General Subjective Well-being Research Articles

Competing Models of the Structure of Subjective Well-Being: Have All Won and Must All Have Prizes?

The tripartite model of subjective well-being (SWB) posits three components: positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction. The fundamental issue regarding the structure of SWB and the meaning of the general SWB factor remains unresolved. Across three studies and six samples (total N = 9304), we evaluated competing models of SWB and tested the criterion-related validity of SWB components operationalized within different models. In addition to a standard confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and bifactor-CFA, we used exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and bifactor-ESEM approaches. Latent factor models were applied to examine the nomological network of SWB in relation to several external criteria (e.g., positive expectations, depression, and anxiety). We found evidence supporting the three-factor and bifactor-ESEM models of SWB. The meaning and interpretability of the general and specific factors of SWB were found to depend on the indicators used to assess affective well-being. Several issues concerning the bifactor-CFA model were identified. Both the general and specific factors of SWB exhibited meaningful and interpretable nomological networks. The structure of SWB, the value of incorporating a general factor, and the nature of general and specific SWB factors depend on the instruments used to measure SWB.

Social network, fair payment, subjective well-being, and general health: a moderation mediation analysis.

This research aimed to investigate whether subjective general health mediated the relationship between social networks and subjective well-being and whether the perception of fair payment moderated the mediating effect of subjective general health on subjective well-being. Data were drawn from round 9 of the European Social Survey (ESS), involving 3,843 respondents from 19 countries, with ages ranging from 65 to 90 years (Meanage = 73.88 ± 6.61 years). The participants completed self-reported measures assessing subjective well-being, social networks, subjective general health, and perception of fair payment. Subjective general health played a mediating role in the relationship between social networks and subjective well-being. The perception of fair payment emerged as a moderator in the mediating effect of subjective general health on the association between social networks and subjective well-being. This study suggests that the impact of social networks on both subjective general health and subjective well-being is contingent upon individuals' perceptions of fair payment. These results highlight the significance of social networks in fostering social connections and promoting overall subjective well-being.

Breaking the Stress Cycle: Unveiling the Impact of Workplace Stress on Women's Well-Being and Quality of Life

Workplace stress has become a pervasive issue affecting women across various professions, often compromising their mental health, well-being, and overall quality of life. This study aimed to examine the relationship between workplace stress, subjective well-being, and quality of life among working women. A correlational research design with purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from working women (N=200) aged 27-35 years old. To measure these constructs, General Subjective Wellbeing Inventory (Dalbert, 1992), World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL, 1998), and Workplace Stress Scale (American Institute of Stress, 1998) were used. In this study, correlation analysis revealed that workplace stress was significantly negatively correlated with subjective well-being and quality of life. Linear regression analysis revealed that workplace stress negatively predicted subjective well-being and quality of life among working women. Results also revealed that married working women face higher level of workplace stress and lower level of quality of life as compared to unmarried working women. The study concluded that workplace stress significantly reduces subjective well-being and quality of life for working women, especially for those who are married. The results suggest a need for targeted strategies to alleviate stress, particularly among married women, to improve their overall well-being and life satisfaction.

Effects of Income on Subjective Well-Being in the Elderly: Complete Mediation Roles of Self-Rated Health and Psychological Capital.

