General Method Research Articles

Network Architecture Search Methods for Constructing Efficient Fault Diagnosis Models in Rotating Machinery

Abstract The development of high-performance fault diagnosis models for specific tasks requires substantial expertise. Neural Architecture Search (NAS) offers a promising solution, but most NAS methodologies are hampered by lengthy search durations and low efficiency, and few researchers have applied these methods within the fault diagnosis domain. This paper introduces a novel differentiable architecture search (DARTS) method tailored for constructing efficient fault diagnosis models for rotating machinery, designed to rapidly and effectively search for network models suitable for specific datasets. Specifically, this study constructs a completely new and advanced search space, incorporating various efficient, lightweight convolutional operations to reduce computational complexity. To enhance the stability of the differentiable network architecture search process and reduce fluctuations in model accuracy, this study proposes a novel Multi-scale Pyramid Squeeze Attention (MPSA) module. This module aids in the learning of richer multi-scale feature representations and adaptively recalibrates the weights of multi-dimensional channel attention. The proposed method was validated on two rotating machinery fault datasets, demonstrating superior performance compared to manually designed networks and general network search methods, with notably improved diagnostic effectiveness.

Академическая адаптация китайских аспирантов: проблемы коммуникативной компетентности

The relevance of the study is determined by new challenges in the field of organizing an effective multidimensional communicative process in which graduate students coming from the PRC to obtain a PhD diploma are immersed — this is the main result aimed at by foreign graduate students studying at a Russian university. To achieve the goal, a comprehensive study is conducted, including descriptive, associative methods, methods of synthesis and generalization, semantic and conceptual analysis. The conducted research shows that in the process of acquiring high-level communicative competence Chinese graduate students face a number of problems that cannot be solved without a special methodology adapted to the goals and objectives of graduate students. It seems promising to apply the solutions proposed by the author in educational practice to streamline the system of training and stages of academic adaptation of Chinese graduate students in Russian universities.

Growth of Surface Oxide Layers on Dendritic Cu Particles by Wet Treatment and Enhancement of Sinter-Bondability by Using Cu Paste Containing the Particles

Pastes were prepared using dendritic Cu particles as fillers, and a compression die attachment process was implemented to establish a pure Cu joint using low-cost materials and high-speed sinter bonding. We aimed to grow an oxidation layer on the particle surface to improve sinter-bondability. Because the growth of the oxidation layer by general thermal oxidation methods makes it difficult to use as a filler owing to agglomeration between particles, we induced oxidation growth by wet surface treatment. Consequently, when the oxidation layer was appropriately grown by surface treatment using an acetic acid–ethanol solution, we obtained an improved joint strength, approximately 2.8 times higher than the existing excellent result based on a bonding time of 10 s. The joint formed in just 10 s at 300 °C in the air under 10 MPa compression showed a shear strength of 28.4 MPa. When the bonding time was increased to 60 s, the joint exhibited a higher strength (35.1 MPa) and a very dense microstructure without voids. These results were attributed to the acceleration of sintering by the in situ formation of more Cu nanoparticles, which effectively reduced the increased oxide layers in the particles using a reducing solvent.

Comparative analysis of methods for predicting train-induced vibrations

Railway systems cause more severe vibration pollution than road systems, and the vibration pollution caused by railway systems has been increasing annually over the past two decades. Despite this, there is limited investigation into the accuracy of train-induced vibration prediction methods. Therefore, the present study investigated the accuracy of the detailed and general procedures proposed by the US Federal Transit Administration (FTA) for predicting train-induced vibrations. The accuracy of these methods was determined by evaluating their predictions against in-situ measurements of ground vibration levels induced by passing trains. The field experiments conducted in this study involved the measurement of train-induced vibration levels, the estimation of line-source transfer mobility (LSTM) by dropping a weight on rail sleepers, the evaluation of force density levels, and the determination of ground LSTM by dropping a weight on the ground. In addition, graphs were plotted to determine the relationships of train-induced vertical vibration levels with train speed, distance from the track centreline, and train length. The study compared measured and predicted vibration levels to assess the accuracy of the FTA’s detailed and general prediction methods. Results indicate that detailed assessments tend to overestimate vibration levels, while an optimized general vibration assessment curve offers a more precise estimate. Additionally, on the basis of the measurement data, the study explored the impact of train length on ground vibration and demonstrated that track ballast can absorb vibration energy along the wave propagation path. A frequency propagation contour plot was also created to analyse vibration energy across different frequencies. These findings enhance the reliability of train-induced vibration prediction methods and provide insights for improving vibration mitigation strategies in urban railway systems.

THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FOUNDATIONS OF EMPLOYEE MATERIAL LIABILITY

This article delves into the theoretical and practical aspects of employee material liability, focusing on the standards governing the material liability of employees in Ukraine and the European Union. The research aims to analyze the current Ukrainian legislation and international practices to improve approaches to regulating material liability within a market economy. General scientific methods of cognition, such as analysis, comparison, systematization, and generalization, were employed during the study. The findings reveal that Ukrainian legislation stipulates four main types of material liability: full, limited, enhanced, and collective. Full material liability, as regulated by Article 134 of the Labor Code of Ukraine (LCU), applies when there is a written agreement between the employee and the employer, particularly in cases where the employee is entrusted with material assets for use or safekeeping. Key documents for this include an authorization and an agreement. Additional full liability arises in cases of intentional damage or when the employee is under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Limited material liability is applied when the losses are less than the average earnings of the employee and does not cover amounts exceeding this threshold. The procedure for calculating average wages is regulated by the CMU Resolution No. 100 of February 8, 1995. Enhanced material liability pertains to employees involved in the handling of precious metals, stones, and currency valuables and can reach up to double or triple the value of the incurred damages. Collective liability applies to groups of employees jointly responsible for damage caused to the enterprise. The practical significance of the research lies in the potential for enhancing the legal framework governing employee material liability in Ukraine, taking into account European experience.

A generalized method of power oscillation characteristic analysis for multi‐VSC grid‐connected system

AbstractThe grid‐connection of high‐permeability new energy through voltage‐source converters (VSCs) brings new oscillation risks to the power system, which seriously threatens the stable operation of the system. Therefore, an evaluating method based on modal analysis is proposed to investigate the power oscillation characteristics in a multi‐VSC grid‐connected system. Initially, based on the analogy method, the output admittance model of voltage‐source controlled VSCs (VC‐VSCs) and current‐source controlled VSCs (CC‐VSCs) is established. Subsequently, the output admittance model of a multi‐VSC grid‐connected system is constructed. Then, the modal analysis method is introduced to investigate the power oscillation characteristics of VC‐VSCs and CC‐VSCs, and the influence factors of power oscillation and its variation law are analysed. Next, a sensitivity analysis is also employed, which helps to identify the origin of each oscillation mode and determine the contribution of each component to the power oscillation. Finally, simulation and experiment are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the above analysis method.

Multiscale Spectral Manifold Wavelet Regularizer for Unsupervised Deep Functional Maps

AbstractIn deep functional maps, the regularizer computing the functional map is especially crucial for ensuring the global consistency of the computed pointwise map. As the regularizers integrated into deep learning should be differentiable, it is not trivial to incorporate informative axiomatic structural constraints into the deep functional map, such as the orientation‐preserving term. Although commonly used regularizers include the Laplacian‐commutativity term and the resolvent Laplacian commutativity term, these are limited to single‐scale analysis for capturing geometric information. To this end, we propose a novel and theoretically well‐justified regularizer commuting the functional map with the multiscale spectral manifold wavelet operator. This regularizer enhances the isometric constraints of the functional map and is conducive to providing it with better structural properties with multiscale analysis. Furthermore, we design an unsupervised deep functional map with the regularizer in a fully differentiable way. The quantitative and qualitative comparisons with several existing techniques on the (near‐)isometric and non‐isometric datasets show our method's superior accuracy and generalization capabilities. Additionally, we illustrate that our regularizer can be easily inserted into other functional map methods and improve their accuracy.

