General Work Research Articles

Interprofessional collaboration between hospital-based palliative care teams and general healthcare workers: A realist review protocol.

Palliative care, vital for patients with advanced, life-limiting or life-threatening illnesses, faces an increasing global demand due to aging populations and rising non-communicable diseases. Specialized palliative care teams (PCTs) within hospitals significantly impact patient outcomes, which requires effective interprofessional collaboration with general healthcare workers. Therefore, We will conduct a realist review to explore the contextual factors, mechanisms and outcomes related to the interprofessional collaboration between PCTs and general healthcare workers. Grounded in the third generation Cultural-Historical Activity Theory, this review will follow 5-step iterative process. First, a preliminary literature search will define the review scope. Second, based on the preliminary searches an initial program theory will be developed. Third, systematic searches across PubMed, Embase, CINHAL, Web of Science, and Scopus will be caried out. Fourth, data extraction of included studies will be conducted. Simultaneously, relevance and rigour of individual studies will be evaluated. Lastly, data analysis and synthesis will be conducted in which identified individual Context-Mechanism-Outcome (CMO) configurations will be combined in chains of inference through which hypotheses can be formulated. In summary, this realist review will refine an initially developed program theory, producing a framework elucidating how interprofessional collaboration works between PCTs and general healthcare workers. This review aims to provide crucial insights into interprofessional collaboration between PCTs and general healthcare workers, informing optimized palliative care delivery in acute care hospitals for diverse stakeholders.

The prevalence of suboptimal prescribing of medication in First Nations older adults in the Torres Strait.

This study assessed the prevalence of suboptimal prescribing of medicines in First Nations older adults in the Torres Strait. Types of suboptimal prescribing included polypharmacy, over-prescribing, under-prescribing and anticholinergic burden. It also assessed any significant associations between suboptimal prescribing and common age-related problems such as falls, reduced function and cognition. Cross-sectional study (2015-2018) on 18 island and five mainland communities in the Torres Strait and Northern Peninsula Area of Far North Queensland, Australia. Community-dwelling residents aged 45 years and older who identified as Torres Strait Islander and/or Aboriginal with complete medication histories were recruited in this study. Validated prescribing tools were used to identify suboptimal prescribing practises. There were 254 participants with complete medication histories. The mean age was 65.7 (SD ± 10.9, range 45-93), with 65% female. Suboptimal prescribing in this study was 74%. Of these, 49% of participants had polypharmacy, 44% were over-prescribed, and 36% were under-prescribed. Anticholinergic burden was identified in 26% of participants. Polypharmacy was more prevalent in participants who were dependent on instrumental activities of daily living (iADLs). The results demonstrate the importance of general practitioners, health-care workers or pharmacists, to monitor medication prescribing in this population. Frequent review of medications to reduce suboptimal prescribing practices within these communities may help to reduce adverse outcomes because of prescribing practices.

Adrian Weir, UNITE History Volume 6 (1992–2010): The Transport and General Workers’ Union (TGWU): Unity for a New Era

Adrian Weir, <i>UNITE History Volume 6 (1992–2010): The Transport and General Workers’ Union (TGWU): Unity for a New Era</i>

Impacts of demographic factors and the COVID-19 pandemic on job stress inJapanese childcare workers.

Japan has a shortage of childcare personnel, and the high levels of stress causing turnover in childcare workers must be urgently resolved. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the characteristics and influencing factors of job stress in Japanese childcare workers. This study aimed to evaluate the job stress of childcare workers and explore the influence of demographic factors and the COVID-19 pandemic on such stress. The data were collected through an Internet survey from 2,472 respondents. A 23-item version of the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire was used to measure occupational stress in childcare workers. The instrument is recommended in the stress-check program implemented as a mental health measure in workplaces in Japan. The percentage of childcare workers with high stress exceeded that of general workers. Multiple regression analyses showed that the only factor affecting all job stressors and social support was the fear of contracting COVID-19. Job stressors and the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant large effect on stress responses. Additionally, being married and having children moderated childcare workers' stress. This study provided basic data regarding job stress in Japanese childcare workers and compared them with those of other professionals. In the future, it will be necessary to clarify how stress is related to turnover intention and turnover in Japanese childcare workers to promote their career continuity.

