Levels Of Generalized Trust Research Articles

Quantifying generalized trust in individuals and counties using language

Trust is predictive of civic cooperation and economic growth. Recently, the U.S. public has demonstrated increased partisan division and a surveyed decline in trust in institutions. There is a need to quantify individual and community levels of trust unobtrusively and at scale. Using observations of language across more than 16,000 Facebook users, along with their self-reported generalized trust score, we develop and evaluate a language-based assessment of generalized trust. We then apply the assessment to more than 1.6 billion geotagged tweets collected between 2009 and 2015 and derive estimates of trust across 2,041 U.S. counties. We find generalized trust was associated with more affiliative words (love, we, and friends) and less angry words (hate and stupid) but only had a weak association with social words primarily driven by strong negative associations with general othering terms (“they” and “people”). At the county level, associations with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Gallup surveys suggest that people in high-trust counties were physically healthier and more satisfied with their community and their lives. Our study demonstrates that generalized trust levels can be estimated from language as a low-cost, unobtrusive method to monitor variations in trust in large populations.

Impact of Institutional Performance and Integrity on Public Trust during COVID-19: A Retrospective Examination in the Arabic Context

This study examines trust in public sector institutions during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and the impact factors. A survey was administered to a convenience sample of 1,372 local and expatriate residents in the United Arab Emirates during 2022–2023. Bivariate and multiple regression analyses were utilized. There was a high level of general public trust among respondents (mean = 4.11), with the highest trust in the police (mean = 4.21) followed by trust in the information disseminated by the government (mean = 4.06) and in the performance of public sector institutions (mean = 3.89). On the bivariate and multivariate levels, demographic variables had an insignificant impact on public trust. General trust was significantly correlated with institutional performance (β = 0.417), institutional integrity (β = 0.397), perceived gains (β = 0.378), and government-disseminated information (β = 0.374). Public trust is a complex reality linked to numerous organizational and nonorganizational factors. Improving public trust requires enhancing ethical conduct—crucial for maintaining trust—as well as good governance practices and leadership behavior. The sample size and quantitative focus might have limited the generalizability of the findings. In the future, researchers should use in-depth interviews or mixed methodologies.

Investigating Students' Attitudes & Trust in AI During COVID-19

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been a part of society for a considerable amount of time since its formal foundation in 1956 and can be used to perform cognitive tasks at a level similar or greater than humans. In our modern era of advanced intelligence machines and processing capabilities, AI is being pushed further into society at a fast rate. With advancing AI like ChatGPT and self-driving vehicles, it is important for society to understand the implications of trusting this technology. Studies have discussed AI being used in the medical field to combat mental health issues and identify attitudes. However, there is a gap in research over adults' levels of trust towards AI and how those feelings have evolved over the course of COVID-19. This research paper explores how trust college/university undergraduate/graduate adults evolved over the COVID-19 pandemic and aims to fill that gap. To address the general attitudes and levels of trust towards AI, a mixed-method quantitative and qualitative study was conducted utilizing a survey. The survey inquired about general attitudes using the General Attitudes towards AI Scale (GAAIS) and open-ended questions to measure levels of trust in relation to the pandemic. It was concluded that while participants demonstrated a positive attitude towards AI (70.4% ), most participants had low levels of trust reflected in their fears and concerns of future AI implementation. A high percentage of positivity towards AI coupled with low levels of trust indicates a complex attitude towards artificial intelligence.

Ownership of dogs and cats leads to higher levels of well-being and general trust through family involvement in late adolescence.

Late adolescence is a crucial period during which individuals connect with new communities. Furthermore, their mental health has lasting effects on their overall well-being. Involvement with family and the local community plays a significant role in shaping adolescents' personalities and well-being. Additionally, pets, such as dogs and cats, function as social catalysts and increase interactions with family and the local community. We hypothesized that pet ownership would increase involvement with family and the local community and thereby impact adolescents' personalities and well-being. Therefore, this study investigated whether owning dogs or cats was related to well-being through increased involvement with family and local community members in late adolescence. Data were collected via a questionnaire administered to high school and university students. The questionnaire included questions on basic information about adolescents and their families, pet ownership experience, family and local community involvement, well-being, cultural estrangement inventory, and general trust. Structural equation modeling revealed that adolescent women who owned dogs or cats had higher well-being and general trust through their involvement with their families. Although previous research reported that men who had experienced pet ownership in childhood were more sociable in old age, the effect of pet ownership on men was not observed in this study. During late adolescence, when individuals experience many connections with new communities, the effects of pets may temporarily decrease. Therefore, future cohort studies should examine the effects of pets on each age group.