Критерії відповідності фінансового менеджменту емітента зелених облігацій

Introduction. A fundamental principle in the green bond market is the financing of projects that have a positive impact on the environment. Socially responsible investors want to be sure that the proceeds from the issuance of these securities are used as intended, and that the projects being financed contribute to the achievement of environmental goals. For this purpose, the relevant international standards have already been adopted on the green bond market. Problem Statement. In the green bond market, manipulation often occurs when the proceeds from the issuance of these securities are allocated to projects that are not actually environmentally friendly, although they are portrayed as such. Compliance of the financial management of the issuer of green bonds with generally accepted standards is always in the focus of attention of socially responsible investors. An urgent task is to measure the compliance of financial management with generally accepted standards, which will affect the future results of the issuer of green bonds in the distribution of income to achieve environmental goals. Purpose of the article is to identify the criteria for compliance of the green bond issuer's financial management with internationally recognized standards. Methods. The following research methods were used: the generalization method (when studying theoretical sources, scientific works of famous scientists and researchers on selected issues); methods of comparisons and synthesis (during the review of international acts, existing practices and standards), the method of analysis (to identify the criteria of compliance of financial management in the green bond market); logical method (for forming conclusions). Results. The article reveals the concept and features of financial management in the green bond market, examines global practices and standards for managing proceeds from the issuance of these securities. The principles and requirements that issuers of green bonds on the global and European markets should follow are summarized. On the basis of the conducted research, the criteria of compliance of financial management in the market of green bonds are singled out. Conclusions. The principles and methods contained in international standards and recommended acts on the green bond market provide a basis for measuring the compliance of the issuer's financial management with internationally recognized practices. The conducted research made it possible to single out the following criteria: 1) the ability to properly select and evaluate projects; 2) confirmation of the targeted direction of income; 3) availability of separate accounting of receipts; 4) organization of control over revenue management; 5) involvement of an independent third party in the control. Identified financial management compliance criteria make it possible to identify the green bond issuer's strengths and weaknesses for further improvement of its internal practices, increase transparency, and improve management processes and foundations. Checking the issuer of green bonds according to each of the criteria on a point basis allows establishing the general level of compliance of its financial management with the expectations of socially responsible investors.

A Unified Model for Chinese Cyber Threat Intelligence Flat Entity and Nested Entity Recognition

In recent years, as cybersecurity threats have become increasingly severe and cyberattacks have occurred frequently, higher requirements have been put forward for cybersecurity protection. Therefore, the Named Entity Recognition (NER) technique, which is the cornerstone of Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) analysis, is particularly important. However, most existing NER studies are limited to recognizing single-layer flat entities, ignoring the possible nested entities in CTI. On the other hand, most of the existing studies focus on English CTIs, and the existing models performed poorly in a limited number of Chinese CTI studies. Given the above challenges, we propose in this paper a novel unified model, RBTG, which aims to identify flat and nested entities in Chinese CTI effectively. To overcome the difficult boundary recognition problem and the direction-dependent and distance-dependent properties in Chinese CTI NER, we use Global Pointer as the decoder and TENER as the encoder layer, respectively. Specifically, the Global Pointer layer solves the problem of the insensitivity of general NER methods to entity boundaries by utilizing the relative position information and the multiplicative attention mechanism. The TENER layer adapts to the Chinese CTI NER task by introducing an attention mechanism with direction awareness and distance awareness. Meanwhile, to cope with the complex feature capture of hierarchical structure and dependencies among Chinese CTI nested entities, the TENER layer solves the problem by following the structure of multiple self-attention layers and feed-forward network layers superimposed on each other in the Transformer. In addition, to fill the gap in the Chinese CTI nested entity dataset, we further apply the Large Language Modeling (LLM) technique and domain knowledge to construct a high-quality Chinese CTI nested entity dataset, CDTinee, which consists of six entity types selected from STIX, including nearly 4000 entity types extracted from more than 3000 threatening sentences. In the experimental session, we conduct extensive experiments on multiple datasets, and the results show that the proposed model RBTG outperforms the baseline model in both flat NER and nested NER.