교사가 경험하는 번아웃 증상의 특성: 일반 직장인과의 비교

This study was conducted to examine whether there were differences in burnout symptoms between teachers and general office workers. The research utilized an employee job burnout assessment and conducted a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to compare burnout symptoms between the two groups. The findings are as follows: First, the MANOVA results indicated a significant difference in burnout symptoms between teachers and general office workers. Second, the exploration of specific differences in burnout sub-symptoms between teachers and general office workers revealed that general office workers exhibited higher levels of diminished work performance, proactive work avoidance, interpersonal avoidance, and depression. Third, in terms of physical exhaustion, teachers demonstrated significantly higher burnout scores compared to general office workers. This study provides a foundation for subsequent research and offers insights for the development of burnout prevention and intervention programs specifically targeting teachers by offering a detailed comparison of burnout symptoms between teachers and general office workers.

Organizational justice and work engagement of public service workers and general workers in South Korea: moderating role of supportive learning environment

Organizational justice and work engagement of public service workers and general workers in South Korea: moderating role of supportive learning environment

Alcohol intake and patterns of multi-site musculoskeletal pain in the British Whitehall II study

Abstract Background Patterns of multi-site musculoskeletal (MSK) pain and its relationship with alcohol drinking among white-collar employees and retirees remain unclear compared to blue-collar workers. This study aimed to examine the relationship between alcohol drinking and MSK pain through latent class analysis (LCA) in current and retired white-collar employees. Methods We used the data from the 7th phase (2000-2002, n = 6,967, response rate 71.6%) of the British Whitehall II study, chosen for its availability of MSK items and approximately 1:1 ratio of employees to retirees, allowing for an evaluation of the relationship between alcohol drinking and MSK pain by employment status. LCA was used to distinguish patterns of multi-site MSK pain. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to examine the association between alcohol drinking and the identified pain patterns, with analyses conducted separately for employees and retirees. Results We identified five latent classes for pain (back/cervical: 7.1%, cervical: 28.9%, upper limb: 29.4%, combined LBP/upper limb/cervical: 13.2%, and LBP alone: 21.5%). Increased alcohol intake might be associated with elevated odds of upper limb pain in current drinkers, but this could not be statistically confirmed (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.99-1.09). Employment status may modify the association with a significant interaction found between alcohol intake and retirement (p-value: 0.043). Every 7-unit increase in alcohol intake is associated with 18% and 12% higher odds of pain in LBP/UBP/cervical and upper limbs, respectively (95% CI: 1.02-1.37; 1.02-1.23). Conclusions Increased alcohol intake was associated with pain patterns only among retired white-collar employees but not the current ones. Interventions on alcohol consumption could help confirm if, reducing alcohol intake or avoiding hazardous drinking, for white-collar retirees prevents not only upper limb pain but also more complex pain patterns. Key messages • Musculoskeletal pain in white-collar employees and retirees contributes to the cervical and upper extremities, differing from low back/neck pain studies among general or blue-collar workers. • The association between alcohol drinking and pain patterns may differ across employment status. Reducing alcohol intake might be advised to retired drinkers for preventing multi-site pain.

Colorectal cancer research priorities in Uganda: perspectives from local key experts and stakeholders.