Trust, Interaction with Neighbors, and Vaccination during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Chinese Data.

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted public health and quality of life, leading to government recommendations for vaccination. Using cross-sectional data from a nationwide population-based survey conducted in China (N = 6860), this study aimed to examine the associations between individual vaccine uptake and general trust in others, trust in government, and interaction with neighbors. We conducted a multilevel logistic regression analysis to examine the relevance of these factors at the individual and community levels. Among young adults, higher levels of general trust at both levels were positively associated with vaccination, with odds ratios (OR) of 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07, 1.70) and 1.58 (95% CI: 1.14, 2.18), respectively. We also found a positive association between vaccination and community-level interaction with neighbors, with ORs of 1.55 (95% CI: 1.11, 2.17). In contrast, among older individuals, vaccination was positively associated only with individual-level interaction with neighbors, with an OR of 1.55 (95% CI: 1.15, 2.08). The results indicated that vaccine uptake was associated with an individual's views of society and the social environment of the community, with substantial variations between the young and the old. Our findings emphasize the significance of public health measures to strengthen neighborhood interactions among older adults.

The Impact of Chinese-style Modernisation on the Social-psychological Behaviours of Chinese Individuals: Evidence from Sociological and Psychological Research

As an important social transformation in China, Chinese-style modernisation has driven China into the ranks of modernised countries at a surprising speed for 40 years. From the perspectives of sociology and social psychology, the present article reviews the grassroots social governance model of Chinese-style modernisation and the changes in the traditional culture that have deeply affected people’s minds and social behaviour. The research findings indicate that Chinese-style modernisation has created a miracle in macro-material production, but at the grassroots level, while the material living standards of the people are gradually improving, their social dignity and spiritual life cannot be synchronised. First, as an indicator of measuring people’s quality of life and social development level, Chinese people’s sense of happiness declined in general, and the gap in happiness between different groups of Chinese people is widening. Second, the sense of fairness among people in the modernisation process has decreased, leading to some negative attitudes among the public and exacerbating social risks. Third, the general level of trust among the Chinese people is declining, but the specific trust manifests complex patterns, showing an increase in calculated (benefit-based) trust and a decrease in identified (kinsfolk-based) trust. In particular, people’s trust in the central government has remained high; however, they do not have the same level of trust in local and grassroots governments. All these demonstrate that the authoritarian type of governance and the historical practice of spiritual culture endorsed in Chinese-style modernisation have brought new possibilities for human society in future development, but there are also many problems and difficulties of dogmatism, formalism and bureaucracy in grassroots governance and cultural compromises of the East and the West. Chinese-style modernisation needs to do more in order to further enhance the sense of gain, happiness and trust among grassroots people, in addition to pursuing the aim of raising overall strength of the country.

Smart meter-related data privacy concerns and dynamic electricity tariffs: Evidence from a stated choice experiment

Data privacy concerns are frequently raised to explain households’ reluctance to have smart meters. These meters are a prerequisite for future energy systems as they enable demand-side management measures, such as dynamic electricity tariffs. Consequently, two questions arise: First, what are the determinants of smart meter-related data privacy concerns? Second, how do these concerns affect households’ preferences concerning dynamic electricity tariffs? Based on a representative household survey conducted in Germany, I find linear and negative relationships between privacy concerns and respondents’ general level of trust and technological affinity. Interestingly, high levels of energy-related financial literacy and environmental values are associated with a greater probability of expressing either low or high privacy concerns. Using a choice experiment, I subsequently identify smart meter-related data privacy concerns as a mediating factor in households’ aversion to dynamic pricing. Furthermore, I find heterogeneous effects of additional information regarding the handling of consumption data on respondents’ aversion to dynamic electricity tariffs. Additional information primarily reduced the aversion of respondents with high data privacy concerns. This finding has potentially far-reaching implications for other products and services that utilize information about individual behavior.

