Motor Generator Research Articles

Evaluation of a motor generator adapted to biogas

With the need to reduce the environmental impacts caused by fossil fuels and minimize the problems caused by a possible crisis arising from price increases or even energy shortages, alternative and renewable ways to replace such non-renewable sources are sought. them. Among the various forms, there is biogas, which can be used as fuel in internal combustion engines. In this context, the present work aimed to evaluate a motor generator adapted to biogas. A 4-stroke, single-cylinder, gasoline-powered motor generator was used, with a nominal power of 6.5 HP. The tests were carried out, taking 6 times with an interval of 10 minutes each, where the rotations and energy consumption of the motor were measured, in addition to the voltage and electric current generated to supply the resistive load. The resistive load used in the motor generator was provided by lighting seven incandescent lamps of 100W nominal each, resulting in a verified measurement of 510W, which was maintained throughout the test. The motor-generator set consumed an average volumetric flow of 1.97m³ h-¹ and an average mass flow of 1.228 kg h-¹ for a generator power of 501 W and a set efficiency of 7.53%.

Three-phase balance relay using numerical techniques experimentally verified on synchronous machines

In this paper, a multifunction three-phase balance relay based on normalized correlation coefficients is proposed to detect and estimate imbalances and perturbations in synchronous machine output signals. Furthermore, fresh definitions of imbalance and disturbance indicators derived using the correlation estimators are introduced, taking into account the changes in the waveform phase displacement, frequency, amplitude, and shape of the machine three-phase waves. Experimental tests are performed on a motor–generator set connected to a three-phase load, which is used to identify and evaluate the imbalance and disturbance conditions of the voltage and current measurements. Extensive tests for different fault types have been presented. The practical results show that the proposed protection can respond quickly to faults, and assess online the level of the imbalance/disturbance with high accuracy. Its running time is within one cycle. In addition, the proposed algorithm’s reliability and accuracy are its most significant attributes, whose percentages exceed 96.6%. The present algorithm considers the impact of both negative and zero sequence components when measuring di-symmetry factors, while some conventional approaches merely rely on the negative sequence component computed for the machine voltages and currents.

Finite Element Analysis in The Investigation of Methods to Model AC Resistance in A Coated Conductor

In our electricity dependent and rapidly automated society, the manipulation and usage of electricity to transmit energy is of significant prevalence. In particular, the application of current in high frequency transformers, inductors and motor generators presents a unique efficiency problem: The loss of energy through the spiking of effective resistance intrinsically related to the skin and proximity effects of an AC current. By the usage of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in the simulative investigation of various variables on AC resistance, this paper seeks to provide insights into how coated conductors might offer advantages over the standard conductor in certain conditions, thus guiding future design and application in high-efficiency electronics. The papers findings reveal that adding a layer of coating with a lower conductivity than the core material could offer reduced energy losses up to the point when the skin depth matches the coating’s thickness. Moreover, the study explored the influence of the coating’s conductivity, suggesting that an increased conductivity of the coating material could further minimize copper losses, albeit with the trade-off of potentially higher costs. The study concludes with a Taylor Series approximation of the relationship between AC resistance and frequency using simulative data.

ROLE OF FORELIMB MORPHOLOGY IN MUSCLE SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTIONS DURING LOCOMOTION IN THE CAT.

Previous studies established strong links between morphological characteristics of mammalian hindlimb muscles and their sensorimotor functions during locomotion. Less is known about the role of forelimb morphology in motor outputs and generation of sensory signals. Here, we measured morphological characteristics of 46 forelimb muscles from 6 cats. These characteristics included muscle attachments, physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), fascicle length, etc. We also recorded full-body mechanics and EMG activity of forelimb muscles during level overground and treadmill locomotion in 7 and 16 adult cats of either sex, respectively. We computed forelimb muscle forces along with force- and length-dependent sensory signals mapped onto corresponding cervical spinal segments. We found that patterns of computed muscle forces and afferent activities were strongly affected by the muscle's moment arm, PCSA, and fascicle length. Morphology of the shoulder muscles suggests distinct roles of the forelimbs in lateral force production and movements. Patterns of length-dependent sensory activity of muscles with long fibers (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis) closely matched patterns of overall forelimb length, whereas the activity pattern of biceps brachii matched forelimb orientation. We conclude that cat forelimb muscle morphology contributes substantially to locomotor function, particularly to control lateral stability and turning, rather than propulsion.

