General Order Research Articles

UPAYA DAN STRATEGI KEJAKSAAN NEGERI KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI UNTUK MEWUJUDKAN PROGRAM PEMULIHAN EKONOMI MELALUI PENGAWASAN APBDESA DI KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI

Villages are the spearhead of the State of Indonesia in dealing with economic problems during this Pandemic, especially in terms of the Implementation of APBDesa. The implementation of the APBDesa requires supervision, debriefing and cooperation from law enforcement agencies such as the Attorney General's Office of the Republic of Indonesia. The Attorney General through his Instructions ordered all Heads of High Prosecutors' Offices, Heads of District Attorneys, Branch Heads of District Attorneys, Prosecutors and all Adhyaksa Personnel to supervise, assist and provide provision for the use of the Village Budget. To carry out this Attorney General's order, the Mentawai Islands District Attorney has efforts and strategies in carrying it out. The efforts and strategies in question are Preventive Efforts (Prevention, Assistance) and repressive efforts (Enforcement). The aim is that the implementation of the APBDesa is in accordance with its objectives and supports the Economic Recovery Program, especially in the Mentawai Islands Regency.

Process Parameters Optimization, Characterization, and Application of KOH-Activated Norway Spruce Bark Graphitic Biochars for Efficient Azo Dye Adsorption

In this work, Norway spruce bark was used as a precursor to prepare activated biochars (BCs) via chemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a chemical activator. A Box–Behnken design (BBD) was conducted to evaluate and identify the optimal conditions to reach high specific surface area and high mass yield of BC samples. The studied BC preparation parameters and their levels were as follows: pyrolysis temperature (700, 800, and 900 °C), holding time (1, 2, and 3 h), and ratio of the biomass: chemical activator of 1: 1, 1.5, and 2. The planned BBD yielded BC with extremely high SSA values, up to 2209 m2·g−1. In addition, the BCs were physiochemically characterized, and the results indicated that the BCs exhibited disordered carbon structures and presented a high quantity of O-bearing functional groups on their surfaces, which might improve their adsorption performance towards organic pollutant removal. The BC with the highest SSA value was then employed as an adsorbent to remove Evans blue dye (EB) and colorful effluents. The kinetic study followed a general-order (GO) model, as the most suitable model to describe the experimental data, while the Redlich–Peterson model fitted the equilibrium data better. The EB adsorption capacity was 396.1 mg·g−1. The employment of the BC in the treatment of synthetic effluents, with several dyes and other organic and inorganic compounds, returned a high percentage of removal degree up to 87.7%. Desorption and cyclability tests showed that the biochar can be efficiently regenerated, maintaining an adsorption capacity of 75% after 4 adsorption–desorption cycles. The results of this work pointed out that Norway spruce bark indeed is a promising precursor for producing biochars with very promising properties.

Thermoluminescence study of pellets prepared using NaCl from Khewra Salt Mines in Pakistan.

In this study, the thermoluminescence characteristics of naturally occurring salt (NaCl) were assessed for the development of a radiation dosimeter. For this purpose, mined crystalline samples of salt were procured directly from Khewra salt mines in Pakistan. The samples were hand crushed, sieved, and compressed to pellets comparable in size to standard TLD chips, and irradiated to gamma radiation doses in the range of 5mGy and 5000mGy. Thermoluminescence (TL) response showed three main peaks in the glow curve around 115-130°C, 150-170°C, and 220-240°C. A linear TL response was observed for the dose range of 5-100mGy. The TL response became supra-linear for the dose ranges of 100-1000mGy and 1000-5000mGy. The Tm-Tstop method was applied to identify the overlapping peaks of the glow curve. Computerized glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) was then employed for the characterization of electron trap parameters such as frequency factor (s), activation energy (E), and the kinetic order (b), using General Order (GO) kinetics. The figure-of-merit (FOM) was found to be 1.08%, 0.94%, 0.77%, and 0.75%, at 500mGy, 1Gy, 2Gy, and 5Gy, respectively. The TL intensity faded by 20% within the first 24h after irradiation and finally stabilized after two weeks. In addition, structural, morphological, and elemental analyses, were also performed using various analytical techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the salt crystallizes in a face-centered cubic structure. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs indicated that the crystallites are closely packed and cubic-shaped with non-uniform size, and mostly found in the agglomerated form. Similarly, the elemental analysis confirmed the presence of impurities such as Mg, Sr, S, K, O, and Ca, in the samples. The present study concludes that the pellets made from salt samples from Khewra mines have a potential for use as radiation dosimeters.

