Generation Cellular Technologies Research Articles

A Guide to Wireless Technology and to drive an Industrial revolution using 5G

The mobile wireless communication started from 1G which has the ability to use a phone inside the car, or away from home. 2G was introduced for short-messaging layer. 3G the core network which made available to launch the first smart phones. And 4G LTE, with its high data-transfer rates, gave access to mobile video with low buffering and gave rise to many of the connected devices and location services that we rely on. But in this paper we discuss about 5G technologies. 5G is called as Fifth generation of cellular technology. 5G is a unified, and it is capable of air interface. It is designed to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speed, to reduce latency and improve flexibility of wireless communication.5G also enhances digital experiences through machine-learning (ML)- enabled automation. Advancements in virtualization, cloud-based technologies, and IT business process automation enable 5G architecture to be agile and flexible and to provide anytime, anywhere user access. Keywords: IMT, D2D, Cache, EPC, RAN

Performance analysis of pulse shaping rectangular pulse through frequency selective fading transmission channel in OFDM system

- Long Term Evolution or LTE is a fourth generation (4G) cellular network technology that uses OFDM as its multiplexing technique for fast and effective wireless communication services. OFDM uses the concept of orthogonality for bandwidth efficiency by multiplexing overlapping subcarriers. But in its implementation, this system will have problems in the transmission channel. In addition, OFDM has the major drawback of being susceptible to frequency offset between the transmitter and receiver. This offset frequency will cause the orthogonal character built in the OFDM system to experience a decrease in performance. This decrease in performance is due to the occurrence of ICI. To overcome this, a method is needed to improve system performance. The method used in this research is Rectangular Pulse. Therefore, this research is made to combine the advantages of OFDM and pulse shaping and is expected to produce a superior system and can contribute to the improvement of 4G-LTE implementation. The approach method in this research applies a quantitative descriptive approach to analyze system performance and in this research uses the simulation method as a reference to obtain research data using the Matlab application.

A New Vertical Handover Prediction Method for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the fourth generation (4G) cellular network technology that provides improved performance that related to data rate, coverage and capacity compared to earlier cellular systems. The addition of many small cells in a heterogeneous network configuration provides a means to enhance capacity through extreme frequency reuse. The heterogeneous environment of different network technologies can provide high data rate and enhance multimedia services, but it is challenging to provide optimized handover (HO). In this paper, a new method is proposed to select the optimal network from available networks to which a UE may be handed over to achieve better QoS performance. The aggregation of multiple criteria for calculation of overall ranking of networks is obtained by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) [1] and is combined with the history of previously visited cells and regression analysis of the Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 3 (L3) filtered Received Signal Strength (RSS) data for prediction of future values. The AHP is used to calculate the weights for the system attributes and to rank the available networks based on multiple criteria Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM). The sequence of visited cells is used in target network selection as it reduces frequent handover. The sequence of visited cells would be modeled as a Markov Chain. To assess RSS, beside L1, L3 filtering RSS prediction and smoothing is used to predict future signal samples to hasten the process of HO. RSS forecasting is used to predict handover necessity so as to reduce the handover delay. The results show that the number of handovers is reduced by up to 50% compared to the conventional AHP. The results also show that the threshold crossing rate and average duration of fades are reduced by 47% compared with the AHP. Handover delay is also reduced by up to 40 ms due to RSS forecasting.

Analysis of Various Issues for 5G Infrastructures

5th Generation Cellular technology is not just one more technical innovation, rather it is going to be the the most prominant platform for the other innovations to get it happened. Mobile networks are changing the way people communicate and access information. Network access at anytime and anywhere is transforming the telecom industry. 5G technology will enable flexible, reliable, and secure wireless networks to connect people with all applications, services, and things, thus leading human race into the era of "Everything on Mobile". The 5th Generation of the Internet in Telecommunications will open the new doors to the Internet of Things (IoT), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Neural Networks, etc. But for the last several years since its designing and implementation strategies, 5G technology has been embroiled in various social and technical controversies. The testing of 5G in different countries of the world has shown that in future the user will get the expected data speed but the time to come will show how much the power level of high frequency signal harms human health and other services. Initially 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and ITU have combinely proposed two way of infrastructure for the implementation of 5G i.e. SA architecture and NSA architecture with pros and cons with both. This analytical paper narrates the different issues that may arise upon the implementation of 5G infrastructure. The severity of issues related to multiple frequency bands availability, health hazards, airline frequency band conflict as well as coding discrepancy will be different for Stand Alone infrastruction option and for Non Stand-Alone infrastructure choice.