Gender specificity of the doctor's image and trust in themselves and others of student youth during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction. Trust in the doctor is a necessary basis for willingness to follow his recommendations and effective treatment in general. It’s especially important during a pandemic. Before the coronavirus epidemic, a certain crisis of trust in medicine in Russia was recorded. New researches have supplemented scientific ideas on the problem with rather contradictory data on how men and women react to a situation that poses a serious health risk and what kind of image of a doctor and medical care is formed. This article analyzes the features of the image of a doctor among students of socionomic profiles and reveals the specifics of its relationship with the level of trust in others and themselves among young men and women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods. The study involved 286 students studying at universities in Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod in socionomic specialties, aged 17 to 22 years (M =19.31; SD = 1.33), 168 of them were women and 118 men. The method of semantic differential to identify the image of a doctor was used, the method of «Faith in People» by M.Rosenberg was used to determine the level of trust in others, and a reflexive questionnaire by T.P.Skripkina was used to study the expression of the trust students in themselves in 11 spheres of life. Results. It was found that young men and women during the pandemic formed a positive image of a doctor, in the content of which gender similarity is mostly noted. There are also practically no gender differences in trust in others, which is at an average level, but at the same time, some gender differences in trust in themselves were revealed, which turned out to be higher among male students. Correlation analysis showed the existence of a direct positive relationship between trust in others and a positive image of a doctor in women, whereas in men such connections are practically absent. At the same time, the image of a doctor is also positively connected with trust in themselves, but differently in female and male students. Discussion and Conclusions. Based on the results of an empirical study, we can talk about gender specificity, manifested in the presence and severity of the interrelations of the perception of a doctor during a pandemic with the general level of trust in others and in themselves among students of a socionomic profile.

Current Situation and Influencing Factors of Residents' Social Trust

The issue of social trust has been concerned by people throughout the ages, a higher social trust will often promote the development of the country, social harmony. By using literature analysis and questionnaire method and using the data of 2015 China comprehensive Social survey, Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted on 7676 valid questionnaires from urban and rural residents in China.on the basis of previous studies, social trust is divided into universal trust, in-circle trust and out-circle trust, to discuss the current situation of social trust and empirically analyze the influencing factors. The results show that the general trust level of the residents and the trust level in the circle is above the medium level, They tend to trust groups with blood and geographical relationship with themselves;while the trust level outside the circle is low, and the social trust level of Chinese residents needs to be improved. From the perspective of influencing factors, The frequency and familiarity of communication with others have a significant impact on and a positive correlation with the three types of trust;frequent and familiar social contacts, sense of justice and happiness in social attitudes, education level and economic level all have a positive effect on social trust. The more people think that life is happy and happy, the easier it is to trust others.Residents living in towns and townships have a higher level of social trust than those living in cities.

Stakeholder engagement in eight comparative effectiveness trials in African Americans and Latinos with asthma

BackgroundThe effects of stakeholder engagement, particularly in comparative effectiveness trials, have not been widely reported. In 2014, eight comparative effectiveness studies targeting African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos with uncontrolled asthma were funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) as part of its Addressing Disparities Program. Awardees were required to meaningfully involve patients and other stakeholders. Using specific examples, we describe how these stakeholders substantially changed the research protocols and in other ways participated meaningfully as full partners in the development and conduct of the eight studies.MethodsUsing the method content analysis of cases, we identified themes regarding the types of stakeholders, methods of engagement, input from the stakeholders, changes made to the research protocols and processes, and perceived benefits and challenges of the engagement process. We used summaries from meetings of the eight teams, results from an engagement survey, and the final research reports as our data source to obtain detailed information. The descriptive data were assessed by multiple reviewers using inductive and deductive qualitative methods and discussed in the context of engagement literature.ResultsStakeholders participated in the planning, conduct, and dissemination phases of all eight asthma studies. All the studies included clinicians and community representatives as stakeholders. Other stakeholders included patients with asthma, their caregivers, advocacy organizations, and health-system representatives. Engagement was primarily by participation in advisory boards, although six of the eight studies (75%) also utilized focus groups and one-on-one interviews. Difficulty finding a time and location to meet was the most reported challenge to engagement, noted by four of the eight teams (50%). Other reported challenges and barriers to engagement included recruitment of stakeholders, varying levels of enthusiasm among stakeholders, controlling power dynamics, and ensuring that stakeholder involvement was reflected and had true influence on the project.ConclusionEngagement-driven modifications led to specific changes in study design and conduct that were felt to have increased enrollment and the general level of trust and support of the targeted communities. The level of interaction described, between investigators and stakeholders in each study and between investigator-stakeholder groups, is—we believe—unprecedented and may provide useful guidance for other studies seeking to improve the effectiveness of community-driven research.