TL Characteristics and Dosimetric Aspects of Mg-Doped ZnO

Dosimetry characterization and the evaluation of kinetics parameters of trapping states of Mg-doped ZnO phosphors synthesized by Sol-Gel technique. The thermoluminescence response of Mg-doped ZnO samples showed a linear response when exposed to X-ray radiation and the optimum annealing condition was 400oC/4h for the three concentrations. A broad-shaped TL glow curve with an upper bound of 270 °C, which shifts to lower temperatures with increasing dose, indicating that general order (GO) kinetics thermoluminescence processes are involved. We conclude that the ZnO doped Mg phosphors under study are promises to develop dosimeters for high radiation dose measurements. Kinetic parameters, such as activation energy (E), frequency factor (s), and order of kinematic order (b), were estimated by the Glow Curve Deconvolution (GCD) method. ZnO:Mg phosphor has a great potential as a dosimeter for monitoring in the fields of ionizing radiation.

On some properties of perfect images of GO-spaces and generalized trees

Let PIGO be the class of perfect images of generalized ordered (GO) spaces. We show that if X∈PIGO, then the following properties are equivalent: X is paracompact; X is metacompact; X is meta-Lindelöf; X is subparacompact; X is submetacompact; X is weak δθ‾-refinable; X is weak θ‾-refinable; X is a D-space; X is an aD-space; X is transitively D; X is linearly D; No closed subspace of X is homeomorphic to a stationary subset of a regular uncountable cardinal; X is submeta-Lindelöf. We also show that if f:X→Y is a perfect mapping such that Y is a semi-stratifiable space and X is a T1-space with a Gδ⁎-diagonal, then X is a semi-stratifiable space.Let PIGT be the class of perfect images of generalized trees with Hausdorff generalized Sorgenfrey topologies. If X∈PIGT and X is a k-semistratifiable (stratifiable) space, then X is metrizable. If X∈PIGT, then X is first-countable if and only if X has a countable pseudocharacter. If f:L→X is a continuous irreducible mapping from a GO-space L (generalized tree L with a Hausdorff generalized Sorgenfrey topology) onto a space X with a regular Gδ-diagonal (Gδ⁎-diagonal), then the space L has a regular Gδ-diagonal (Gδ⁎-diagonal).

Improved Thermoluminescence Properties of Natural NaCl Salt Extracted From Mediterranean Sea Water Relevant to Radiation Dosimetry

Thermoluminescence (TL) technique has been used to characterize and determine the dosimetric properties of natural sodium chloride (NaCl) salt extracted from the Seawater of the Mediterranean Sea. The TLD grade material was prepared by evaporation and annealing the powder obtained from the aqueous solution. The TL properties include the response to theb-irradiation dose and the effects resulting from annealing up to 700oC, heating rate and fading. The analysis involve using total Glow Curve Deconvolution (GCD) to separate the inherent overlapping TL-peaks and determine the TL characteristics and the trapping parameters using general order (GO)kinetics (activation energy, kinetic order, peak position of trap and the frequency factor). The GL-curves exhibit well defined TL-peaks around 140oC, 225oC and 380oC and response depending on the annealing temperature due to variations due to formation of the structural defects. A linear response was noticed over the delivered range of absorbed doses up to 4Gy. The fading results gave evidence that TL emission is due to a redistribution of trapping levels and indicate that the prominent TL-peak near 225oCis useful for TL-dosimetric applications.

Perfect images of generalized ordered spaces

We study the class of perfect images of generalized ordered (GO) spaces, which we denote by PIGO. Mary Ellen Rudin’s celebrated result characterizing compact monotonically normal spaces as the continuous images of compact linearly ordered spaces implies t

Efficacy of disinfectants and detergents intended for a pig farm environment where Salmonella is present