Measuring 5G Electric Fields Strength With Software Defined Radios

The effect of electromagnetic radiation on public health is a recurring topic in the societal and political discourse, peaking with the introduction of every new generation of cellular technology. With the introduction of 5G, promising high peak download speeds as well as high-power beams, there is a need to revisit traditional measurement approaches. ICNIRP, a.k.a the International Committee on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection, offers a useful guideline to evaluate the electromagnetic field exposure of living tissues and provides some limits to keep exposure well below the threshold where it is considered harmful. However, modern packet radio technologies such as 5G or Wi-Fi are different from old broadcasting technologies. They deliver high power in very short bursts, spread over a wide band, thus increasing the difficulty of measuring electric fields with traditional instruments, such as spectrum analyzers. In addition, 5G promises a high spatial focusing performance, which means that the field can vary significantly even in a small area. Hence, measurements with a higher spatial density than we can achieve with expensive and bulky spectrum analyzers are urgently needed. Software-defined radios (SDRs), as a size-and cost-efficient alternative, can be used to capture signals in the time domain and thus increase measurement accuracy. However, software-defined radios are not designed to be used as RF power meters. They require accurate calibration and data analysis to ensure the measured power is correct. The aim of this work is to provide a general framework to calibrate SDRs, enabling them to measure RF power and extract the corresponding electric field value. Subsequently, the influence of the SDR parameters on the accuracy of the electric field measurement is investigated. To assess the performance of the proposed calibration framework in a real-life scenario, we rely on our private 5G network with a calibrated SDR to measure the RF power from a 5G network. Our measurements show that the average electric field exposure of 5G networks is well below 1 V/m.

Unleashing the Potential of Networked Tethered Flying Platforms: Prospects, Challenges, and Applications

Networked Tethered Flying Platforms (NTFPs) have gained growing interest in recent years due to their versatility and cost-efficiency. These aerial platforms are linked to ground stations via tethers that supply them with continuous power and data. The main advantages of NTFPs include endurance, broad coverage, and robust backhaul capacity, allowing them to carry various types of applications. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of NTFPs from a general and wireless communication perspective. We start with a general overview of this solution by reviewing all the existing types of NTFPs, including their components, characteristics, applications, advantages, and regulations. We also describe several case studies in various fields. Then, we investigate the role of NTFPs in wireless communications and their integration in Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) alongside free-flying platforms and satellites in Sixth Generation (6G) cellular technology. We present NTFPs system models and emerging works on NTFPs performance. We show how 6G key technologies will be integrated into NTFPs and discuss how NTFPs will enable 6G use cases. The related channel models to NTFPs deployment are also covered. For completeness, we provide an economic analysis of the use of NTFPs. Finally, we discuss the challenges and open problems.

Gamified Participatory D2D Communication for Encouraging User Participation Toward Future Mobile Communication

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is a promising solution in next generation cellular technologies to efficiently provide on-demand connectivity. Among existing D2D communication schemes, the outband approach that uses unlicensed spectrum can eliminate the spectrum interference with cellular links. Although the autonomous outband is a strong option because of its simple operation, it is a significant problem to appropriately encourage the participation of mobile users. To address this issue, this paper proposes a gamified participatory D2D (GP-D2D) communication where mobile users compete their gain that is obtained through providing network connectivity for other mobile users. The contribution of this work is to propose a novel approach of the autonomous outband D2D communication for efficiently encouraging the active participation of mobile users. The feasibility of the proposed gamified approach is confirmed with theoretical analysis and computer simulations. It is implied from the results that gamification is an effective approach for autonomous D2D communication by defining appropriate game-settings such as gain mechanisms.

