazardous. The study employs Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) within the GIS environment, considering criteria such as elevation, slope, aspect, soil properties, proximity to roads, water bodies, and settlements. The analysis integrates diverse data sources, including remote sensing and soil databases, offering a comprehensive evaluation of topographical factors, soil characteristics, and accessibility. Results indicated that approximately 29.73%, falls under the category of “Restricted Area,” totaling 18,887.18 hectares. High Suitable areas cover 15.85% of the region, comprising 10,070.28 hectares, while “Very High Suitable” areas, though minimal in coverage at 0.02%, represent nearly perfect sites totaling approximately 12.35 hectares. The results offer valuable insights into landfill suitability, providing a foundation for informed decision-making and sustainable waste management strategies.

Transitioning towards circular economy through municipal solid waste analysis and characterisation using SowaCLINK software

Municipal solid waste constitutes environmental challenges globally, especially in developing countries, due to increasing waste generation, population growth, inadequate infrastructure, lack of data and poor planning. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive waste audit on the municipal solid waste generated in Aba, a metropolis in southeastern Nigeria. Aba is a commercial city considered the messiest because of the massive municipal solid waste generation and poor management. The study investigated the energy potential and waste regeneration. Municipal solid waste data was sought to provide insight into the quantity and composition of municipal solid waste. The methodology was site-based, in line with the standard test method for determining unprocessed municipal solid waste (ASTM-D5231-92) and SowaCLINK software, a computer-based environmental application, was used for characterization. Linear extrapolation was adopted to quantify the rate of municipal solid waste generated. The geometric mean was applied to forecast the area’s population for a 10-year design period. The chemical elements of the characterized municipal solid waste were utilized based on the ASTM-D5291 standard for municipal solid waste thermochemical conversion, and the high and low heating values were analyzed. The outcomes provided energy recovery potential, the electrical power potential, and the power to the grid of electrical power of the municipal solid waste. The results obtained were 0.7813 kg/p/d and 490,268 t/y for a population of 1,719,185 persons. The percentage of the municipal solid waste components with energy potential was 71%, comprising 48% combustible and 23% organic components on average. The high heating value computed was 176.5 MJ/kg, and the low heating value was 14 MJ/kg. The energy recovery potential was 3,709,463 MWh, the electrical power potential was 38,680 MW, and the power to the grid was 26.1 MW daily. The research reveals a promising direction in transitioning from the linear economy of municipal solid waste management toward implementing an integrated sustainable municipal solid waste management based on the circular economy model. The study recommends adopting detailed steps to proffer solutions to the environmental challenges associated with municipal solid waste in most low-middle-income countries to achieve sustainable municipal solid waste management while generating electricity and bio-fertilizers through incineration and anaerobic digestion.

A thermo-economic analysis of a circular economy model for biomass in South America producing biofertilizers and biogas from municipal solid waste

The linear economy model has caused many impacts associated with increased urban population and municipal solid waste generation worldwide. Through anaerobic digestion, the circular bioeconomy of biomass (methanogenic) provides a fuel (biogas) and an environmentally sustainable biofertilizer. This theoretical-descriptive research proposes a circular economic model based on the design of biorefineries using recycled biomass in urban areas. The model considers a minimum of 1.8 million people to generate approximately 650 tons/day for its application. The biorefinery configuration of the model consists of 12 biodigesters of 5400 m3 unit capacity and a spark ignition engine of 2 MW. The model is validated by employing a case study in the main urban cities of South America. Brazil with about 161,000 m3/day of biogas and 3100 tons/day of biofertilizer, and Paraguay, with 10,000 m3/day of biogas and 500 tons/day of biofertilizer, are the ones with the highest and lowest energy potential, respectively. The internal rate of return on investment in the case study is around 69%. The proposed circular economy model reduces greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impacts of municipal solid waste; Also, the environmental impact was estimated using different equivalence indicators between green electricity energy and carbon footprint avoided.

Solid waste generation prediction model framework using socioeconomic and demographic factors with real-time MSW collection data.

This article proposes a framework for developing predictive models of end-of-life product flows, highlighting the importance of conducting thorough analyses before developing waste management and end-of-life product flow strategies. The framework emphasizes the importance of recognizing the nature and quality of the available data and finding a balance between model development time and detail requirements. It is designed to adapt to source material heterogeneity and address varying data availability scenarios, such as the presence or absence of radio frequency identification chips. A case study for the city of Gatineau is presented, showcasing the framework's application through agent-based simulation models in a geographic information systems environment. The study focuses on creating models of municipal solid waste generation based on socioeconomic and demographic factors and collection data to accurately predict the quantity and quality of waste streams, enabling municipalities to assess the environmental impact of their waste management strategies.

Identifying high-vulnerable garbage accumulation areas in Coimbatore City, India: an AHP-GIS approach for effective waste management.