Social capital and willingness to participate in COVID-19 vaccine trials: an Italian case-control study

BackgroundWhat leads healthy people to enter in a volunteer register for clinical trials? This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the decision to volunteer in clinical trials for a COVID-19 vaccine and social capital, in a sample of healthy volunteers in Italy. Since social capital is characterized by trust, reciprocity, and social and political participation, we claim that it is key in leading individuals to actively take action to protect public health, and to take a risk for the (potential) benefit not only of themselves but for the entire community.MethodsThis study was conducted through the administration of a questionnaire to healthy volunteers registered for a phase 1 clinical trial for a COVID-19 vaccine in the Unit Research Centre of ASST-Monza, in September 2020. The primary purpose of a phase 1 study is to evaluate the safety of a new drug candidate before it proceeds to further clinical studies. To approximate a case–control study, we randomly matched the 318 respondents to healthy volunteers (cases) with 318 people randomly selected by Round 9 of the European Social Survey (controls), using three variables, which we considered to be associated with the decision to volunteer: gender, age, and education level. To execute this matching procedure, we used the “ccmatch” module in STATA.ResultsThe findings highlight the positive impact of social capital in the choice of healthy individuals to volunteer in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials. Controlling for possible confounding factors, some exemplary results show that people with a high level of general trust have a greater likelihood of volunteering compared to people with low trust (OR = 2.75, CI = 1.58–4.77); we also found that it is more probable that volunteers are people who have actively taken action to improve things compared with people who have not (for individuals who did three or more actions: OR = 7.54, CI = 4.10–13.86). People who reported voting (OR = 3.91, CI = 1.70–8.99) and participating in social activities more than other people of their age (OR = 2.89, CI = 1.82–4.60) showed a higher probability to volunteer.ConclusionsTogether with the adoption of urgent health measures in response to COVID-19, government policymakers should also promote social capital initiatives to encourage individuals to actively engage in actions aimed at protecting collective health. Our findings make an empirical contribution to the research on vaccines and its intersection with social behaviour, and they provide useful insights for policymakers to manage current and future disease outbreaks and to enhance the enrolment in vaccine trials.

Is the perceived risk of fire-related injury and trust in local authorities affected by rescue services’ actual ability?

Rescue services are one of the most crucial actors in providing fire-related societal protection, particularly in terms of response times. To achieve this, considerable funding and/or full-time organisations are required – something that is not always feasible and leads to differences in rescue service related protection in different municipalities. In turn, the question is how such variations affect the perceived risk of being injured in a residential fire and levels of general institutional trust in the municipality. By utilising a dataset on risk perception and trust, combined with data on the ability and structure of municipal rescue services, this study can show that a municipal’s average perception of the risk of attaining a fire-related injury closely follows response times – indicating that individuals living in areas with less societal protection are aware of this fact. However, the results also indicate that general institutional trust and perception of risk on a municipal level seems to relate to each other in such a way that municipal types (with similar sociodemographic characteristics and rescue service ability) congregate around similar levels of perceived risk and trust. In turn, this study therefore indicates that perceived risk and trust differs in different municipalities and that efficiency measurements not necessarily encompass all these differences.

Public Trust, Preparedness, and the Influencing Factors Regarding COVID-19 Pandemic Situation in Iran

Introduction: Preparedness a social behavior with public trust the prerequisite for proper social functioning can reduce disaster sufferings. The aim of this study was to determine the public trust, preparedness, and the influencing factors regarding the COVID-19 pandemic situation in Iran. Methods: This online cross-sectional study conducted on Tehran residents (≥18 years) during the fifth epidemic wave. The tool designed to assess the intention to prepare, public trust, and the subscales. T-test used to compare the means and linear regression to determine the factors influencing on the outcomes. Results: About 26.5% of 407 participants (mean age standard deviation: 40.8 (12.8) years) showed low trust. The mean levels of total trust (P = 0.011), general trust (P = 0.048), and trust to managing authorities (P = 0.018) were significantly lower in men. Adjusted to confounding variables, total trust was lower in men (ß = −3.8, P = 0.01) and less educated (ß = −6.48, P = 0.02) but higher in high-income (ß = 5.7, P = 0.02) people. Only 20% of people were highly prepared. Intention to prepare was higher in families having the elderly (ß = 5.72.8, P = 0.048). Conclusion: Low trust in the managing authorities and their provided information tend to less considering health and preparedness measures in society.