Next-G Wireless: Learning from 5G Techno-Economics to Inform Next Generation Wireless Technologies

A new generation of cellular technology has been deployed every decade since the 1980s. We are presently amid the global commercial deployment by Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) of the fifth generation (5G) of cellular technology; and concurrently, a flurry of research is engaged in designing the next generation (6G). This offers an opportune time to assess the techno-economics research literature over the past decade that informed 5G’s development lifecycle from standardization to deployment. Our goal is to provide a retrospective review of this literature and offer recommendations for how the methodologies employed in this style of model-based research (theoretical and empirical) may be improved to best contribute to the design of Next Generation (Next-G) wireless technologies. Our review categorizes the prior research into eight key research themes including use cases, technologies, modeling techniques, financial metrics, open science practices, business model evaluation, spatial focus and data visualization. Our review of the prior literature leads us to conclude that the quality and impact of techno-economic assessment studies directed at designing Next-G (or 6G) technologies would be improved if researchers are: (i) more transparent about network quality of service assumptions, (ii) openly share input data, code, and results, (iii) focus on total cost analysis, with special attention paid to (iv) ensuring the affordability of 6G technologies, and, (v) actively take account of developments emerging from other modeling efforts to maximize the potential for mutual benefits.

Performance of the 5th Generation Indoor Wireless Technologies-Empirical Study

The evolution of 5th generation (5G) cellular technology has introduced several enhancements and provides better performance compared to previous generations. To understand the real capabilities, the importance of the empirical studies is significant to also understand the possible limitations. This is very important especially from the service and use case point of view. Several test sites exist around the globe for introducing, testing, and evaluating new features, use cases, and performance in restricted and secure environments alongside the commercial operators. Test sites equipped with the standard technology are the perfect places for performing deep analysis of the latest wireless and cellular technologies in real operating environments. The testing sites provide valuable information with sophisticated quality of service (QoS) indicators when the 5G vertical use cases are evaluated using the actual devices in the carrier grade network. In addition, the Wi-Fi standards are constantly evolving toward higher bit rates and reduced latency, and their usage in 5G dedicated verticals can even improve performance, especially when lower coverage is sufficient. This work presents the detailed comparative measurements between Wi-Fi 6 and 5G New Radio (NR) performance in indoor facilities and extensive results carried out in 5G and beyond test site located in Finland. The results gathered from the extensive test sets indicate that the Wi-Fi 6 can outperform the 5G in the indoor environment in terms of throughput and latency when distance and coverage do not increase enormously. In addition, the usage of wireless technologies allows improved uplink performance, which is usually more limited in cellular networks. The gained results of our measurements provide valuable information for designing, developing, and implementing the requirements for the next-generation wireless applications.

Critical Review on Effect of 5G Technology on Covid-19 and Human Health Issues

This analytic research paper discusses the effects of emerging futuristic 5th Generation (5G) cellular technology over human health. The technology is growing with three major advantages of high speed, lower latency and to connect more devices at the same time. In the recent pandemic event of Covid-19, many believe that for the achievement of high speed in 5G, it will be required to have high power and this high power will decrease the immune system in short term. But actually, the reality doesn’t support the above condition. This paper defines how the speed will increase with the help of low bit error rate and also through different useful techniques thereby not just by increasing the power. In addition of high-frequency 5G radiation to an already complex mix of lower frequencies, the implementation will contribute to a negative public health outcome both from physical and mental health perspectives to a certain extent.

Analisis Perbandingan Kualitas Jaringan 4G LTE Operator X Dan Y Di Wilayah Kampus Utama UMSU

A technology appears, namely Long Term Evolution (LTE), which is a fourth generation (4G) cellular network technology. This LTE can provide data transfer speeds of up to 100 Mbps on the downlink side and 50 Mbps on the uplink side. The growth in the number of telecommunication service users in Medan City has caused a decline in network quality, especially 4G LTE technology. By doing a drive test, it can be seen the areas where there is signal strength of a network which aims to improve the signal quality of a network. Benchmark (comparison) of 4G LTE operator service quality is done by measuring, comparing, and analyzing the network quality (performance) of two 4G LTE operators around the Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra campus. The overall throughput value of operator X is only 0> 3 Mbps, while operator Y is 0> 30 Mbps. The very low throughput value is caused by high traffic users during the day, where the Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra campus is actively studying and many students use data services. That way, people can find out the causes of the internet speed problems they feel when using the internet during the day.