Urbanization has resulted in a surge in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation, posing critical waste management challenges in urban areas. To tackle this issue, we introduce a novel approach for mapping garbage vulnerability zones (GVZ) in Coimbatore City, India, combining the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS). Seven criteria, including per capita waste generation, open dumping, land use land cover, road/railway networks, and population, were integrated and analyzed in GIS. AHP pairwise comparison method assigned weights to each criterion and principal component analysis (PCA) further validated the interconnectedness of the criteria and their impact on the GVZs. The results indicated that open dumping locations and population density are the most influential factors contributing to the risk of garbage accumulation, making up 23.7% and 21.2% of the total weight, respectively. The GVZ map reveals that 94.6% of Coimbatore City is at risk of MSW accumulation, with 20.2% highly and 74.4% moderately vulnerable. Eleven high GVZ clusters were identified, with Saravanampatti, located in the northeastern part of Coimbatore City, being the most vulnerable area. The H3 hexagon format of the GVZ map enhances its usability for monitoring and mitigation capabilities. In conclusion, our comprehensive AHP-GIS approach facilitates effective waste management practices, sustainable resource utilization, and better environmental and public health outcomes in urban areas. The demonstrated methodology has the potential for application in similar developing urban areas in South Asia and the Global South, serving as a valuable tool to address the challenges posed by increasing MSW generation.

A review of existing methods for predicting leachate production from municipal solid waste landfills.

Landfilling is one of the predominant methods of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal worldwide, while the generation of leachate, a kind of toxic wastewater, is among the primary factors behind landfill instability and environmental contamination problems. Precise prediction of leachate production is crucial to landfill safety evaluation and design. This paper presents a comprehensive review of methods for predicting leachate production from MSW landfills. Firstly, compositional characteristics of MSW and leachate generation mechanism are analysed. Factors influencing leachate production are summarised based on the generation mechanism, including the components of MSW, climatic conditions, landfill structure, and environmental factors. Then, we classified the existing methods for predicting leachate production into four categories: water balance formula, water balance model, empirical formula, and artificial intelligence model methods. Advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of different leachate production prediction methods are compared and analysed. Furthermore, limitations in the existing leachate production prediction methods for MSW landfills and scope for future research are discussed.

Tracking the carbon flows in municipal waste management in China

Municipal solid waste (MSW), a carbon-intensive waste stream, may create both instant and indirect impacts onto environmental and climate management. Despite multiple studies made for greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions of municipal waste, this research aims to achieve a comprehensive assessment for the carbon cycle by exploring evolution of waste composition and temporal-spatial disparities in waste management. Carbon flows embodied in MSW have been estimated across 31 provinces in Mainland China in the period 2000–2018. This improved estimation could be 15–40% smaller than the conventional estimation employing a constant waste composition. Aggregately some 578 ± 117 megatonnes carbon (MtC) were contained in MSW, including 239 ± 60 Mt of fossil carbon and 339 ± 58 Mt of degradable organic carbon. After treatment, 299 ± 66 MtC were possibly deposited in landfills and dumps. 279 ± 51 MtC were released to the atmosphere, creating net GHGs emissions equivalent to1870 ± 334 megatonnes of CO2 (MtCO2e). MSW generation in China nearly doubled during the period, net GHGs emissions increased by 1.8×, whereas fossil carbon grew by a factor of 3.5, mainly propelled by an increasing content of waste plastic in MSW. More rapid growth was witnessed in provinces in southern China than in northern. Distinct spatial–temporal evolution of waste and carbon metabolism was driven by increment, composition, and management effects. In the long run, the increment and composition effects may drop off. Enhanced practices of waste management integrating the circular economy are needed to fully recycle carbon flows, minimize emissions, and manage carbon deposits in aging landfills and dumps.

Four-decades evolutionary development of municipal solid waste management in China: Implications for sustainable waste management and circular economy.

This study collected data on waste generation and management in China between 1979 and 2020 from government statistics and literature and reviewed the development of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in China. The extended stochastic impact by regression on population, affluence and technology (STIRPAT) model was employed to identify the driving forces of MSW generation, and the cointegration analysis showed that economy (0.35, t = -3.47), industrial structure (3.34, t = -20.77) and urbanization (-1.5, t = 5.678) were the significant socioeconomic driving forces in the long run. By employing the framework of evolutionary economics, this study then investigated the internal rules of long-term interaction between socioeconomic factors and MSW management. The results indicate that, in the long run, MSW management development can be viewed as an evolutionary process that includes a continuous adaptation to external socioeconomic factors and the co-evolution of internal institutions and technologies. Adaptation and diversity of institutions and technologies play an important role in achieving sustainable waste management and circular economy (CE). This study offers a novel evolutionary perspective for explaining dynamic changes of MSW management in China, as well as recommendations for emerging economies to achieve sustainable waste management and CE goals.

Characterization of municipal solid waste generation and seasonal classification for various socio-demographic groups in Guwahati city

Characterization of municipal solid waste generation and seasonal classification for various socio-demographic groups in Guwahati city