Although income and living conditions of residents have greatly improved in recent years, people's subjective well-being does not seem to increase daily. This study aimed to explore income, self-rated health, and psychological capital on subjective well-being, using data from the China General Social Survey conducted in 2017. A total of 1136 elderly as subsamples data were selected from 12 582 participants, involving general sociodemographic characteristics, income, self-rated health, psychological capital, and subjective well-being. SPSS v26.0 macro was used for descriptive statistics, ANOVA and correlation analysis. PROCESS v3.4 macro was performed to examine multiple mediating effects of self-rated health and psychological capital. The elderly residing in urban (P = .016) and having completed 9-year compulsory education (P = .016) reported higher subjective well-being scores. The findings revealed that subjective well-being was positively associated with income, health, and psychological capital among the aged adults (all P < .001). Self-rated health and psychological capital played complete mediation roles between income and subjective well-being (Effect indirect = 0.040, 95% bootstrap CI [0.022, 0.060]; Effect indirect = 0.027, 95% bootstrap CI [0.013, 0.044], respectively). Collectively, our findings indicate that residing in rural and having lower education levels serve as negative predictors of subjective well-being among the elderly. Although income still affects the elderly's subjective well-being, self-rated health and psychological capital may be the crucial mediating factors. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to improve health conditions and positive psychological capital for subjective well-being of the older people.

The art of aging well: a study of the relationship between recreational arts engagement, general health and mental wellbeing in cohort of Australian older adults.

Evidence of the benefits of arts engagement to community wellbeing has been mounting since the 1990s. However, large scale, quantitative, epidemiological studies of the "arts-healthy aging" relationship, or the types of arts older adults voluntarily choose to engage in as part of their everyday life, for enjoyment, entertainment or as a hobby (vs. therapy or interventions) are limited. The aims of this study were to describe older adult recreational arts engagement via the Busselton Healthy Ageing Study (BHAS) cohort, and to determine if there was an association between arts engagement, general health and mental wellbeing. Overall, 2,843 older adults (born 1946-1964) from the BHAS cohort (n = 5,107) who had completed a supplementary arts survey (n = 3,055, 60%) and had data on required variables were included in this study (93% of those eligible). The dependent variable was general health (SF12) and subjective mental wellbeing (Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale, WEMWBS). The independent variable was hours engaged in recreational arts in the last 12 months. A descriptive analysis followed by a linear regression analysis was conducted. The prevalence of recreational arts engagement in the last 12 months was 85% (mean = 132 h/year). Older adults engaged in the arts in a number of ways including attending events (79%), actively participating/making art (40%), as an arts society/club/organization member (20%), by learning about the arts (13%) or by volunteering/working in the arts (non-professional, 11%). When general health was assessed via the SF12, the average physical component score (PCS) was 50.1 (SD 8.9) and the average mental component score (MCS) was 53.6 (SD 8.3). When mental wellbeing was assessed, the average WEMWBS score was 54.9 (SD = 8.6). After adjustment for 12 demographic and lifestyle covariates, it was found that older adults who engaged in any recreational arts in the last 12 months had significantly higher WEMWBS scores and higher SF12 physical component scores than those who did not engage in the arts (0 h/year). Evidence of an arts-health relationship was found in this study. The suitability of the arts as a population based, healthy aging strategy to influence the mental wellbeing and general health of older adults should be investigated further.

Influence of Activity-Travel Participation, Travel Mode Choice, and Multitasking Activities on Subjective Well-Being Using R

Multitasking activities (MTA) are typically thought to enhance general subjective well-being (SWB). However, performing MTA while operating a private vehicle is frequently challenging. Public transportation (PT) can provide an additional option to engage in more pleasurable activities while traveling. Several studies have been conducted on the engagement of different activities while using different transport modes and its influence on physical, social, and mental health. Moreover, numerous studies have been carried out on motorized transport and MTA that resulted in accidents, fatalities, injuries, and even disasters. In addition, several experts studied the influence of health parameters on daily activities. There have, however, only been a few studies on MTA while on PT and its influence on SWB. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the travel mode choice, the performance of onboard MTA, and its influence on overall SWB. Using random sampling techniques, data on 732 individuals and 191 households—representing 0.029% of the overall population of Bandung, Indonesia—were gathered. Two different models were developed between independent, intermediate, and dependent variables. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for descriptive statistics, whereas R software was used for the multilevel linear regression analysis. The model estimation results show that MTA mediates the relationship among socio-demographic and economic variables, built environment, trip and travel parameters, and SWB. A unit increase in PT lines can provide a 1.5% greater opportunity to participate in more onboard MTA; however, a unit increase in MTA can enhance SWB by 5.1% where both the models show satisfactory coefficient of determination (R2). A unit increase in motorized transport caused a 12.9% negative association with MTA and 10.9% with SWB. A unit increase in NMT and PT are 21.7% and 10.2% positively associated with MTA and 19.2% and 13.1% positively associated with SWB. The current study helps policymakers to develop a policy based on PT which allows the individuals to engage in more MTA that enhance SWB and target sustainable transportation system.

