General Principles Of Regulation Research Articles

Problematic issues of accounting and reporting in extractive industries in the context of sustainable development

Search, extraction and enrichment of minerals are of the strategic importance for sustainable economic development. Accounting as an information system should provide interested users with reliable, complete and unbiased information on mining, however, national and international accounting standards governing the accounting of mining enterprises and reporting requirements contain only general principles of regulation. The article analyzes the financial statements and audit reports of mining companies to reflect their information about activities. It was found that companies are not interested in disclosing information related to exploration and evaluation of minerals, the impact of such exploration on the environment, the cost of environmental protection. The inclusion of environmental sustainability indicators in the reporting of extractive industries will help to consume resources efficiently, minimize disturbances, reduce pollution, as well as close and rehabilitate depleted mine lands. Attention should be paid not only to the information in the reporting, but also to the relevant audit.

Family Law Trends in Ukraine

Abstract The paper provides the results of the analysis of the current state of legal regulation of family relations in Ukraine, and summarises the main problems of the legislation that establishes general principles of regulation of family relations. Particular attention is devoted to the research into the basic principles of family law, and how they are reflected in the Constitution of Ukraine and the Family Code of Ukraine. To assess the compliance of the Family Code of Ukraine with current societal developments, a careful comparison of its provisions with the principles developed by the Commission on European Family Law (cefl) is needed. The family legislation of Ukraine requires detailed monitoring, factoring in the provisions of a questionnaire developed by the Commission. There is a need to introduce a system of national planning, development and adoption by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the concept of national legal policy.

General principles of regulation in the field of medical deontology

General principles of regulation in the field of medical deontology

Principles of Introducing the Institution of Mediation in Public Legal Disputes in Ukraine

The article is focused on theoretical study of the principles of introduction of the institution of mediation in public law disputes in Ukraine. It has been determined that the introduction of mediation in the field of public administration should be carried out in accordance with the specifics of public law disputes. The current status of legal regulation of mediation in Ukraine has been analyzed. It has been emphasized that the main way to introduce the institution of mediation in resolving public law disputes is to create and continuously improve the administrative and legal regulation of mediation. The emphasis has been placed on the great influence of the principles of the mediation procedure on further formation of legal regulation of mediation. The article is focused on theoretical study of the principles of legal regulation of mediation as an element of the content of administrative and legal regulation of the social and legal institution of mediation, it considers scientific approaches to the concept of administrative and legal regulation and forms of its own definition. Administrative and legal regulation of mediation in the study has been understood as the purposeful influence of the state, its agencies and officials on relations arising in the field of mediation, in order to achieve stability, law and order through the use of legal means (legal norms, legal principles, legal facts, etc.) for establishing the extent of possible and necessary behavior of mediation subjects. The article illustrates the division of principles as legal means of administrative and legal regulation of mediation into general and special ones. The general principles of regulation of mediation in the administrative process correspond to the principles of administrative law. The basic principles of such regulation are the principles of the rule of law, legality, justice, priority of human and civil rights and freedoms, humanism, equality, non-discrimination, responsibility of the individual and the state, publicity, compliance with international standards, minimum state intervention, proportionality, etc.; the essence of each principle has been also clarified. Further research on the issues of the scientific article should be aimed at the possibility of practical application, implementation and realization of the principles of administrative and legal regulation of mediation.

General principles of regulation of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis: the definition of Russian prospects taking into account foreign experience

The article is devoted to the problem of determining the basic principles of the legal regulation of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in the Russian Federation, taking into account existing international experience. It is substantiated that the development of national legislation in this area should include the legal definition of PGD as one of the stages of using assisted reproductive technologies, as well as the establishment of generally binding requirements for the procedure, conditions and features of the diagnosis, taking into account the need to minimize the damage caused to the embryo. A comprehensive model for the development of domestic legislation and law enforcement is proposed, the content of which includes state guarantees and restrictions harmoniously complemented by ethical requirements developed by the professional community of specialists in genetics, extending the content of the process of genetic counseling for PGD, interpretation of research results and ensuring compliance with the principle of reproductive freedom in deciding on the results of diagnosis.

Economic activities of legal entities: problems of theory and practice

The purpose of this article is to define the current view of the kinds of economic entities and their relationship with the types of legal entities and comparison with the appropriate forms of management. Starting position for research outlined issues is the definition of economic activities, establishing its relationship with the business personality of legal persons and civil juridical personality of the participants of legal relations. In economic activity refers to the activity of economic entities in the field of social production aimed at manufacturing and sale of goods, works or services of value character that have price certainty. The following analysis of economic legislation to determine the kinds of relationships covered by the concept of “economic activity”, which include economic and industrial (property and other matters arising between business entities in the course of economic activity), organizational and economic (relations between business entities and business organizational and economic powers in the management of economic activities) and internal relations (relations between structural units of the entity and the entity's relationship with its structural units. Thus, the question arises as to the limits of the concept of economic activity in general in identifying and determining the types of economic relations. Business and non-entrepreneur activity has the appropriate organizational forms, but these forms are defined as any. Thus, almost axiomatically accepted provisions entrepreneurial economic activity takes the form of companies and business enterprises and non-entrepreneur - non-entrepreneur companies. Instead, legislation defines enterprise as the organizational form of management, so enterprises can be created both for business and for non-entrepreneur (sole legally defined type of communal non-entrepreneur enterprise). In turn, recent research confirms the position that the company is not a form of non-profit activities. Thus, the analysis of legislation and scientific approaches to economic activity allows the following conclusions. First, the Economic Code of Ukraine aims to regulate business entities, i.e. their activities to create economic result that is valuable in nature and aimed at ensuring the existence of the market. Second, dichotomous division management on the business and non-entrepreneur activities require a certain view, given the nature of the activity, rather than on the legal form of the entity. Thirdly, it is necessary to outline the general principles of regulation of non-profit activities, given the current economic relations in the country. A promising area of reform of the legal regulation of economic activity, in our opinion, is not only an understanding of managing a business, reducing the number of regulatory acts and delimitation of economic law and civil law regulating the status of participants in legal relations. Fundamental principles of this process should determine the types of business entity as economic and legal category, and the legal form of legal entities, as civil category inability to legal identification.