Методологічні підходи до дослідження та формування інституційного забезпечення кліматичного фінансування

Introduction. At the core of any scientific research lies the process of cognition, which necessitates clarification of the conceptual approach in accordance with the chosen methodology. The desired outcomes are determined not only by the initial theoretical stance of the researcher but also by a well-founded formulation of the problem and a specification of the directions for scientific inquiry. Thus, proper scientific cognition and the selection of specific general and special methods require an adequate theoretical and practical understanding of reality, necessitating a sophisticated methodology for scientific research. Problem Statement. Preventing, countering, and adapting to the negative impacts of climate change for the socio-economic development of countries and the deterioration of the environment require the establishment of effective institutional support for climate financing, aimed at mitigating these issues. To implement such measures through climate financing, a well-grounded methodology is essential for both research and the formation of institutional support for climate financial flows. Purpose. To define methodological approaches to the study and formation of institutional support for climate financing. Methods. A systemic approach was applied, along with monographic, historical, economic-statistical methods, and methods of comparative and expert analysis. Results. The significance of the methodology of scientific cognition has been established. Methodological approaches to the study and formation of institutional support for climate financing have been outlined, along with their components and the methodological arsenal for addressing the identified issues. Conclusions. To conduct a comprehensive study and establish institutional support for climate financing, advanced methodological approaches are required. These will enable a thorough understanding of the essence, varieties, functions, components, and instruments of such financing, facilitating the development of adequate institutional support to enhance the effectiveness of prevention, counteraction, and mitigation of the negative impacts of climate change and adaptation to these changes.

Reversal of Reactivity of Heyns Intermediate for the Concise Synthesis of Substituted 3-Hydroxyquinolines.

An efficient and general method for the synthesis of 3-hydroxyquinolines has been achieved from o-acylanilines and α-hydroxyketones in good yields. The strategy involves the intramolecular reverse trapping of the in situ generated aminoenol intermediate with an electrophilic carbonyl, viz. an interrupted Heyns rearrangement, followed by aromatization. Important features include good functional group tolerance, operational simplicity, gram-scale synthesis, and broad synthetic utility.

Ammann Bars for Octagonal Tilings

Ammann bars are formed by segments (decorations) on the tiles of a tiling such that forming straight lines with them while tiling forces non-periodicity. Only a few cases are known, starting with Robert Ammann's observations on Penrose tiles, but there is no general explanation or construction. In this article we propose a general method for cut and project tilings based on the notion of subperiods and we illustrate it with an aperiodic set of 36 decorated prototiles related to what we called Cyrenaic tilings.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ЗАСАДИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ІНКЛЮЗИВНОГО РИНКУ ПРАЦІ В УКРАЇНІ

Introduction. In the conditions of war, Ukraine faces numerous challenges that affect the socio-economic situation and the functioning of the labor market. At the same time, the formation of an inclusive labor market, which is able to provide equal opportunities for all citizens, including vulnerable groups of the population, which will contribute to social cohesion and economic stability of the country, becomes particularly relevant. This requires the formation of conceptual approaches to the creation of an inclusive labor market in Ukraine, taking into account the peculiarities of wartime and the challenges facing the country. The purpose of the article. The purpose of the study is to determine the conceptual foundations of the formation of an inclusive labor market in Ukraine in wartime conditions based on the identification of the main challenges for attracting vulnerable population groups to the labor market and the development of ways to overcome them in order to ensure the social and economic stability of the state. Methods. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive approach, which includes the analysis of scientific literature, regulatory and legal framework and statistical data. The research uses methods of comparative analysis to determine barriers in the labor market, a systematic approach to determine the conceptual foundations of inclusiveness, and a method of logical generalization to determine practical ways to solve the identified problems. Results. The article identifies the need for the formation of an inclusive labor market in Ukraine in the conditions of war, when socio-economic instability affects access to employment for various population groups. The main barriers to the participation of vulnerable population groups in the labor market, including veterans, internally displaced persons, people with disabilities, youth and women, have been identified. The analysis of the modern legal framework showed that there is currently a shortage of state support tools for their employment. The importance of cooperation between the state, business and the public sector to create equal employment opportunities has been proven. Conceptual approaches to the formation of an inclusive labor market are defined: implementation of professional retraining programs, development of social entrepreneurship and adaptation of workplaces. The need for the formation of a state policy aimed at ensuring equal access to the labor market for all population groups and strengthening the economic stability of Ukraine has been proven. Conclusions. The importance of the formation of an inclusive labor market in Ukraine as a key element of socio-economic stability in the conditions of war has been proven. The proposed conceptual principles ensure the expansion of opportunities for vulnerable population groups, the reduction of unemployment and the increase of social cohesion.

МАРКЕТИНГОВІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ ЦІНОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ НА ПОВЕДІНКУ СПОЖИВАЧІВ

Abstract Introduction. Economic terms "marketing pricing policy" are considered in the article, "behavior of consumers", interpretation different foreign and home scientists, it is given their description. The role of marketing pricing policy is investigational for companies and consumers of products or services. It is considered types of consumer behavior and their reaction on a price. The purpose of the article. Research of approaches in relation to determination of concept "marketing pricing policy" their value and terms of pricing, consideration of term "behavior of consumers", research of types of behavior of consumers and their reaction on a price. Methods. During research the methods of comparison, analysis, synthesis, abstraction, theoretical, historical and logical generalization are used. The dialectical method of research became methodological basis. Results. It is exposed essence of economic term "marketing pricing policy" and "behavior of consumers". The conducted research showed that a competent price policy is an important component of the company's marketing strategy, because the price is one of the key factors taken into account by consumers when making purchase decisions. The study of consumer behavior is a priority area in the activity of any company, because consumers, after purchasing goods, bring profit to it. Therefore, for the successful operation of the company, customers must be in the center of attention. By studying consumers, their motives, wishes, price categories, and purchase processes, companies try to offer buyers exactly what they need. Conclusiоns. A study of theoretical and practical aspects of the marketing policy of pricing and consumer behavior was conducted, the types of consumer behavior and their reaction to the price were investigated. It was determined that the influence of marketing price policy on consumers is a key factor in making a purchase decision. Price politics determines the cost of commodities and services, that influences on perception of general utility of product consumers. The question of the factors that influence the behavior of consumers that most encourage the purchase of goods or services requires further research. Defining the role and place of price in making a purchase.

ПОДАТКОВА СИСТЕМА УКРАЇНИ ТА КРАЇН ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ: ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АСПЕКТ

Introduction. The tax system is one of the main tools of economic policy, which allows to regulate financial flows, stimulate economic development and ensure the stability of public finances. Comparing the tax systems of Ukraine and the European Union countries is important for understanding the ways of integration and adaptation of the Ukrainian economy to European standards, especially considering Ukraine's intentions to join the EU. The purpose of the article. The goal of the research is to identify the peculiarities of the functioning of the tax system of Ukraine and the tax systems of the European Union and, on the basis of a comparative analysis, to identify their positive and negative characteristics. Methods. The research methodology involves the use of a comprehensive approach, which includes the analysis and systematization of sources of scientific and practical literature, regulatory and legal framework and analytical data. The research uses methods of comparative analysis to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the analyzed tax systems, a system approach to determine the conceptual basis of the functioning of the tax system of Ukraine and the EU countries, as well as a method of logical generalization to formulate conclusions. At the same time, the article uses a tabular method to visually present the research results. Results. The article defines the necessity of researching the tax systems of the countries of the European Union and the tax system of Ukraine. It was found that the level of taxation in Ukraine corresponds to the average European indicators. An analysis of rates for value added tax, personal income tax, and income tax in Ukraine and in such countries of the European Union as Germany, Spain, Italy, France, Poland and others was carried out. The analysis showed that Ukraine currently has one of the lowest tax rates for the three main taxes among the European countries under review. It has been proven that there is no ideal taxation system. The main advantages and disadvantages of the investigated tax systems are determined. Conclusions. The importance of forming an optimal taxation system in Ukraine as a key element of the socio-economic development of the country in the conditions of military aggression is proven. The main imperatives for the development of the tax system of Ukraine in the conditions of European integration processes are proposed.