Validation of Igls Criteria for Islet Transplant Functional Status Using Person-Reported Outcome Measures in a Cross-Sectional Study.

Associations between islet graft function and well-being in islet transplant recipients requiring exogenous insulin remain unclear. This cross-sectional analysis compared person-reported outcome measures in 15 adults with type 1 diabetes whose islet transplants were classified according to Igls criteria as "Good" (n = 5), "Marginal" (n = 4) and "Failed" (n = 6) graft function. At a mean of 6.2years post-first islet transplant, 90% reduction in severe hypoglycaemia was maintained in all groups, with HbA1c (mean ± SD mmol/mol) 49 ± 4 in recipients with "Good" function; 56 ± 5 ("Marginal"); and 69 ± 25 ("Failed"). Self-reported impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia persisted in all groups but those with "Good" function were more likely to experience symptoms during hypoglycaemia. "Marginal" function was associated with greater fear of hypoglycaemia (HFS-II score: "Marginal": 113 [95, 119]; "Failed": 63 [42, 93] (p = 0.082); "Good": 33 [29, 61]) and severe anxiety (GAD7: "Marginal"): 21 [17, 21]; "Failed": 6 [6, 6] "Good": 6 [3, 11]; (p = 0.079)), diabetes distress and low mood. Despite clear evidence of ongoing clinical benefit, Igls criteria 'Marginal' function is associated with sub-optimal well-being, including greater fear of hypoglycaemia and severe anxiety. This study provides person-reported validation that "Good" and "Marginal" graft function are differentiated by general and diabetes-specific subjective well-being, suggesting those with "Marginal" function may benefit from further intervention, including re-transplantation.

The association between quality of life and subjective wellbeing among older adults based on canonical correlation analysis.

The study explored the relationship between subjective well-being and the quality of life among older adults. It highlights the importance of understanding how these factors are interconnected in the context of an aging population. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the scores of general demographic characteristics, subjective wellbeing and quality of life. Simple correlation analysis and canonical correlation analysis were employed to analyze the relationship between subjective wellbeing and quality of life among older adults. Data from 892 older adults were collected. Canonical correlation analysis revealed four pairs of canonical variables, with the first four pairs of canonical correlation coefficients all being statistically significant (0.695, 0.179, 0.147, 0.121) (p < 0.05), and the first pair of canonical variables explaining 93.03% of the information content. From the canonical loading coefficients, Vitality and mental health contributed the most to the quality of life (U1) canonical variable. The canonical variable V1, which corresponded to subjective wellbeing, was reflected by a combination of positive affect, negative affect, positive experience and negative experience. X1 (physical functioning), X2 (role-physical), X3 (bodily pain), X4 (general health), X5 (vitality), X6 (social functioning), X7 (role-emotional) and X8 (mental health) were positively correlated with Y1 (positive affect) and Y3 (positive experience), negatively correlated with Y2 (negative affect) and Y4 (negative experience). Cross-loadings revealed that physical functioning, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning and mental health were the main factors reflecting the subjective wellbeing of older adults. As quality of life among older adults was highly correlated with subjective wellbeing, appropriate measures should be taken to account for individual characteristics of older adults, and various factors should be integrated to improve their subjective wellbeing.

Psycho-social factors associated with climate distress, hope and behavioural intentions in young UK residents.