Status and Social Capital: A Cross-Sectional Quantitative Investigation of Flood Survivors in South Punjab, Pakistan

A growing body of evidence underscores that social capital mitigates the impact of natural hazards such as floods. But we know less about the distribution of social ties in developing countries regularly hit by shocks. Our study examined the differences between demographic groups in South Punjab, Pakistan affected by the 2010 floods, comparing respondents’ levels of social capital measured through proxies such as received social support, perceived community cohesion, accessibility to leadership, and general level of trust. We carried out univariate and multivariate analyses of factors including gender, education, occupation, landholding, family size, annual income, number of livestock, and home stability. Using data collected in face-to-face interviews with 450 flood survivors, our analysis showed no statistically significant difference in the flood victims’ scores on all four scales based on gender and family size. However, education, occupation, landholding, annual income, and home stability statistically correlated with levels of social capital. Respondents with high levels of education, high levels of land, higher home stability, and a government job typically had higher scores in all four measurements of social ties. Our results show strong inequality in the distribution of social capital, with better connections and assistance coming to those who already have better socioeconomic positions in society.

The Role of Personality in Trust in Public Policy Automation

Algorithms play an increasingly important role in public policy decision-making. Despite this consequential role, little effort has been made to evaluate the extent to which people trust algorithms in decision-making, much less the personality characteristics associated with higher levels of trust. Such evaluations inform the widespread adoption and efficacy of algorithms in public policy decision-making. We explore the role of major personality inventories -- need for cognition, need to evaluate, the "Big 5" -- in shaping an individual's trust in public policy algorithms, specifically dealing with criminal justice sentencing. Through an original survey experiment, we find strong correlations between all personality types and general levels of trust in automation, as expected. Further, we uncovered evidence that need for cognition increases the weight given to advice from an algorithm relative to humans, and "agreeableness" decreases the distance between respondents' expectations and advice from a judge, relative to advice from a crowd.

The Role of Personality in Trust in Public Policy Automation

Algorithms play an increasingly important role in public policy decision-making. Despite this consequential role, little effort has been made to evaluate the extent to which people trust algorithms in decision-making, much less the personality characteristics associated with higher levels of trust. Such evaluations inform the widespread adoption and efficacy of algorithms in public policy decision-making. We explore the role of major personality inventories -- need for cognition, need to evaluate, the "Big 5" -- in shaping an individual's trust in public policy algorithms, specifically dealing with criminal justice sentencing. Through an original survey experiment, we find strong correlations between all personality types and general levels of trust in automation, as expected. Further, we uncovered evidence that need for cognition increases the weight given to advice from an algorithm relative to humans, and "agreeableness" decreases the distance between respondents' expectations and advice from a judge, relative to advice from a crowd.

Officer Trust Towards Community Members and Critical Incidents: a Comparison of Factors.

Current scholarship suggests attention should be focused on differences in specific job-related conditions to understand help-seeking behavior among police officers. This project examines how officers’ feelings of department satisfaction and on-the-job emotions may be associated with trust in members of the community they police. Specifically, officers were asked to report trust levels both in a general sense and in the context of a potential officer-involved shooting (OIS) incident. Print and electronic surveys were completed by 169 police officers across 9 agencies located in 5 New Jersey counties between September 2019 and March 2020. Survey questions covered frequency of on-the-job emotions, satisfaction with department administration, and knowledge of local culture. Bivariate comparisons show officers’ levels of both general and post-OIS community trust significantly differ based on reported frequency of emotion, assessment of job satisfaction and department administration, and wider cultural context. Furthermore, multivariate analyses indicate significant factors associated with trust levels include frequency of both positive (fulfillment) and negative (frustration) emotions, satisfaction with training, and attitudes towards the importance of understanding local culture. Findings suggest the complexity of police–community relationships should be more fully explored in relation to supporting aspects of job-related mental wellness in police officers.