Network Quality Comparison 4g LTE X And Y in Campus UMSU

Long Term Evolution (LTE) the fourth generation (4G) cellular network technology. This LTE speed in data transfer speed reaching 100 Mbps on the side downlink and 50 Mbps on the uplink side. Growth in the number of service users telecommunication in Medan City causes a decrease in network quality, especially 4G LTE technology. By doing a driving test, the area can be found where a system’s signal strength aims to increase the signal quality. Benchmark (comparison) of operator service quality 4G LTE is done by measuring, comparing, and analyzing network quality (performance) of two 4G LTE operators around Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra. Total operator throughput value X is only 0 > 3 Mbps while the Y operator is 0 > 30 Mbps. The low throughput value is caused by high user traffic during the day. The incidence of low throughput on the Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra campus coincides with active learning with many students using data services.

Smart Contracts in the 5G Roaming Architecture: The Fusion of Blockchain with 5G Networks

The rollout of fifth generation (5G) cellular network technology has generated a new surge of interest in the potential of blockchain to automate various use cases involving cellular networks. 5G is indeed expected to offer new market opportunities for small and large enterprises alike. In this article, we introduce a new roaming network architecture for 5G based on a permissioned blockchain platform with smart contracts. The proposed solution improves the visibility for mobile network operators of their subscribers' activities in the visited network, as well as enabling quick payment reconciliation and reducing fraudulent transactions. The article further reports on the methodology and architecture of the proposed blockchain-based roaming solution using the Hyperledger platform.

Wi-Fi for Affordable Broadband & 5G in Rural Areas

The importance of Internet in our lives today cannot be overemphasized. So much so that access to Internet has been declared a fundamental right of citizens in several countries such as Finland, Spain, and Greece [1]. In most of the developed countries, high-speed Internet connectivity is enabled through wired communication infrastructure such as Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) and Very high bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL). Unfortunately, the situation is not particularly encouraging in developing countries due to non-availability of such a pervasive communication infrastructure. The difference in the fiber-deployed-to-population ratio across developed and developing countries further underscores this disparity; while this ratio is 1.2 in USA, it is barely 0.1 in India [2]. Owing to this inadequacy of fiber/DSL availability, cellular access technology has emerged as the primary broadband access mechanism in developing countries.
 However, the penetration of cellular network is limited in rural areas as its deployment becomes unviable due to challenges such as low average revenue per user, sparse population density, and intermittent availability of electricity. This situation leaves majority of the rural people unconnected thereby creating a massive rural urban digital divide. The next generation cellular system along with the use of unlicensed Wi-Fi Technology can bridge this divide if we overcome the above-mentioned challenges. However, since the Fifth Generation (5G) cellular technology has focus on requirements such as 10 Gbps data rate, 1 ms latency, and very high speed mobility, the problems of coverage and affordability are likely to persist, further widening the digital divide [3]. This article explains how Wi-Fi is being used for affordable high speed broadband in rural areas. A successfully implemented case study of Jharkhand state is also presented, and it can be adopted as reliable business model for 5G or 5G type services in rural areas [4].

MINKOWSKI LOOP ANTENNA FOR 5G MOBILE COMMUNICATION

5G or fifth generation of cellular technology, is the successor of 4G LTE. It focusses on high date rate, high system capacity cheaper cost. Although it is still a maturing technology, the countries around the world have already stared implementing of on experimented basis. Massive connectivity is at the core of 5G and thus aim to get different components around us connected to each other. The paper focusses on minkowski loops fractal structures till 2nd iteration making a simpler and cheaper antenna for 5G application of cellular technology. The main feature of this antenna is that it occupied the same space as a regular pattern antenna, but offers a far bigger length for radiation. The resonant frequency taken is 30GHz. The substrate taken is RT-Duriod 6006 with dielectric constant 6.45. The antenna has been designed, simulated and analyzed using the software high frequency structure simulator.