Although the UK has been relatively spared significant geophysical impacts of climate change, many people, youth in particular, are increasingly worried about climate change. The psychological distress associated with the (perceived) threat of climate change has been linked to poorer mental wellbeing but can also promote adaptive responses such as engagement in pro-environmental behaviour. In this mixed methods study, we delve deeper into the experience of 'climate distress' among UK residents aged 16-24 (N = 539). We conducted an online survey assessing general mental health, subjective wellbeing, and climate distress with existing scales. We also included novel questions assessing positive and negative life impacts of climate change, open-ended questions on aspirations and priorities for the future, and engagement in pro-environmental and climate actions. Our findings indicate that mental health factors may contribute to vulnerability to climate distress. Predictably, socio-psychological responses to climate change (i.e., frustration over inaction, lack of control, and shame or guilt about one's own contributions) were linked to higher scores on the climate distress scale. Negatively appraised climate change-related events (i.e., seeing an environment they care about change for the worse) were associated with higher climate distress. Individuals with high climate distress (10.1% of our sample) reported worrying about the impact of climate change on their own future more frequently than any other topic surveyed (including personal finance, career, relationships, politics). Both positive (hope/interest) and negative (anger/frustration) emotions inspired action-taking, especially climate activism, which was negatively predicted by guilt/shame and sadness/fear. Private-sphere pro-environmental actions appeared less driven by strong emotions. Overall, our findings present a more nuanced picture of climate distress in terms of emotional responses, behaviour, and mental health. Longitudinal research is urgently needed to understand how distress may change over time, and the conditions that lead to adaptive and maladaptive outcomes.

The Moderating Role of University Students’ Humor Styles on the Association between General Mental Health and Subjective Well-Being

This study investigated the associations among humor styles, general mental health (GMH), and subjective well-being (SWB) in a non-clinical sample of 662 university students (M age = 21.35, SD = 4.14; 66.3% females) attending Greek public universities, via an online survey. In addition, it investigated possible moderating effects of humor styles in the association between GMH and SWB as well as gender differences. Positive correlations emerged between GMH and SWB, as well as among GMH, SWB, and benign humor styles. Malignant humor styles had a negative correlation with both GMH and SWB. The use of aggressive and self-defeating humor moderated the association between GMH and SWB in that at low levels of these humor styles the link between GMH and SWB was stronger. Finally, males scored higher on self-enhancing and aggressive humor than females. The findings expand previous research and are discussed in terms of their implications.

Temperature, health and wellbeing in Australia

We examine the effects of temperature on general health and subjective wellbeing. We combine daily temperature data with 19 waves of panel data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. We find evidence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between temperature and general health. However, the effect of temperature on subjective wellbeing is less robust. We examine whether the adoption of air conditioning technology moderates the observed relationship between temperature and health. Our results show that there is no robust evidence for the role of air conditioning in moderating the relationship between temperature and health/wellbeing. Further, we conducted a mediation analysis to examine whether sleep quality serves as a channel through which the effect of temperature transmits to health. We find little evidence in support of sleep quality as a mechanism.

The mediating effect of resilience on anxiety and subjective well-being in occupational population

Objective: To explore the current situation of anxiety, subjective well-being in occupational population and the mediating effect of resilience. Methods: From March 24th to 26th, 2020, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among occupational population aged ≥18 years old using online questionnaires. A total of 2134 valid questionnaires were obtained, with respondents from 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government. Their general demographic data, subjective well-being, anxiety, and resilience were collected. Pearson χ(2) test and Spearson correlation analysis were used for data analysis, and structural equation model was used to explore the mediating effect of resilience on anxiety and subjective well-being. Results: The age of the respondents ranged from 18 to 60 years old, with an average age of (31.19±7.09) years old, including 1075 (50.4%) women and 1059 (49.6%) men. The positive rates of low subjective well-being and anxiety were 46.5% (992/2134) and 28.4% (607/2134), respectively. Anxiety scores were significantly negatively correlated with subjective well-being scores and resilience scores (r(s)=-0.52, -0.41, P<0.05), while resilience was significantly positively correlated with subjective well-being (r(s)=0.32, P<0.05). Structural equation models showed that anxiety had a negative predictive effect on subjective well-being, while resilience not only had a positive predictive effect on subjective well-being, but also played a mediating role between anxiety and subjective well-being, with a mediating effect of 9.9%. Conclusion: The situation of anxiety and well-being in the occupational population is still not optimistic, and resilience has a mediating effect between anxiety and subjective well-being.