A Latent Profile Analysis of COVID-19 Trusted Sources of Information among Racial and Ethnic Minorities in South Florida

By the spring of 2021, most of the adult U.S. population became eligible to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Yet, by the summer of 2021, the vaccination rate stagnated. Given the immense impact COVID-19 has had on society and individuals, and the surge of new variant strains of the virus, it remains urgent to better understand barriers to vaccination, including the impact of variations in trusted sources of COVID-19 information. The goal of the present study was to conduct a cross-sectional, community-engaged, and person-centered study of trusted sources of COVID-19 information using latent profile analysis (LPA). The aims were to (1) identify the number and nature of profiles of trusted sources of COVID-19 information, and (2) determine whether the trust profiles were predictive of COVID-19 vaccination attitudes and various demographic categories. Participants included mostly racial and ethnic minority individuals (82.4%) recruited by various community-based agencies in South Florida. The LPA evidenced an optimal 3-class solution characterized by low (n = 80)-, medium (n = 147)-, and high (n = 52)-trust profiles, with high trust statistically significantly predictive of vaccination willingness. The profiles identified could be important targets for public health dissemination efforts to reduce vaccine hesitancy and increase COVID-19 vaccination uptake. The general level of trust in COVID-19 information sources was found to be an important factor in predicting COVID-19 vaccination willingness.

A Comparative Study from the Perspectives of Institutionalism and Culturalism of Patient Trust and Related Influencing Factors in the Chinese Mainland and Taiwan

By analysing the Chinese General Social Survey and Taiwan Social Change Survey data from 2011, this article examines from institutionalist and culturalist perspectives the trust level and influencing factors of patients in the Chinese Mainland and Taiwan. Findings have demonstrated that trust levels of patients in the Mainland and Taiwan are internally differentiated, with a high level of general trust and a low level of specific trust. Second, patients in the Mainland have a higher level of general trust than patients in Taiwan, but their level of specific trust is lower than that of patients in Taiwan, which may be attributed to the influence of traditional Chinese culture and the social transition. Third, although institutional factors play a more significant role, consistency is embodied in institutional and cultural factors that affect the trust of patients in both the Mainland and Taiwan. However, in the Mainland, medical satisfaction has a greater impact on patients' trust, while, in Taiwan, medical equity, internet use and universal trust have stronger effects on patients' trust. Therefore, to improve patient trust in China and Taiwan, there should be greater focus on institutional factors, while not neglecting the cultural factors.

Understanding the Obstacles and Influences in Adopting Infant Safe Sleep Practices

Background About 3,500 infants die annually within their first year of life from Sudden Unexplained Infant Death (SUID) and its subset Sudden Infants Death Syndrome (SIDS), making it the single leading cause of infant mortality in the U.S. Evidence indicates adherence to infant Safe Sleep Guidelines developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) reduces these mortality rates. Still, since an initial decline following the 1994 guidelines introduction, SIDS rates have leveled, and SUID rates have increased. In addition, SUID rates per 100,000 live births are twice as high among Black and Native American infants than white. The AAP last updated the guidelines in 2016 and is scheduled to issue the next updated guidelines in late 2021. Objective To examine perceptions of the AAP guidelines held by parents and health care providers as they relate to guidelines comprehension and compliance, and to share this information with the AAP 2021 guidelines task force. Methods First Candle commissioned a qualitative research study in 2020, consisting of three online focus groups in three different states to identify perceptions and potential barriers to guidelines adoption by family members and providers, the outcomes of which were shared with the AAP for review as its guidelines task force develops the updated version to be released in 2021. Results Regarding how the AAP guidelines were viewed, there were responses across geographic and sociocultural variation regarding varying levels of general comprehension and trust in them, depending on the resource and acceptance of the language used. Additional factors were the emotional and practical realities of parenting, cultural and family traditions, and the belief that parental volition in decision-making is important. Conclusion Evidence-based protocols regarding infant safe sleep practices and their impact on reducing infant mortality rates may have proven value. Still, professional caregivers and family members feel that more cultural context and personal relevance are needed in presentation and communication if families are to trust and consider them for adoption and compliance.