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing in Uganda but there is limited local research to guide policy and programming for CRC prevention and control. A stakeholder engagement workshop took place in Kampala on 19March 2024 to identify challenges and opportunities for CRC prevention and control in Uganda. A total of 30 stakeholders with expertise in CRC primary and secondary prevention, diagnosis, treatment, palliative care as well as cancer survivors participated in the workshop. Key challenges for primary prevention included low knowledge/awareness of CRC among the general population and health workers, and rising prevalence of CRC related risk factors. Limited CRC screening, diagnostic facilities and specialists were identified as barriers to diagnosis. Treatment related challenges included limited accessibility to surgical services and drugs, late-stage presentation leading to poor treatment response, treatment abandonment and drug related toxicity. Lack of universal health coverage policies, limited community-based cancer awareness programs, and lack of national cancer registries were cited as policy and economics challenges. Opportunities to address these challenges were discussed. Our findings highlight areas for further research and prioritization to address Uganda's growing CRC burden and may be applicable to other low-resource settings.

Comparison of the risk of noise-induced hearing loss between male police officers and male non-police officers: a nationwide cohort study using propensity score matching in South Korea

BackgroundPolice officers are at a high risk of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) owing to the nature of their work. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the risk of NIHL in police officers and controls.MethodsThis study used the National Health Insurance claims data of workers aged 25–65 years obtained from 2005 to 2015. The case group comprised police officers, while the control group comprised general workers and public officers. The study followed a three-phase cohort design. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was calculated using an indirect standardization method based on age. Propensity score matching was performed using the greedy matching method, with a police officer-to-control group ratio of 1:3. Cox regression analysis was performed for each matched control group. Statistical significance was determined by a lower limit of greater than 1, based on the 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsThe SIR values for police officers were 1.62 (95% CI: 1.44–1.82) compared with general workers and 1.78 (95% CI: 1.66–1.73) compared with public officers. Police officers exhibited an increased risk of NIHL compared with general workers (hazard ratio (HR): 1.71, 95% CI: 1.49–1.98) and public officers (HR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.88–2.56).ConclusionsIt is necessary to prevent NIHL by reducing occupational noise exposure through measures such as wearing earplugs, improving shooting training methods, and improving the shift work system.

Parental Involvement in the Care of Hospitalized Children: A Qualitative Study in the Tamale Metropolis

Introduction There is a growing appreciation that parents play a critical part in promoting the health outcomes of their hospitalized sick children. This is because parents want to be involved in the care of their children to allay parental anxiety and promote cooperation from children. After all, children feel insecure in an unfamiliar environment. Objective The main objective of the study was to gain a deeper understanding of parental involvement and experiences in the care of hospitalized sick children in Tamale Metropolis. Methods A descriptive exploratory design with a qualitative approach was used for the study. Thirteen parents of sick children on admission at the children’s unit of the Tamale Metropolis were interviewed for the study. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis (TA). Results The study revealed that participants in the study demonstrated basic knowledge and understanding of parental involvement in the care of hospitalized sick children and shared some of the benefits of parental involvement as improved interaction with health workers, healthier and happier children as well as promoting the early detection of the signs and symptoms of illnesses in children on admission. Some of the barriers to parental involvement include language barriers, poor communication between healthcare providers and parents, financial challenges and institutional challenges. Many participants also reported that sources of parental involvement were the media and healthcare workers. Conclusions Findings from the study indicate that the majority of participants have a fundamental idea about parental involvement. To improve parental involvement in the care of sick children, stakeholders must engender a collective approach that sensitizes the general public and health workers toward acceptance and incorporation into healthcare delivery.

General Worker's Sleep Disturbances and the Degree of Cold-Heat Symptoms: a national cross-sectional survey.

Few studies have examined the impact of healthy sleep among general workers on individuals and society. Therefore, the status and risk factors of sleep disturbances among general workers were investigated. In addition, this study assessed the degree to which cold and heat symptoms are associated with sleep disturbances. A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted through an online questionnaire focused on sleep disturbances of the general public in 2021. The degree of cold-heat pattern Identification (CHPI) of the general public was also surveyed. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were used to derive the study results. Data from 2,822 workers out of 3,900 valid questionnaires were analyzed. Approximately half of the respondents (49.93%) had sleep disturbances. Among the types of work, self-employed, two-shift work, and working more than 53 hours were associated with sleep disturbances. Sleep disturbances were positively associated with six cold and heat symptoms three cold symptoms (coldness of the abdomen, coldness of body, and pale face) and three heat symptoms (body feverishness, feverishness of the limbs, and drinking cold water). Customized policies to maintain healthy work are needed for self-employed work, two-shift work, and long working hours, which are risk factors for workers' sleep disturbances. In addition, medical personnel can effectively diagnose and treat sleep disturbances considering the worker's cold and heat symptoms.