КОНЦЕПЦІЯ НИЗЬКОВУГЛЕЦЕВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ: МІСЦЕ В СИСТЕМІ СУЧАСНИХ ЕКОЛОГООРІЄНТОВАНИХ СУСПІЛЬНИХ КОНЦЕПЦІЙ

Introduction. The concept of a low-carbon economy is designed to solve the problem of climate change by transforming the socio-ecological-economic system based on the principles of zero greenhouse gas emissions. However, this issue is also addressed in most other environmentally oriented social concepts. The purpose of the article. The purpose of this article is to determine the place of the low-carbon economy within the system of modern environmentally oriented concepts of social development. Methods. The research was conducted by using general scientific and general economic methods. In particular, the most common methods were abstraction, generalization, comparison, induction, deduction, monographic method, axiomatic method, methods of retrospective and systematic analysis. Results. To achieve this goal, the author analyzed the most popular of environmentally oriented social concepts: the concept of sustainable development, the green economy concept, the blue economy concept, the concept of the blue (ocean) economy, and the circular economy concept. Additionally, a schematic model was constructed to illustrate the position of the low-carbon economy within the system of environmentally oriented concepts of social development. The study provides a retrospective analysis of the inception and evolutionary development of each of the researched concepts. Their guiding ideas, main principles, goals, and tasks were identified. Furthermore, the article differentiates between complementary and interchangeable concepts and shows the horizontal and vertical connections among the reviewed concepts. It was established that the issue of global warming is considered in each of the analyzed concepts. Moreover, the relationship between the analyzed concepts and the low-carbon economy concept was examined. Conclusions. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the low-carbon economy concept consolidates measures and mechanisms to address the important and urgent problem of climate change. Within the system of environmentally-oriented social concepts, the investigated concept occupies the place of a specialized concept focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change to achieve green growth and sustainable development. It is closely related to several other concepts through the common goal of finding ways to combat climate change. Consequently, the ideas of a low-carbon economy have become widespread in the concepts of sustainable development, the green economy, the blue economy, the blue (ocean) economy, and the circular economy.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВНУТРІШНЬОГО КОНТРОЛЮ РОЗРАХУНКІВ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

Introduction. In the conditions of martial law, enterprises face new challenges that affect all areas of their economic activity, including settlement operations. Internal control of settlements becomes critical for ensuring financial stability and supporting operational activities. This requires a study of the specifics of the organization of internal control of the company's calculations during the state of war, in particular the issue of ensuring the security of financial operations in conditions of instability and market uncertainty. The purpose of the article. The purpose of the study is to investigate the features and effective mechanisms of internal control of payments at enterprises operating under martial law to ensure their financial stability and competitiveness. Methods. The research methodology includes a comprehensive approach that combines general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison, as well as specific financial and economic methods of evaluating the internal control system, including methods of risk analysis and auditing of financial operations. Results. The article examines the main principles of ensuring effective internal control of the calculations of economic entities in the conditions of martial law. It was found that failures in the work of banking systems, interruptions in communications and logistics significantly complicate the timely execution of financial transactions. The need to strengthen control over payment discipline on the part of both the enterprise and its counterparties has been identified. The necessity of implementing additional measures to protect the payment system, including increased attention to the verification of counterparties and the use of digital monitoring tools, has been proven. The growing need for rapid adaptation of internal control procedures to new conditions, such as changes in legislation introduced in connection with military operations, or new requirements for financial reporting, which requires the involvement of qualified personnel capable of promptly responding to new challenges and risks, has been studied. Conclusions. It has been proven that the internal control of the company's calculations in the conditions of martial law is an important element of maintaining stable operations and financial security. Therefore, to ensure its effectiveness, it is necessary to constantly update control methods, take into account new risks and challenges associated with war, and implement modern monitoring tools on the basis.

ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ ДЕРЖАВНОГО БАНКІВСЬКОГО СЕКТОРУ УКРАЇНИ

Introduction. During the period of independence, several state-owned banks operated in Ukraine – from two in the 2000s to seven in 2013-2014 and 2024. Until 2008, the state’s share in the banking sector's assets was insignificant and amounted to approximately 6%. Since then, the share of state-owned banks has increased almost 10 times. Banks of the public sector are included in the list of critical infrastructure objects in the banking system and the list of authorized banks of Ukraine involved in work in the conditions of a special period. The purpose of the article is to determine the main trends in the development of the state banking sector in Ukraine during the period of independence. Methods. In the research process the following general scientific methods of knowledge were used, such as historical method (when studying the emergence and development of state banks in chronological order), generalization and comparison (when studying the essence of state banks, to compare the state banking sector of Ukraine and foreign countries), analysis (for assessment of the role of individual state-owned banks) and synthesis (for a generalized assessment of the share of the state-owned banking sector and the economic problems arising from it), a statistical method (in the study of quantitative indicators of the functioning of state-owned banks of Ukraine). The results. The main stages of the development of the state banking sector of Ukraine were studied: the reasons for the creation of state banks and the nationalization of private ones, the results of these decisions for the economy and the financial system, and the change state banking sector’s share in the banking system were analyzed. The place of individual state banks in the banking system by size and share of assets is highlighted. Conclusions. The main negative consequences of a high share of the state in the banking sector are summarized and the need to reform the state banking sector of Ukraine is formulated. The impracticality of privatizing the largest state-owned banks during the war has been substantiated.

Political PR in International Digital Communications: The Experience of the Eurasian Media Space

Digital media has become an integral part of the political life of citizens, as an increasing number of people around the world use digital media technologies for communication. Digital media contribute to the formation of socio-political factors that raise concerns about the spread of disinformation, information disagreements and political polarization.Aim. To analyze the tools, problems and opportunities of political PR in the context of digitalization of the media space in foreign countries and the EAEU countries.Tasks. To give significant ideas about the concepts of “political public relations” and “political communication”; to identify factors influencing political communication processes; to present international experience in the application of political PR in the context of digitalization of media; to formulate the possibilities for the development of Eurasian integration in the context of digitalization of the media space.Methods. The methodological basis of the scientific research was such modern general scientific research methods as: comparative analysis, statistical and structural-logical methods, content analysis of open sources of information.Results. The paper defines the role and importance of digital media in political PR activities, identifies traditional and modern factors of influence on political activity, as well as problems in the new digital reality. To build political communications with the audience, its impact and increase engagement, political organizations use new media technologies using multimodality. In practice, the digital inequality of the world population deprives a number of people of digital communication, and as a result, the necessary conditions for participation in the political and economic life of the country. The digital divide of the EAEU countries reduces the political communicative impact on citizens’ beliefs in the need to strengthen integration processes. It seems appropriate to introduce consistency in the formation of the Eurasian integration agenda and a single digital information field to increase the political culture of civic engagement in all EAEU member states.Conclusions. With the help of variation of resources, the necessary content is formed to create the necessary audience effect. Indeed, digital media has a number of advantages that have been proven in practice, however, political PR is influenced by the negative side of the development of digital communications — the spread of fake news, most of which cannot be traced to the source. Therefore, the transformation of digital opportunities, the distribution of political resources, the dissemination of political discourse and the structure of political opportunities in the digital age is the most relevant in the modern world. Using the example of the EAEU countries, it is proved that digitalization in the international media space causes the involvement of citizens of different countries in integration, generalization and formation of public support for the state.

In silico Evaluation of NO-Sartans against SARS-CoV-2.

Numerous clinical trials are currently investigating the potential of nitric oxide (NO) as an antiviral agent against coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, some researchers have reported positive effects of certain Sartans against SARS-CoV-2. Considering the impact of NO-Sartans on the cardiovascular system, we have compiled information on the general structure, synthesis methods, and biological studies of synthesized NOSartans. In silico evaluation of all NO-Sartans and approved sartans against three key SARS-CoV- -2 targets, namely Mpro (PDB ID: 6LU7), NSP16 (PDB ID: 6WKQ), and ACE-2 (PDB ID: 1R4L), was performed using MOE. Almost all NO-Sartans and approved sartans demonstrated promising results in inhibiting these SARS-CoV-2 targets. Compound 36 (CLC-1280) showed the best docking scores against the three evaluated targets and was further evaluated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Based on our in silico studies, CLC-1280 (a Valsartan dinitrate) has the potential to be considered as an inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, further in vitro and in vivo evaluations are necessary for the drug development process.