Proces certifikace výdajů programu solidarita a řízení migračních toků

Mechanisms for implementing community programs resulting from general principles of Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1605/2002 on the Financial Regulation applicable to the general budget of the European Communities and Commission Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 2342/2002 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of the Financial Regulation. Community programs may be implemented by centralized management or shared management. In the centralized management of community programs are funded directly from the EU budget. The principle of shared management is the division of powers between the European Commission and EU Member States. One Community program, which is in the Czech Republic based on the principle of shared management for the programming period 2007 to 2013 common program Solidarity and Management of Migration Flows. Even in this method of financial management, there are areas in which a Member State and European Commission joint responsibility (eg, compliance with the rules of publicity).

The role of microbial dormancy autoinducers in metabolism blockade

*Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 60-1etiya Oktyabrya 7, k. 2, Moscow, 117811 Russia **Kazan State University, ul. Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan, 420008 Russia ***Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow, 117813 Russia ****Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 33, Moscow, 117071 Russia Received June 29, 1999 Abstraet--Alkyl-substituted hydroxybenzenes (AHBs), which are autoinducers of microbial dormancy (dl factors), were found to stabilize the structure of protein macromolecules and modify the catalytic activity of enzymes. In vitro experiments showed that C6-AHB at concentrations from 10 -4 to 10 -2 M, at which it occurs in the medium as a true solution and a micellar colloid, respectively, nonspecifically inhibited the activity of chymotrypsin, RNase, invertase, and glucose oxidase. C6-AHB-induced conformational alterations in protein macromolecules were due to the formation of complexes, as evidenced by differences in the fluorescence spec- tra of individual RNase and C6-AHB and their mixtures and in the surface tension isotherms of C6-AHB and trypsin solutions. Data on the involvement of dormancy autoinducers in the posttranslational modification of enzymes and their inhibition will provide further insight into the mechanisms of development and maintenance of dormant microbial forms. Key words: dormancy, dormancy autoinducers, d I factors, alkyl-substituted hydroxybenzenes, metabolism blockade, structural modification of enzymes There is increasing current interest in the mecha- nisms of microbial dormancy, a resting state character- ized by the reversible inactivation of cellular metabo- lism associated with an increase in cell resistance to environmental stresses. The knowledge of the molecu- lar mechanisms of dormancy can provide further insight into the general principles of regulation of cell metabolism and cytodifferentiation and into the strat- egy of microbial survival and adaptation to varying environmental conditions. Investigations of resting microbial forms (bacillar endospores, bacterial cysts, and fungal spores) have led to the following three independent hypotheses explain- ing the development and maintenance of the dormant state in microorganisms: (1) production of metabolic autoinhibitors (e.g., spore germination inhibitors), whose release from spores results in the cessation of the dormant state [1]; (2) dehydration of the spore protoplast due to changes in the ultrastructure of cells, the phase state of membranes, and their selective permeability [2, 3]; ~E-mail for correspondence: andlm@mail.ru (3) reversible inactivation of enzymes due to the for- mation of thermostable complexes with dipicolinate calcium [4]. It should be noted that there is some controversy between experimental data and the above hypotheses, probably accounted for by the great diversity of the structural, chemical, and biochemical properties of resting microbial forms. At the same time, the general properties of resting forms suggest that the mechanisms of their formation must be similar. From this point of view, of much interest is the role of low-molecular- weight regulatory substances involved in the formation and maintenance of metabolically dormant microbial forms. Earlier, we described alkyl-substituted hydroxyben- zenes (AHBs) as autoregulatory dl factors inducing the conversion of vegetative microbial cells to dormant cystlike refractory forms [5-10]. Factors dl modify the structure of membranes by increasing the microviscos- ity of the lipid stroma due to hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups of the aromatic ring of the factors and membrane lipids. As a result, d~ factors enhance the permeability of membranes to monovalent ions, induce the dehydration of the cell protoplast, affect the activity of membrane-associated enzymes, 0026-2617/00/6902-0174525.00 9 2000 MAIK "Nauka/lnterperiodica"

PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION AND CONTROL

Certain general principles of regulation and control are developed and substantiated by means of evidence from a variety of fields. First, success in regulation is a function of several variables including adaptability, use of heuristic devices, system structure and characteristics of its constituent parts. Second, both internal specialization of a system and the variety of its dependencies on the environment are important. However, while the variety is important only in the short‐run, system structure is important both in the short‐run and the long‐run. Third, according to the contemporary cybernetic paradigm, a self‐regulatory system must be an open system. This is concluded to be a myth. The theory is developed and illustrated.