Transport and General Workers’ Union in Leamington Spa

This short article details the little known links between the Transport and General Workers’ Union (TGWU) and the Warwickshire town of Leamington Spa, from its formation in 1921 to the post-war activities of its future General Secretary, Jack Jones.

Moving from crisis response to a learning health system: Experiences from an Australian regional primary care network

AbstractIntroductionThe COVID‐19 pandemic challenged primary care to rapidly innovate. In response, the Western Victorian Primary Health Network (WVPHN) developed a COVID‐19 online Community of Practice comprising general practitioners (GPs), practice nurses, pharmacists, aged care and disability workers, health administrators, public health experts, medical specialists, and consumers. This Experience Report describes our progress toward a durable organizational learning health system (LHS) model through the COVID‐19 pandemic crisis and beyond.MethodsIn March 2020, we commenced weekly Community of Practice sessions, adopting the Project ECHO (Extension of Community Health Outcomes) model for a virtual information‐sharing network that aims to bring clinicians together to develop collective knowledge. Our work was underpinned by the LHS framework proposed by Menear et al. and aligned with Kotter's eight‐step change model.ResultsThere were four key phases in the development of our LHS: build a Community of Practice; facilitate iterative change; develop supportive organizational infrastructure; and establish a sustainable, ongoing LHS. In total, the Community of Practice supported 83 unique COVID‐19 ECHO sessions involving 3192 h of clinician participation and over 10 000 h of organizational commitment. Six larger sessions were run between March 2020 and September 2022 with 3192 attendances. New models of care and care pathways were codeveloped in sessions and network leaders contributed to the development of guidelines and policy advice. These innovations enabled WVPHN to lead the Australian state of Victoria on rates of COVID vaccine uptake and GP antiviral prescribing.ConclusionThe COVID‐19 pandemic created a sense of urgency that helped stimulate a regional primary care‐based Community of Practice and LHS. A robust theoretical framework and established change management theory supported the purposeful implementation of our LHS. Reflection on challenges and successes may provide insights to support the implementation of LHS models in other primary care settings.

Physical, functional and personal variables affecting shoulder complaints in healthcare workers.

Work-related shoulder disorders adversely affect the quality of life and lead to increased costs related to decreased productivity and injury treatment. Therefore, understanding the relationship between strength, upper extremity function and work ability contributes to the development of interventions aimed to improve the well-being of healthcare workers. Correlate shoulder abduction and handgrip strength with upper extremity function and work ability in healthcare workers with shoulder complaints. 67 workers with shoulder pain in the last year were assessed by Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH), Work Ability Index (WAI), isokinetic shoulder strength and isometric handgrip strength dynamometers. Data were analysed with Spearman's Correlation Coefficient (ρ= 0.05), SPSS 20.0®. 52% males, mean age 48.4 years, 42% physically active, most administrative and general services workers. Low correlation between handgrip strength and QuickDASH (r=-0.359; p = 0.004); low correlation between handgrip strength and WAI (r = 0.359; p = 0.003) and between shoulder abduction strength and the QuickDASH (r = -0.267; p = 0.049); no significant correlation between shoulder abduction strength and WAI (r = 0.001; p = 0.997). Handgrip and shoulder abduction strength were inversely associated with upper extremity dysfunction. Shoulder abduction strength was associated with work ability. The inclusion of strength assessment in workers is important to guide strategies to prevent musculoskeletal disorders.