The relationship between working in the "gig" economy and perceived subjective well-being in Western Balkan countries.

The combination of accelerated digitalization and the recent COVID-19 crisis has increased the number of remote workers worldwide to unimaginable proportions. Among the large number of remote workers that execute their projects from home, there is a significant number of permanently self-employed remote workers, usually referred to as freelancers. Despite the importance of this kind of business activity for modern project management society, perceived drivers of freelancing are still unknown. The goal of this paper was to shed some light on the general subjective well-being of freelancing activity and investigate differences concerning gender, age, and education. The study was performed in late 2020 and included 471 freelancers from Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, and Montenegro that participated in an online questionnaire evaluating their subjective well-being while participating in the "gig" economy. Factor analysis was used as a primary statistical method and two major groups were identified: (1) Impact of working from home on a freelancer's personal life and health and (2) Fulfillment of expectations in the economic and professional sense. Gender was found not to be significant for overall work satisfaction. However, older freelancers proved to be more satisfied with the fulfillment of economic and professional expectations, which correlate with years of professional experience. Another conclusion is that more educated freelancers are generally less satisfied with both groups of drivers - fulfillment of personal life and professional expectations. Understanding how the combination of occupations, technological infrastructure, and demographic characteristics in the region has affected the well-being of freelancers may help policymakers and organization owners, as well as future entrepreneurs, better prepare for this model of work in the future. It also increases the possibility of exploring individual dimensions of wellbeing useful for targeting interventions at the level of each country separately. In line with this, the present study contributes to the existing body of knowledge and the impact of hybrid models of work on the subjective well-being of workers in the "gig" economy.

REKREASYONEL AKTİVİTELERE KATILIM İLE ÖZNEL İYİ OLUŞ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: AKADEMİSYENLER ÜZERİNDE BİR UYGULAMA

In this study, it was aimed to determine the relationship between the participation levels of academicians in recreational activities and their subjective well-being. A questionnaire was used as a data collection technique in the study and applied to a total of 393 academicians from Harran University, Afyon Kocatepe University and Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. In the analysis of the obtained data, in addition to descriptive statistics, t test, analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used. According to the results of the research, singles, young people and research assistants participate in recreational activities at a higher level. However, the subjective well-being levels of women, young people, research assistants and those with low seniority were found to be higher. In the study, a positive, moderate and significant relationship (r=0.402) was found between the levels of participation in recreational activities in general and general subjective well-being. On the other hand, it was determined that the subjective well-being dimensions most affected by recreational activities were "friend relationships" (r=0.498), "activities of interest" (r=0.455) and "family relationships" (r=0.443), respectively. In addition, it was found that the recreational activities that most affected subjective well-being were "cultural activities" (r=0.471).

From nature experience to visitors’ pro-environmental behavior: the role of perceived restorativeness and well-being

This research presents two studies covering two interconnected and sequential research questions in the context of a developing country (China): (1) What psychological responses do different types of environmental experiences elicit in visitors and (2) how are the psychological responses and following behavioral responses elicited by natural experiences? The research posits that the feelings of well-being and pro-environmental behavior (PEB) are elicited through the mechanism of perceived restorativeness. Study 1 (a scenario experiment) suggests that national parks produce higher subjective vitality but similar perceived restorative outcomes compared to city parks. Study 2 (a survey) presents a theoretical model examining the relationships among perceived restorativeness, general subjective well-being (SWB), trip-specific SWB, and PEB in a peri-urban national forest park context. The results indicate that perceived restorativeness is an important factor influencing visitors’ well-being and PEB, though the association between SWB and PEB was nonsignificant. Our studies provide cross-cultural confirmation of the restorative effects of the natural environment. They also provide evidence that nature-based tourism could be a valid nature-based solution for improving the health and well-being of both humans and the earth, through the role of perceived restorativeness of nature.