Disinfection is a useful component of disease control, although products and chemical groups vary in their activity against different pathogens.This study investigated the ability of fifteen disinfectants to eliminate pig-associated Salmonella. Active compounds of products included chlorocresol, glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), iodine, peracetic acid and potassium peroxomonosulphate. Six detergents were also tested for their ability to dislodge faecal material, and interactions with specific disinfectants.Eight serovars were screened against all products using dilution tests and a monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium strain was selected for further testing. The disinfectants were tested using models to replicate boot dip (faecal suspension) and animal housing (surface contamination) disinfection respectively at the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Approved Disinfectant General Orders (GO) concentration, half GO and twice GO. Stability over time and ability to eliminate Salmonella in biofilm was also assessed. The most effective products were then field tested. Most products at GO concentration eliminated Salmonella in the faecal suspension model. One glutaraldehyde/QAC and one glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde-based product at GO concentration eliminated Salmonella in the surface contamination model. Chlorocresol-based products were more stable in the faecal suspension model. One chlorocresol and the glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde-based product were most successful in eliminating Salmonella from biofilms. All products tested on farm reduced bacterial log counts; the glutaraldehyde/QAC based product produced the greatest reduction.The type of product and the application concentration can impact on efficacy of farm disinfection; therefore, clearer guidance is needed to ensure the appropriate programmes are used for specific environments.

New expressions for half life, peak maximum temperature, activation energy and kinetic order of a thermoluminescence glow peak based on the Lambert W function

In this work approximate analytical expressions are derived for four different aspects of Thermoluminescence (TL) kinetics, by using the Lambert W function. Firstly, analytical expressions are derived for the half life of trapped charge in a single trap within the one trap one center model (OTOR), and these are compared with analytical equations based on the empirical general order (GO) kinetics. Secondly, approximate analytical expressions are obtained for the temperature Tm of maximum TL intensity in a glow peak and for the activation energy E, by solving the condition for the maximum. Finally, an analytical expression was derived for evaluating the kinetic order b as a function of the integral symmetry factor μ′g of an experimental TL peak. Where necessary, the analytical expressions were successfully verified by numerical simulations of the OTOR model by using a wide range of possible values of the parameters in this model.

An in-vitro investigation into the efficacy of disinfectants used in the duck industry against Salmonella

ABSTRACTIn 2010, 81 confirmed cases of Salmonella Typhimurium DT8 were reported across England and Northern Ireland – an increase of 26% from 2009 and 41% since 2008. Five cases were hospitalized and one death reported, with a strong association found between cases and the consumption of duck eggs. Once present on farms, Salmonella may become persistent and can survive for long periods of time in residual organic matter, increasing risk of infection for follow-on flocks if cleaning and disinfection is not carried out effectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a range of disinfectants used by the duck industry against Salmonella using laboratory models. Sixteen products were selected from seven chemical groups and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations determined. Each product was also tested at the recommended general orders (GO) concentration using a faecal suspension model to mimic boot dips and a surface contamination model to simulate contaminated building fabric and equipment. In the faecal suspension model, all products were effective at 2 × GO concentration, and activity was more inconsistent at GO concentration. At 0.5 × GO concentration, iodine-based and quaternary-ammonium-compound-based products were significantly less effective than products within other chemical groups (P < 0.001). Glutaraldehyde-based products were significantly more effective than the other products in the surface contamination tests (P < 0.001). Chlorocresol-based products were found to be most effective for use in boot dips and aldehyde-based products for surface disinfection, although there was variability between products within a chemical group.

Injections into function spaces over ordinals and LOTS

To formulate our results let M be a metric space with at least two points and let Y be a subspace of a generalized ordered (GO) space X. We get the following conclusions: If Cp(Y,M) admits a continuous injection into Cp(τ,M) for some ordinal τ, then Y¯∖Y is hereditarily paracompact. This generalizes some known conclusions. If Cp(Y,M) admits a continuous injection into Cp(Z,M) for a separable space Z, then Y¯∖Y is hereditarily paracompact. If Cp(Y,M) admits a continuous injection into Cp(L,M) for a linearly ordered compactum L which satisfies that 1-cf(min⁡L)≥ω1, 0-cf(max⁡L)≥ω1, and i-cf(x)≥ω1 for x∈L∖{max⁡L,min⁡L} and for i∈{0,1}, then Y¯∖Y is hereditarily paracompact.

Choban operators in generalized ordered spaces

In this paper we investigate generalized ordered (GO) spaces that have a flexible diagonal in the sense of Arhangelʼskii (2009) [2]. Spaces with a flexible diagonal are generalizations of topological groups and include spaces that are continuously homogeneous, Choban spaces, and rotoid spaces. We prove some paracompactness and metrization theorems for such spaces and construct examples of generalized ordered spaces that clarify how the types of spaces with a flexible diagonal are interrelated. We show, for example, that any GO Choban space is hereditarily paracompact, that any continuously homogeneous, first-countable GO-space is metrizable, that the space of real numbers is the only non-degenerate connected LOTS that is a Choban space, and that the Sorgenfrey line and the Michael line are Choban spaces. We extend some results of Arhangelʼskii and pose a family of questions.