Assessing self-reported public health emergency competencies for civil aviation personnel in China: a pilot study

IntroductionCOVID-19 has demonstrated the importance of competent staff with expertise in public health emergency preparedness and response in the civil aviation system. The civil aviation system is a critical sentinel and checkpoint to prevent imported cases and slow the spread of communicable diseases. Understanding the current competencies of staff to deal with public health emergencies will help government agencies develop targeted training and evidence-based policies to improve their public health preparedness and response capabilities.MethodsThis cross-sectional pilot study was conducted from November 2022 to October 2023, involving 118 staff members from various positions within China’s civil aviation system. A 59-item questionnaire was translated and developed according to a competency profile. Data were collected using the self-report questionnaire to measure the workforce’s self-perceptions of knowledge and skills associated with public health emergency proficiency, categorized into (1) general competency, (2) preparedness competency, (3) response competency, and (4) recovery competency. KMO & Bartlett test and Cronbach’s α reliability analysis were used to test the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, independent sample T-test, ANOVA, and linear regression models were performed to analyze the competencies.ResultsA total of 107 staff members from the aviation system were surveyed in this study. The KMO & Bartlett test, (KMO = 0.919, P < 0.001) and Cronbach’s α coefficients (α = 0.985) for this questionnaire were acceptable. The results suggested that respondents scored a mean of 6.48 out of 9 for the single question. However, the staff needed to acquire more knowledge in investigating epidemic information (5.92) and case managing (5.91) in the response stage. Overall, males scored higher (409.05 ± 81.39) than females (367.99 ± 84.97), with scores in the medical department (445.67 ± 72.01) higher than management (387.00 ± 70.87) and general department (362.32 ± 86.93). Additionally, those with completely subjective evaluation (425.79 ± 88.10) scored higher than the general group (374.39 ± 79.91). To predict the total score, female medical workers were more likely to have lower scores (β = -34.5, P = 0.041). Compared with those in the medical department, the management workers (β = -65.54, P = 0.008) and general workers (β = -78.06, P < 0.001) were associated with a lower total score.ConclusionsThere was still a gap between the public health emergency competencies of the civil aviation system and the demand. Staff in China’s civil aviation systems demonstrated overall competence in public health emergency preparedness and response. However, there was a need to enhance the accumulation of practical experience. Implementing effective training programs for public health emergencies was recommended to mitigate knowledge gaps. Meanwhile, regular training evaluations were also recommended to give comprehensive feedback on the value of the training programs.

Workload Indicator Staffing Need (WISN) as A Method for Analyzing Clinic Health Personnel Needs in Surakarta

Introduction: Health Human Resources (HR) has an important role in providing health services to the community. HR management has a positive effect on organizational performance. Lack of health human resources is an important obstacle in achieving the highest level of health and as a result will limit opportunities to achieve comprehensive health goals. Health workforce planning is an important element in health service planning in building a responsive and efficient health service system. The use of workforce planning methods can contribute to the analysis and decision-making process for allocating the right number of professionals. WISN as a workload-based method can provide more accurate staff needs. This method has been used in various countries and has proven its significance in policy making regarding recruitment, distribution, training and reduction of human resources. Objective: This research aims to analyze the need for health workers at the Surakarta City Clinic using the WISN method. Method: This type of research is descriptive qualitative using interview methods with respondents and observation. The research was conducted at the 'Aisyiyah Medical Center Surakarta Clinic. The data was processed using qualitative data analysis and simple statistical techniques. Result: The research results showed that the need for health workers at the AMC Clinic based on the WISN method was 1 Dentist, 2 General Practitioners, 2 Nurses, 2 Midwives and 1 Pharmacy Personnel, this shows that the Clinic has an excess number of General Practitioner health workers but a shortage of Nurses. Conclusion: The workload of General Practitioners and Dentists is low, the workload of Midwives and Pharmacy Personnel is normal, and the workload of Nurses is high.

Factors influencing intercultural competences of hospital workers for multicultural patients in South Korea.