Mediating role of wellbeing among organizational virtuousness, emotional intelligence and job performance in post-pandemic COVID-19.

It is devastating to people's mental and emotional health to be exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic and the multifaceted response strategies are required to curb it. As a result of social distancing and self-isolation, people have faced many challenges in their lives. The suffering is even greater at the workplace where the employees are working with the fear of getting exposed to the virus and its new variants which is adversely affecting their wellbeing. This study explores and tests a model that extends the wellbeing research across organizational settings and targets the crucial factors that lead to job performance improvement even in the post pandemic COVID-19 situation. To improve both in-role performance and extra-role performance behaviors in the Pakistan banking sector, organizational virtue (also known as organizational virtuousness) and internal virtue (also known as emotional intelligence) are examined. Data were collected from the 416 bank employees using disproportionate stratified sampling technique. In the bank sector of Pakistan, wellbeing was identified as the key psychological factor that relates the in-role performance and extra-role performance to internal and organizational factors. Research findings also determined that conceptualizing subjective wellbeing in the context of work is more meaningful in understanding its relationship with the workplace variables than the general or global subjective wellbeing.

Sleep Quality, Daytime Sleepiness and Mental Health in Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross-sectional Descriptive Study

Introduction: Sleep deprivation is a growing problem, especially among medical students who must meet high academic standards, as well as, their parent’s expectations. Since poor sleep quality and daytime sleepiness have important consequences in the mental health of medical undergraduate students the management of these problems would begin with and be guided by assessment of these sleep-related and mental health parameters. Aim: To evaluate the sleep quality and effects of sleep deprivation on the psychological well-being and mental health of undergraduate medical students. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted by Department of Psychiatry, G.S. Medical College and Hospital Pilkhuwa, Hapur, Uttar Pradesh, India, on undergraduate students, for a period of a month in May 2022. Four hundred medical undergraduate students from 1st, 2nd, 3rd part 1 and 3rd part 2 Bachelor in Medicine and Bachelor in Surgery (MBBS) years, who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were enrolled in the present study after their informed consent was taken. Epworth Sleepiness Scale (EPSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21), and Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWBI) were used to assess the participants. Sleep quality and sleepiness were correlated with anxiety depression, stress, and subjective general well-being using Spearman’s coefficient with significance at 0.05 and 0.001 levels. Results: The study participants were in the age group of 17-24 years and majority of the students (n=130, 32.5%) were 20-yearold. Females accounted for near half of the study participants (n=190, 47.5%). Most of the students in the participant group had poor sleep quality with a mean of 6.75±1.811 and issues of daytime sleepiness (10.68±3.481). The DASS-21 revealed severe anxiety (15.5±2.473) and moderate stress (22.89±3.396) levels. Significant positive correlation was seen between the anxiety (r=0.110; p-value &lt;0.05) and stress (r=0.452; p-value &lt;0.01) index with EPSS. A significant positive correlation was found between anxiety (r=0.118, p-value &lt;0.05), stress (r=0.410; p-value &lt;0.01) and psychological well-being (r=0.119; p-value &lt;0.01) and PSQI score. Conclusion: The study revealed that, many undergraduate medical students in different semesters slept insufficiently and struggled with daytime tiredness. Among the students, higher stress and anxiety levels, along with a low level of subjective psychological well-being were discovered. Additionally, the study revealed higher levels of anxiety and stress in medical undergraduates, who had poorer sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness. Also, students with poor quality of sleep had lower psychological general well-being.