Prevalence of first‐order kinetics in thermoluminescence materials: An explanation based on multiple competition processes

AbstractTypical materials used in thermoluminescence (TL) dosimetry exhibit the following common characteristics: (i) the temperature of glow peak maximum of individual glow peaks remains practically constant over a wide dose range, (ii) there are no systematic changes in the glow curve shapes with the irradiation dose, and (iii) higher order kinetics is rarely seen in dosimetric materials, while first‐order kinetics is a common occurrence in experimental TL work. Theoretical explanation of these experimental characteristics is an open topic of TL research. In the present work these three characteristics are studied by using several models of increasing complexity. The simplest model studied is based on the empirical analytical general order (GO) expressions, followed by two commonly used models, the well‐known one trap one recombination center models (OTOR) and the interactive multiple trap system (IMTS). Previous researchers have studied the behavior of these models using arbitrary values of the kinetic parameters in the models, and by varying these parameters within limited physically reasonable ranges. In this paper, a new method of analyzing the results from such models is presented, in which the average behavior of real dosimetric materials is simulated by allowing simultaneous random variations of the kinetic parameters, within several orders of magnitude. The simulation results lead to the conclusion that the presence of many competitive processes during the heating stage of TL, may be correlated to the remarkable stability of the glow curve shapes exhibited by most materials, and to the prevalence of first‐order kinetics. This correlation is demonstrated further by a series of simulations in which the number of competitor traps is increased systematically, by adding up to 12 competitor traps in the IMTS model. As the number of competitor traps increases, the average behavior of the TL glow curves tends progressively toward first‐order kinetics, and this in turn results in very small average variations in the shape of the TL glow peak. The simulation results in this paper provide a convincing demonstration and explanation of the stability of the shape of TL glow curves in dosimetric materials, and for the prevalence of first‐order kinetics in TL.

A RESULT ON MONOTONICALLY LINDELÖF GENERALIZED ORDERED SPACES

AbstractIn this paper, we show that the character of any monotonically Lindelöf generalized ordered (GO) space is not greater than ω1, which gives a negative answer to a question posed by Levy and Matveev [‘Some questions on monotone Lindelöfness’, Questions Answers Gen. Topology26 (2008), 13–27, Question 51].

A note on monotonically metacompact spaces

We show that any metacompact Moore space is monotonically metacompact and use that result to characterize monotone metacompactness in certain generalized ordered (GO) spaces. We show, for example, that a generalized ordered space with a σ-closed-discrete dense subset is metrizable if and only if it is monotonically (countably) metacompact, that a monotonically (countably) metacompact GO-space is hereditarily paracompact, and that a locally countably compact GO-space is metrizable if and only if it is monotonically (countably) metacompact. We give an example of a non-metrizable LOTS that is monotonically metacompact, thereby answering a question posed by S.G. Popvassilev. We also give consistent examples showing that if there is a Souslin line, then there is one Souslin line that is monotonically countable metacompact, and another Souslin line that is not monotonically countably metacompact.

Mixed- and general-order kinetics applied to selected thermoluminescence glow curves

Mixed-order (MO) and general-order (GO) kinetics expressions are applied to experimental glow curves of CaSO4:Ce, LiNaSO4:Eu, BaF2:Ce and SrF2:Er. The purpose is to compare the activation energies derived from the two models to investigate the correlation between the order of kinetics, b, and the parameter alpha of the MO model for real systems and to explore the validity of the correlation between b and alpha derived from the analysis of synthetic glow peaks or experimentally isolated single peak for complex glow curves. The two alternative routes resulted in clean fits with very close values of the sum of squared residuals. The general conclusions are: (1) the activation energies derived from the MO model are slightly higher than the ones derived from the GO model, but the difference appears to be insignificant, (2) the correlation between b and alpha is not smooth and the scatter in the b values for a given alpha is within the theoretically expected spread in the b value and (3) the MO expression is capable of evaluating the shape parameters as accurately as the GO expression with the advantage that it has a physical basis contrary to the purely empirical GO model.