Different descending pathways mediate early and late portions of lower limb responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Although recent studies in nonhuman primates have provided evidence that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) activates cells within the reticular formation, it remains unclear whether descending brain stem projections contribute to the generation of TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in skeletal muscles. We compared MEPs in muscles with extensive direct corticomotoneuronal input (first dorsal interosseous) versus a prominent role in postural control (gastrocnemius) to determine whether the amplitudes of early and late MEPs were differentially modulated by cortical suppression. Suprathreshold TMS was applied with and without a preceding suprathreshold TMS pulse at two interstimulus intervals (50 and 80 ms). H reflexes in target muscles were also tested with and without TMS conditioning. Early and late gastrocnemius MEPs were differentially modulated by cortical inhibition, the amplitude of the early MEP being significantly reduced by cortical suppression and the late MEP facilitated. The amplitude of H reflexes in the gastrocnemius was reduced within the cortical silent period. Early MEPs in the first dorsal interosseous were also reduced during the silent period, but late MEPs were unaffected. Independent modulation of early and late MEPs in the gastrocnemius muscle supports the idea that the MEP is generated by multiple descending pathways. Suppression of the early MEP is consistent with transmission along the fast-conducting corticospinal tract, whereas facilitation of the late MEP suggests transmission along a corticofugal, potentially cortico-reticulospinal, pathway. Accordingly, differences in late MEP modulation between the first dorsal interosseous and gastrocnemius reflect an increased role of corticofugal pathways in the control of postural muscles.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Early and late portions of the response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in a lower limb postural muscle are modulated independently by cortical suppression, late motor evoked potentials (MEPs) being facilitated during cortical inhibition. These results suggest a cortico-brain stem transmission pathway for late portions of the TMS-induced MEP.

SynergyAnalyzer: A Matlab toolbox implementing mixed-matrix factorization to identify kinematic-muscular synergies

Background and ObjectiveA new direction in the study of motor control was opened about two decades ago with the introduction of a model for the generation of motor commands as combination of muscle synergies. Muscle synergies provide a simple yet quantitative framework for analyzing the hierarchical and modular architecture of the human motor system. However, to gain insights on the functional role of muscle synergies, they should be related to the task space. The recently introduced mixed-matrix factorization (MMF) algorithm extends the standard approach for synergy extraction based on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) allowing to factorize data constituted by a mixture of non-negative variables (e.g. EMGs) and unconstrained variables (e.g. kinematics, naturally including both positive and negative values). The kinematic-muscular synergies identified by MMF provide a direct link between muscle synergies and the task space. In this contribution, we support the adoption of MMF through a Matlab toolbox for the extraction of kinematic-muscular synergies and a set of practical guidelines to allow biomedical researchers and clinicians to exploit the potential of this novel approach. MethodsMMF is implemented in the SynergyAnalyzer toolbox using an object-oriented approach. In addition to the MMF algorithm, the toolbox includes standard methods for synergy extraction (NMF and PCA), as well as methods for pre-processing EMG and kinematic data, and for plotting data and synergies. ResultsAs an example of MMF application, kinematic-muscular synergies were extracted from EMG and kinematic data collected during reaching movements towards 8 targets on the sagittal plane. Instructions and command lines to achieve such results are illustrated in detail. The toolbox has been released as an open-source software on GitHub under the GNU General Public License. ConclusionsThanks to its ease of use and adaptability to a variety of datasets, SynergyAnalyzer will facilitate the adoption of MMF to extract kinematic-muscular synergies from mixed EMG and kinematic data, a useful approach in biomedical research to better understand and characterize the functional role of muscle synergies.