This study aims to assess the intercultural competence of general hospital workers in South Korea by examining their understanding of cultural diversity in healthcare and to identify factors influencing their intercultural competence. A cross-institutional survey was conducted with 439 participants from four South Korean general hospitals, employing inferential statistics such as one-way Analysis of Variance, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by post-hoc, and multiple linear regression analyses. While 85% (n = 362) of participants acknowledged the significance of multiculturalism in Korean society, only 11% (n = 49) felt competent in treating multicultural patients. Additionally, 72% (n = 315) experienced significant linguistic difficulties in medical communication. Multiple regression analysis identified advanced English competency, multicultural training experiences, and peer support with organizational awareness of multicultural importance as significant positive contributors to intercultural competence. Despite recognizing the importance of multiculturalism, general hospital workers face significant language barriers and low self-efficacy in providing care to multicultural patients. To address these challenges, hospitals should designate resident translators for culturally appropriate communication. Furthermore, a tri-tiered training approach is proposed to enhance the five domains of intercultural competence among general hospital workers in Korea, including overarching multicultural training, occupation-specific courses, and long-term managerial programs aimed at managing cultural diversity effectively in healthcare settings.

Mary Davis, UNITE History Volume 5 (1974–1992): The Transport and General Workers’ Union (TGWU): From Zenith to Nadir?

Mary Davis, <i>UNITE History Volume 5 (1974–1992): The Transport and General Workers’ Union (TGWU): From Zenith to Nadir?</i>

The Implications Social Belongingness in the Workplace Have on Chinese Employees Working Behaviour

Social belonging is a basic need for human beings, and the workplace is where adults spend the most time of their day. Thus, social belonging in the workplace is important. This study aimed to analyze the implications belongingness has on Chinese employees' working behaviour based on their age, gender, and work attributes (brain workers, manual workers, and general workers). The research offered a questionnaire to 100 Chinese workers who have worked in a company for more than three months. The result indicates that around 80% of people would be affected by salaries and personal development space, and females tend to be impacted by communication and the arrangement of work more than males, general workers production would be impacted by weak social belongingness more seriously than the other two types workers. Future research should prioritize investigating the impact of social belongingness on various factors in the workplace and identifying the most effective ways to enhance it.

Barriers and facilitators to viral hepatitis testing in Uzbekistan: scoping qualitative study among key stakeholders, healthcare workers, and the general population

IntroductionIn the World Health Organization European Region, an estimated 14 million people live with a chronic hepatitis B virus infection (HBV), and 12 million are affected by a hepatitis C virus infection (HCV). Uzbekistan bears a major burden of HBV and has one of the highest HCV prevalence in the region. Following a presidential decree in May 2022, significant funds were allocated to the viral hepatitis (VH) elimination program in Uzbekistan. The program expands VH testing to reach 500,000 people annually during 2022–2025 as part of the VH elimination strategy that includes the provision of free testing and affordable treatment. Exploring the existing barriers and facilitators to VH testing is pivotal for informing these interventions.MethodsThis study uses a cross-sectional qualitative design to identify and explore the barriers and facilitators to VH testing among the general population in Uzbekistan. We collected data during October-November 2022 through semi-structured interviews with 12 key informants (KIs) and 7 focus group discussions with two target populations: the general population and healthcare workers (HCW) in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.ResultsFollowing the capability-opportunity-motivation-behavior model (COM-B model) as a framework for the analysis, we identified major capability barriers to VH testing primarily linked to low health literacy and limited knowledge about VH types, symptoms, transmission, testing and treatment. Physical opportunity barriers included the time and financial costs associated with testing, diagnostics, and treatment. Sociocultural opportunity barriers involved anticipated negative reactions and stigmatization, particularly affecting women. Motivational barriers included a reluctance to be tested when asymptomatic and a general fear of receiving positive test results. The involvement of healthcare workers in promoting VH awareness and motivating the general population emerged as a facilitator.ConclusionsA multi-pronged approach is recommended to achieve VH testing goals among the general population, focusing on raising awareness and health literacy and creating an enabling environment that ensures easy accessibility and minimizing VH testing-associated costs.