Effect of population of trapping states on kinetic parameters of [formula omitted] (GR-200) using mixed and general order of kinetics

Thermoluminescence (TL) Peak 4 of LiF : Mg , Cu , P (Gr-200) has been introduced as a candidate for testing the previously reported correlations between the mixed-order (MO) and general-order (GO) models. It was found that the activation energy of the main peak varies smoothly from 2.15 to 2.34 eV using the GO model and from 2.17 to 2.41 eV using the MO model with increasing the duration of post-irradiation anneal at 170 ∘ C after exposing the chip to a 4.5 mGy dose. A computer program based on the Levenberg–Marquart algorithm was used for curve fitting and determination of trapping parameters using the GO and MO kinetics equations. The peak shape parameters involved in the MO analysis ( E, α ) have been compared with the peak shape parameters ( E and b) involved in the GO analysis. In this real system we have concluded that the MO model is superior for kinetic analysis of TL. Discussion of the obtained results has also been presented.

Quarter-stratifiability in ordered spaces

In this paper we study Banakh’s quarter-stratifiability among generalized ordered (GO)-spaces. All quarter-stratifiable GO-spaces have a σ \sigma -closed-discrete dense set and therefore are perfect, and have a G δ G_\delta -diagonal. We characterize quarter-stratifiability among GO-spaces and show that, unlike the situation in general topological spaces, quarter-stratifiability is a hereditary property in GO-spaces. We give examples showing that a separable perfect GO-space with a G δ G_\delta -diagonal can fail to be quarter-stratifiable and that any GO-space constructed on a Q-set in the real line must be quarter-stratifiable.

Compact [formula omitted] sets

In this paper we study spaces in which each compact subset is a G δ -set and compare them to H.W. Martin's c-semi-stratifiable (CSS) spaces, i.e. spaces in which compact sets are G δ -sets in a uniform way. We prove that a (countably) compact subset of a Hausdorff space X is metrizable and a G δ -subset of X provided X has a δθ-base, or a point-countable, T 1 -point-separating open cover, or a quasi- G δ -diagonal. We also show that any compact subset of a Hausdorff space X having a base of countable order must be a G δ -subset of X and note that this result does not hold for countably compact subsets of BCO-spaces. We characterize CSS spaces in terms of certain functions g ( n , x ) and prove a “local implies global” theorem for submetacompact spaces that are locally CSS. In addition, we give examples showing that even though every compact subset of a space with a point-countable base (respectively, of a space with a base of countable order) must be a G δ -set, there are examples of such spaces that are not CSS. In the paper's final section, we examine the role of the CSS property in the class of generalized ordered (GO) spaces. We use a stationary set argument to show that any monotonically normal CSS space is hereditarily paracompact. We show that, among GO-spaces with σ-closed-discrete dense subsets, being CSS and having a G δ -diagonal are equivalent properties, and we use a Souslin space example due to Heath to show that (consistently) the CSS property is not equivalent to the existence of a G δ -diagonal in the more general class of perfect GO-spaces.

A critical look at the kinetic models of thermoluminescence—II. Non-first order kinetics

Non-first order (FO) kinetics models are of three types; second order (SO), general order (GO) and mixed order (MO). It is shown that all three of these have constraints in their energy level schemes and their applicable parameter values. In nature such restrictions are not expected to exist. The thermoluminescence (TL) glow peaks produced by these models shift their position and change their shape as the trap occupancies change. Such characteristics are very unlike those found in samples of real materials. In these models, in general, retrapping predominates over recombination. It is shown that the quasi-equilibrium (QE) assumption implied in the derivation of the TL equation of these models is quite valid, thus disproving earlier workers' conclusion that QE cannot be held under retrapping dominant conditions. However notwithstanding their validity, they suffer from the shortcomings as stated above and have certain lacunae. For example, the kinetic order (KO) parameter and the pre-exponential factor which are assumed to be the constant parameters of the GO kinetics expression turn out to be variables when this expression is applied to plausible physical models. Further, in glow peak characterization using the GO expression, the quality of fit is found to deteriorate when the best fitted value of KO parameter is different from 1 and 2. This means that the found value of the basic parameter, namely the activation energy, becomes subject to error. In the MO kinetics model, the value of the KO parameter α would change with dose, and thus in this model also, as in the GO model, no single value of KO can be assigned to a given glow peak. The paper discusses TL of real materials having characteristics typically like those of FO kinetics. Theoretically too, a plausible physical model of TL emission produces glow peaks which have characteristics of FO kinetics under a wide variety of parametric combinations. In the background of the above findings, it is suggested that the kinetics analysis of the TL glow curves should be carried out straightforwardly assuming FO kinetics.