DEVELOPMENT OF ULTRA CAPACITOR BASED REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Regenerative braking is a technique for converting a moving vehicle's kinetic energy into usable form while slowing it down. When an automobile brakes violently, it usually emits heat. If we could conserve energy rather than waste it, that would be amazing, right? That's where regenerative braking technology comes in handy, especially for electric vehicles. It stores the wasted energy in a battery or ultra-capacitor, so it can be used later to start or accelerate the vehicle. In our project, we looked at how effective regenerative braking is during both braking and starting modes. We compared starting the motor with a battery, ultra-capacitor, or a combination of both (HESS), and also analyzed how storing energy during braking works with these systems. Although not all of the regenerated energy is reinvested in the battery, the motor acts as a generator, charging the vehicle's battery. To move the vehicle forward, regenerative braking uses the kinetic energy it temporarily stores during deceleration. We used a lithium-ion battery and ultra-capacitor module energy storage system coupled to a BLDC motor via a converter. These brakes help batteries last longer without needing to be charged externally. They enable efficient power transfer during regenerative braking and acceleration. Our project discusses whether regenerative braking increases or decreases efficiency. of state of charge of battery and ultra- capacitor when starting and braking applied in discharging(in running of motor) and charging(in regenerative braking of motor). And also BLDC motor speed control in starting and braking mode. The model is simulated using MATLAB Simulink software. Keywords: Regenerative braking, kinetic energy, electric vehicles, energy storage, battery, ultra-capacitor, starting mode, braking mode, Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS), efficiency, motor generator

Periodic Maintenance Analysis of Diesel Motor Generator Set 900 kVA Power as Backup Energy

In the realm of backup power sources, maintaining the efficiency of generators is paramount for ensuring reliability and availability during power outages. This study aims to evaluate generator efficiency through routine maintenance analysis, adhering to regulatory frameworks outlined in regulations such as Regulation No. 29 of 2012 and Electricity Law No. 30 of 2009. By employing methods including Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) and assessing Actual Operating Time (AOT) against Specified Operating Time (SOT), this research determines the availability and compliance of each generator. Results highlight the importance of stringent regulatory compliance in enhancing the functionality and reliability of generators, thereby emphasizing the significance of routine maintenance for improved operational health. Highlight : Adherence to regulatory frameworks ensures operational compliance and reliability. Routine maintenance analysis enhances generator efficiency and availability. Availability assessment methods such as MTBF and AOT provide insights into operational health. Keywords: Generator reliability, Routine maintenance, Regulatory compliance, Availability assessment, Backup power sources

TSR-Based optimization using auxiliary motor in Tidal Energy Conversion System: An experimental study

The fluctuating nature of renewable energy is one of the factors that reduces its ability to compete with traditional forms of power generation. In the context of ocean current energy, tidal oscillations are the primary reason for the average power generation being significantly lower than the designed value. Increasing energy production through optimization is necessary for ocean current energy to compete successfully in the market. This experimental study is intended to increase electrical power production through electromechanical engineering with tip speed ratio (TSR) control using auxiliary motors, and adapts the Motor Generator Pair (MGP) approach, where the generator and motor are connected in series. A physical model of a Tidal Energy Conversion System (TECS) was developed. The system consists of a turbine simulator in the form of an AC motor with separate torque and speed controls, torque sensors, a hydraulic transmission system, and auxiliary motors. With this system, a typical tidal turbine profile was built and simulated TSR-based optimization control. The results of this optimization control show that power production can be increased through optimal tip-speed ratio control.

Applications of Tungsten Pseudo-Alloys in the Energy Sector

New energy generation methods are currently being discussed with a view towards the transition from traditional primary sources to more environmentally friendly options, particularly renewables. Energy storage is also closely related to this transition. Battery storage currently dominates this area. However, flywheel energy storage system technology offers an alternative that transforms stored kinetic energy into mechanical and electrical energy using a motor generator. The flywheel energy storage system technology is thus flexible and can be applied in different industrial applications. The management of the technology of recycling tungsten multi-metallic composites (W-MMC) waste material from other products and the subsequent trial production of high-strength W-MMC material with a density of more than 17,500 kg/m3 from recycled powders allowed us to test the limits of the so-called “heavy” flywheels used in rotor production. The results achieved lead to the conclusion that the developed recycled materials of the W-MMC type with a density ≥17,500 kg/m3, with a yield strength of 1200–1700 MPa depending on the production method, can be used as a substitute for the structural steels used today without an enforced reduction in the maximum allowed rotor speed due to exceeding the maximum allowed stress.