Banket: Bandwidth Market for Building a Sharing Economy in Mobile Networks

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is expected to be a promising solution in next generation cellular technologies to efficiently provide connectivity over a wide area at low cost. However, autonomous D2D communication introduces challenging technical issues, and how to achieve the benefit and cooperation of users is an unsolved issue. To address this problem, we propose a novel concept of a bandwidth market called Banket for building a sharing economy in mobile networks. It provides an auction-based free marketplace for mobile users to buy and sell mobile bandwidth without cooperation with network operators. The contribution of the proposed Banket is to achieve dynamic and complete autonomous D2D communication established by market mechanisms without intervention. Banket prompts users to efficiently use network resources, and consequently achieves cost reduction for network operators and social profit by reducing resource and energy consumption. The validity of the proposed auction-based transaction scheme is confirmed through computer simulations. Furthermore, the feasibility of Banket is validated with experimental results using implemented applications.

Assessing Impacts of 5th Generation (5G) Cellular Telecommunications on Internet of Things (IoT) Deployments

The Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging as a primary enabler of the transformation to digital business services in today’s economy. At the same time, 5th Generation (5G) cellular transport technology is emerging as a viable means to support IoT data requirements. Although 5G is still in its infancy, DoD leaders need to understand the impacts that 5G will have on IoT projects as there are several challenges involved with integrating 5G into IoT. In order to achieve the maximum benefits of high bandwidth, low latency and superior performance, an entirely new grid of cell sites and access units must be installed. A second challenge is with malware and intrusion attacks. 5G is an IP-based network technology that will expose 5G connected devices to common IP-based malware and intrusion risks such as denial-of-service (DOS and DDOS) and intrusion attacks. A third challenge is with standardized security and encryption of data from end-devices. The larger challenge with standardization involves interoperability. In order for 5G to work seamlessly across carriers with device agnostic hardware and compatible software, a holistic approach should be considered. Hardware compatibility will determine interoperability between sensors, platforms and gateways. In addition, software compatibility will be governed by 5G standards as well as industry partnerships. 5G standards are currently still being developed. Organizations, including the DoD Chief Information Officer and Government Accountability Office should specifically address implications of 5G cellular technology for IoT-related studies and use cases in the DoD.

Enabling Multicast and Broadcast in the 5G Core for Converged Fixed and Mobile Networks

The fifth generation of cellular technologies, 5G, promises to deliver a wide variety of services. However, the first release of 5G (3GPP Rel-15) did not consider multicast capabilities in the 5G system including both access and core networks. This article fills the gap by describing solutions for 5G mobile core network architecture incorporating multicast and broadcast capabilities. Two innovative solutions to provision multicast and broadcast, based on 3GPP Rel-15 arechitecture, have been proposed and analyzed. One is 5G architecture friendly with low imprint over Rel-15 while the other is based on the evolution of LTE Broadcast architecture. The architectural solutions feature two new main transmission modes: transparent multicast transport and point-to-multipoint services. The former enables the 5G network as a network pipe supporting multicast traffic providing a cost-effective delivery mode for multimedia while the latter enables multicast and broadcast as a service. The paper also presents a convergent fixed wireline and mobile network architecture based on the proposed mobile network architecture altenatives. The proposed architecture alternatives are suitable for different verticals and applications such as Digital Terrestrial Television, Public Warning, Internet of Things, V2X (vehicle to everything) and mission critical communications (MCC).

Sixth Edition of the IEEE JSAC Series on Network Softwarization and Enablers

The emergence of 5G, the fifth generation of cellular technology, will have a huge impact on what seemed yesterday a figment of our imagination. Outperforming 4G download and upload by up to 100 times, and offering a more reliable connectivity will pave the way to make use-cases such as fully autonomous vehicles, safer and more reliable, all the while reducing the Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operational Expenditure (OPEX).

Evolution of millimeter-wave communications toward next generation in wireless technologies

Next generation in wireless communication systems being deployed in the world, 5G/6G mobile and wireless communication technologies has been widely studied. This work clarifies that Millimeter-Wave (mm-Wave) is in its early stages and will be driven by consumers who keep on desire higher information rates for the consumption of media. Millimeter-Wave innovation represents for next generation cellular technology and includes a wide range of advanced features which make next innovation most dominant technology in near future, these abilities incorporate high achievable information rates in addition to lower delays and constant connectivity on wireless devices.