Waste sorting behaviors promote subjective well-being: A perspective of the self-nature association

As one of the most important pro-environmental behaviors, individuals’ waste sorting behaviors are positively associated with their subjective well-being. This relationship is usually explained by the “self-other association”, regarding waste sorting behaviors as pro-social deeds, thus elevating people’s positive self-perception and strengthening a sense of interpersonal relatedness. Distinct from the general “good deeds”, the ultimate beneficiary of waste sorting behaviors is the natural environment instead of other people, so the mechanism underlying the positive relationship between performing a general good deed and subjective well-being might not suffice to explain the positive association between waste sorting behaviors and subjective well-being. The current study proposed the “self-nature association” with the cognitive (i.e., environmental perception) and the affective (i.e., nature connectedness) pathways. Using a large sample national survey in China (N = 4,705), we confirmed the positive link between waste sorting behaviors and subjective well-being, and the dual pathway was verified by a parallel mediation analysis. The theoretical and practical values of the present work were further explicated.

Second-Generation Antipsychotics' Effectiveness and Tolerability: A Review of Real-World Studies in Patients with Schizophrenia and Related Disorders.

Despite methodological limitations, real-world studies might support clinicians by broadening the knowledge of antipsychotics’ (APs) effectiveness and tolerability in different clinical scenarios and complement clinical trials. We conducted an extensive literature search in the PubMed database to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability profiles of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) from real-world studies to aid clinicians and researchers in selecting the proper treatment for patients with schizophrenia and related disorders. The present review evidenced that SGAs demonstrated superior effectiveness over first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) in relapse-free survival and psychiatric hospitalization rate and for treating negative symptoms. Persistence and adherence to therapy were higher in SGAs than FGAs. Most studies concluded that switching to long-acting injectables (LAIs) was significantly associated with a lower treatment failure rate than monotherapy with oral SGAs. Considerable improvements in general functionality, subjective well-being, and total score on global satisfaction tests, besides improved personal and social performance, were reported in some studies on patients treated with LAI SGAs. Clozapine was also associated with the lowest rates of treatment failure and greater effectiveness over the other SGAs, although with more severe side effects. Effectiveness on primary negative symptoms and cognitive deficits was rarely measured in these studies. Based on the data analyzed in the present review, new treatments are needed with better tolerability and improved effectiveness for negative, affective, and cognitive symptoms.

Psychological determinants associated with vaccination intentions acceptance during pandemic events

IntroductionPsychological factors, like general self-efficacy, optimism or subjective well-being, might further enhance the understanding of why certain people vaccinate while others do not.ObjectivesTo identify psychological factors associated with people’s decision to vaccinate during pandemic events.MethodsA literature review has been made through PubMed database.ResultsPsychology offers three general propositions for understanding and intervening to increase uptake where vaccines are available and affordable. The first proposition is that thoughts and feelings can motivate getting vaccinated. Low confidence in vaccine effectiveness and concern about safety correlate reliably with not getting vaccinated. The second proposition is that social processes can motivate getting vaccinated. Social norms are associated with vaccination. Recommendation by friends, mainstream media and social media affected vaccination intention. The third proposition is that interventions can facilitate vaccination directly by leveraging, but not trying to change, what people think and feel. To increase vaccine uptake, these interventions build on existing favorable intentions by facilitating action (through reminders, prompts, and primes) and reducing barriers (through logistics and healthy defaults); these interventions also shape behavior (through incentives, sanctions, and requirements). Perceived risk and effectiveness of the vaccine as well as trust in the government and health authorities was related to people’s vaccination intention.ConclusionsThere are significant associations of general individual psychological constructs with the decision to vaccinate. This may provide useful frameworks for understanding the causal mechanisms behind this relationship, which could help to develop intervention strategies to effectively promote vaccination intentions that increase vaccination rates among population.DisclosureNo significant relationships.