Inhibitory deficits in Klinefelter syndrome are secondary to deficits in the auditory and motor domain

Deficits in several cognitive domains are prevalent in men with Klinefelter Syndrome (KS). Verbal deficits are among the most characteristic cognitive impairments of KS, yet other cognitive domains also exhibit deficits. Executive functions, especially working memory capacity and inhibitory control, are frequently affected as well. A common limitation of previous studies addressing potential deficits in inhibitory control is their potential conflation with language-related capabilities, as for example is the case with the Stroop task. Importantly, none of the prior studies utilized the best-accepted approach to study inhibition, namely the Stop Signal Task (SST). This study therefore tested for deficits in inhibitory control in individuals with KS and controls (HC) using a version of the SST with non-semantic auditory stimuli. In addition to the classic behavioral performance measures (e.g., the go reaction time, stopping accuracy, or stop signal reaction time), we also derived parameters of inhibition and attention from electromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG), and Bayesian modeling. Men with KS exhibited prolonged stopping latencies (i.e., stop signal reaction times) and reduced stopping accuracies. Yet, whereas these model-based indices were indicative of attenuated inhibitory control, neither event-related brain potentials nor an EMG-measure of the stopping latency confirmed such deficits. Behavioral and EEG indices, however, provided evidence for deficits in motor response preparation and generation, as well as the early processing of auditory stimuli. In sum, the overall pattern of results does not support the existence of inhibitory deficits in KS per se, but rather suggests that behavioral indices of impaired inhibition may result from early low-level deficits in the auditory and motor domains, as well as a differential weighting in the processing of different aspects of the task.

Using a stepper motor as a low-power, low-rotation DC generator for renewable energy harvesting

Currently, the need for renewable energy is getting bigger; studying renewable energy generation requires a small-scale or miniature generator with a low rotation that can produce power for lamp loads. The selection of generators is not as appropriate as using DC motors with high rpm, as generators still produce a small voltage (<12V) and a small current. The use of DC motors equipped with gears requires a large torque to rotate the rotor. The solution offered to overcome this problem is the use of stepper motors as a DC generator with low rotation. The stepper motor has a multi-pole coil and permanent magnet that qualify it as a generator. This study uses the nema23 stepper motor as a DC generator. The stepper motor used is a 6-wire stepper motor (two pairs of coils), a half-wave rectifier, and a capacitor to buffer the voltage. The load is a 12VDC lamp. The results obtained indicate that the stepper motor generator can turn on the lights with a manual hand rotation.

Thermal displacement prediction of variable preload motorized spindles based on speed reduction experiments and IABC-BP optimization models

The thermal error caused during the high-speed operation of a high-speed motorized spindle has a significant impact on machine tool precision. In this paper, we firstly built, constructed an experimental platform for variable voltage preloaded motorized spindle, used the natural deceleration experimental method to ascertain the spindle's thermal displacement and temperature information when bearing preload is 1400 N, 1450 N, 1550 N and 1700 N, and combined with the thermoelasticity theoretical analysis, the thermal displacement of affected by the heat generation of motor and bearing was separated, and a new artificial bee colony algorithm-optimized BP neural network-based thermal error prediction model has been presented. The thermal displacements of the spindles are separated and a BP neural network optimization of a novel thermal error prediction model based on Improved Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (IABC-BP) is proposed for transformer preloaded spindles. Combined with the experimental data of bearing preload of 1400 N, the thermal displacements of the spindle at preloads of 1450 N, 1550 N and 1700 N are predicted, and the evaluation indexes obtained from the simulation of the BP, ABC-BP, and IABC-BP models are compared. absolute error (MAE) and root-mean-square error (RMSE), higher goodness-of-fit (R2), and 20.37 % lower mean absolute error and 26.83 % lower root-mean-square error compared with the traditional thermal error prediction model. The IABC-BP prediction model proposed in this paper provides a more accurate compensation method for transformer preloaded spindles.

The Mathematical Model of a Motor Generator Set with a Superconducting Excitation Winding

The Mathematical Model of a Motor Generator Set with a Superconducting Excitation Winding

Multisensory integration augmenting motor processes among older adults.

Multisensory integration enhances sensory processing in older adults. This study aimed to investigate how the sensory enhancement would modulate the motor related process in healthy older adults. Thirty-one older adults (12 males, mean age 67.7 years) and 29 younger adults as controls (16 males, mean age 24.9 years) participated in this study. Participants were asked to discriminate spatial information embedded in the unisensory (visual or audial) and multisensory (audiovisual) conditions. The responses made by the movements of the left and right wrists corresponding to the spatial information were registered with specially designed pads. The electroencephalogram (EEG) marker was the event-related super-additive P2 in the frontal-central region, the stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potentials (s-LRP) and response-locked lateralized readiness potentials (r-LRP). Older participants showed significantly faster and more accurate responses than controls in the multisensory condition than in the unisensory conditions. Both groups had significantly less negative-going s-LRP amplitudes elicited at the central sites in the between-condition contrasts. However, only the older group showed significantly less negative-going, centrally distributed r-LRP amplitudes. More importantly, only the r-LRP amplitude in the audiovisual condition significantly predicted behavioral performance. Audiovisual integration enhances reaction time, which associates with modulated motor related processes among the older participants. The super-additive effects modulate both the motor preparation and generation processes. Interestingly, only the modulated motor generation process contributes to faster reaction time. As such effects were observed in older but not younger participants, multisensory integration likely augments motor functions in those with age-related neurodegeneration.

Generation of helical multi-functional microfiber motors based on modified microfluidic spinning method

Due to unique asymmetric shapes and easily realized directional movements, helical micromotors are widely used in applications such as drug delivery, cell manipulation, and wastewater purification. However, most of the hydrogel helical microfiber motors were water-based and had a homogeneous polymer network structure, which limited their practical applications like drug release. In this study, an emulsion-based microfluidic spinning method was used to prepare heterogenous helical hydrogel microfiber motors. Fine oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were used as the inner phase of the microfluidic spinning process. When dichloromethane was used, micromotors with porous structure were formed after solidification and volatilization, improving the catalytic degradation rate of pollutants in water treatment application. When soybean oil was used, fat-soluble drugs were encapsulated successfully and gradually released as the micromotor degraded. Besides, the diameter and pitch size of the prepared fibers could be easily adjusted, and mass manufacturing (>100 m) was achieved.

Detecting safe operational regimes of synchronous motor‐generator pair for wind integration: A non‐linear perspective

AbstractIn this article, the stability of a synchronous motor generator pair (SMGP) used for improving the inertia of grid‐connected renewable energy systems is investigated. The useful operational regime for different sets of system parameters is identified, such as electromagnetic torque, damping co‐efficient, and inertia by employing bifurcation analysis to detect stability boundaries. For the first time, the existence of bi‐stable regimes for the SMGP with non‐linear stability analysis is revealed. The authors' analysis unravels the possibility of the system getting transited to unsafe operation even when the system is in the linearly stable region. The existence of the bistable regime indicates the possibility of the system becoming unstable even when the eigenvalues are in the left half plane. The authors also identify globally stable and globally unstable regimes in the parameter space. The safe operating range of inertia and damping co‐efficient values helps in the design of a suitable MGP set that is robust to frequency deviations, even with a low inertia source. With the recommended values of electromagnetic torque, the authors' analysis provides a safe operational regime for power generation from renewable energy sources.

Development of manufacturing technology for a hybrid induction rotor

General Motors is developing designs and manufacturing processes for new generations of electric motors intended for use in electric vehicles. There is interest in replacing the aluminum traditionally used in induction motor rotors with copper to improve motor capability. This work explored the use of casting aluminum end-rings to copper conducting bars (spokes) in the fabrication of copper rotors. Gravity casting trials were carried out in experimental foundry. Pure aluminum end-rings were overcast and interlocked over C101 copper conductor bars encapsulating a laminate stack of highly magnetic steel. Steel permanent mold was designed and constructed specifically for the project. The mold was capable of casting one end-ring of the rotor at a time and allowed for the assembly to be reoriented for casting of the opposite end-ring. The objective of this work is to investigate the effects of intermetallic compound (IMC) formation at the interfaces of cast-bonded Cu-Al bars on the rotor mechanical integrity and electrical resistance. The Cu-Al bonding strength was measured by tension tests, and the influence of IMC layer variation on the tension load and electrical resistance were analysed. This research phase showed that sufficient bonding and interlocking were achieved among the aluminum and copper by using a special feature and/or flux at the bar ends in the permanent mold casting process. The paper reviews the data collected for evaluation of the quality of hybrid rotor cage.

MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESSES OF FUNCTIONING OF THE ELECTRIC MOTOR-GENERATOR OF A CAR WITH A HYBRID POWER PLANT

The authors of the article describe and analyze the processes of functioning of a synchronous electric motor-generator (EDG). A review of mathematical descriptions of synchronous EDG is presented. A simplified mathematical description is proposed that makes it possible to simulate the process of functioning of the hybrid propulsion system (GSU) in typical modes of movement of wheeled vehicles (CTS). The functional dependences of the current, power and torque on the rotor speed of the synchronous EDG of the Toyota Prius car are presented.
 The goal is to develop a simplified mathematical description of a synchronous electric motor–generator of a car with a hybrid power plant.
 The method or methodology of the work is a numerical method based on the finite – difference scheme of the Park method, using a special numerical-iterative method of composing equations of motion.
 Results – a simplified mathematical description has been developed, which allows to determine the functional dependencies necessary for the analysis of the functioning of the CCC with GSU.
 The scope of the results. It is advisable to apply the results obtained when modeling the processes of functioning of a synchronous electric motor-generator of a hybrid power plant of wheeled vehicles.

The analysis of principles of continuously variable transmission of tractors

BACKGROUND:Modern agricultural activity requires the use of hightech equipment such as, in particular, a multifunctional tractor, which, according to actual trends, should be an autonomously controlled mobile power plant. In modern tractors, meeting current requirements, multiflow shaft-planetary gearboxes with cumulative effect are used.
 AIMS:Comparison of the operation principles of two types of automatic tractor transmissions: with hydrostatic drive and with electromechanical drive.
 METHODS:During the research, a literature review of printed and online publications with technical description of the transmissions of the considered design was carried out.
 RESULTS:The operation principles of two types of automatic tractor transmissions were considered: with hydrostatic drive (Fendt VarioDrive) and with electromechanical drive (Ruselprom-electroprivod LLC).
 The operation principle of the Fendt VarioDrive transmission (planetary multiflow transmission with mechanical and hydrostatic branches) consists in dividing the torque coming from the internal combustion engine by a planetary gearbox into mechanical and hydrostatic branches, followed by summation of flows by a collecting shaft. The change in the gear ratio and movement direction of the tractor is controlled by the ECU by means of controlling the hydrostatic branch of the transmission. The transmission is nominally continuously variable due to the absence of gears as such.
 The set of traction electrical equipment of the transmission developed by Ruselprom- electroprivod LLC, installed on a tractor, includes:
 an synchronous motor generator with a power converter and a microprocessor control system;
 a traction asynchronous motor of the central drive with a power converter and a microprocessor control system;
 a DC-DC converter for energy supply of auxiliary equipment.
 power converters and a DC-DC converter are integrated into the power electronics unit;
 a top-level controller with controls and indicator panel in the drivers cab.
 The control system of the electromechanical transmission provides with full control of its operation and the functioning of the internal combustion engine. The operation principle of the system is based on the essentials of hybrid transport operation. Tractor movement is possible in one of two ranges: range 1, operational (0...18 km/h) and range 2, transport (0...42 km/h)
 CONCLUSIONS:Due to the modern concept of electric drive units, layout solutions with an electromechanical drive having an electric generator in their design are more promising and applicable in the future, especially for trailed equipment.