General Mindfulness Research Articles

Financial Mindfulness: A Scale.

The concept of mindfulness has enjoyed much resonance among researchers. Despite this past work, we argue there is a need for a domain-specific conceptualization and measure of financial mindfulness (FM). We first define FM as "the tendency to be highly aware of one's current objective financial state while possessing an acceptance of that state," and, second, develop and validate an eight-item scale to measure individual differences in FM. This article has nine studies, including a field survey administered by a financial services provider to examine actual behavior. Importantly, the FM-Scale is associated with financial behaviors (i.e., sunk cost bias) above and beyond related scales (i.e., money management stress, self-control, and general mindfulness). To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to provide a succinct way to measure FM that incorporates elements of both awareness and acceptance, highlighting the role of financial acceptance specifically.

Unveiling the mirage of mindfulness profiles through mindfulness-based stress reduction

ObjectivesThe Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) stands out as a standard of mindfulness assessment in scientific literature, although scientific understanding of its properties is still in development. Among them, the FFMQ seems to present latent profiles with specific patterns in its facets. However, no study has explored the behavior of mindfulness profiles across mindfulness-based interventions. This study explores how Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) impacts mindfulness profiles. MethodsAn overall sample of 624 participants were measured pre and post-MBSR in mindfulness, decentering, self-compassion, psychopathological symptoms, well-being, and positive and negative emotional states. ResultsMBSR altered the structure of latent profiles, shifting from 3 profiles to 2 profiles: A High Mindfulness minority profile and a General Mindfulness majority profile. These profiles could be interpreted as a single dispositional mindfulness continuum. The Judgmentally Observing and Non-Judgmentally Aware profiles were more present in the High Mindfulness profile post-MBSR. All profiles tended to display increased decentering, self-compassion, well-being, and positive states, while decreased negative states and psychological symptoms. Thus, MBSR seemed to “arrange” latent profiles in a continuum of overall mindfulness. ConclusionsMBSR seems to dissipate heterogeneities in the FFMQ, allocating its measurements to a more homogeneous continuum of mindfulness. Implications and recommendations for future studies are discussed.

Optimization of a mHealth Physical Activity Promotion Intervention With Mindful Awareness for Young Adult Cancer Survivors: Design and Methods of Opt2Move Full Factorial Trial.

Opt2Move is a theory-guided moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) promotion trial that uses multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) methodology to evaluate the individual and combined effects of four intervention components in a full factorial experiment among young adult cancer survivors (YACS; N = 304). All participants will receive the core mHealth MVPA intervention, which includes a Fitbit and standard self-monitoring Opt2Move smartphone application. YACS will be randomized to one of 16 conditions to receive between zero and four additional components each with two levels (yes v. no): E-Coach, buddy, general mindfulness, and MVPA-specific mindfulness. The primary aim is to determine the individual and combined effects of the components on MVPA post-intervention (12-weeks) and at 24-week follow-up. The secondary aim is to examine how changes in MVPA are associated with patient-reported outcomes, light-intensity activity, sedentary time, and sleep duration and quality. Potential mediators and moderators of component effects will also be examined. Results will support the selection of a package of intervention components optimized to maximize MVPA to be tested in a randomized controlled trial. Opt2Move represents the first systematic effort to use MOST to design an optimized, scalable mHealth MVPA intervention for YACS and will lead to an improved understanding of how to effectively change YACS' MVPA and ultimately, improve health and disease outcomes.

Young Adult Women and Sexual Awareness in the Digital Age: Examining Pathways Linking Online Dating Debut and Mindfulness with Sexual and Mental Health.

Sexual awareness is an understudied phenomenon, despite its known effects on mental health. Little is known about the predictors of sexual awareness, including how early sexual debut and early engagement with online dating and hookup apps might impact the development of sexual mindfulness. Given the conceptual overlap between mindfulness and sexual awareness, this study tested a model that hypothesized that general mindfulness and early sexual and online dating debuts may be associated with mental health outcomes and sexual behavior through pathways involving sexual awareness (assertiveness, consciousness, appeal, and monitoring). A sample of 2,379 heterosexually active young adult women completed an online survey. Path models indicated that both early sexual debut (prior to age 15) and early online dating debut (prior to age 18) had significant, positive direct associations with anxiety and depression scores. Early online dating was also associated with condomless sex with casual male partners. However, both early sexual debut and early online dating debut were indirectly linked to greater sexual risk through greater appeal, and to lower sexual risk through sexual assertiveness. Additionally, greater monitoring contributed to more depression for those with an earlier sexual debut. These findings point to potential risks associated with early online dating. They also highlight benefits of studying sexual awareness as a multi-dimensional construct, especially as it helps to clarify divergent findings in the existing literature on the long-term consequences associated with early sexual debut. While some domains were associated with risk (monitoring and appeal), others were indicative of resilience (assertiveness).

Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise, Mindfulness Training and Combined Mindfulness and Exercise on Cognitive Performance

Physical activity (PA) and mindfulness are independently associated with improved cognitive function; however, the effects of their combination on cognitive function are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an acute bout of PA, mindfulness training, and combined PA and mindfulness training on changes in cognitive function and perceived cognitive ability. Using a repeated measures within-subjects design, adults (N = 29, Mage = 28.6) completed three 20-minute counterbalanced conditions: a) mindfulness training (MIND); b) moderate-intensity walking (PA), and c) moderate-intensity walking while listening to PA-specific mindfulness training (PAMIND). Participants completed the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery and PROMIS Applied Cognition Short Form before and after each condition. Within-subjects repeated measures ANOVAs revealed inhibitory control, working memory, task shifting, processing speed and the fluid composite score ( P < .01 for all) improved from pre-to post-condition for all conditions. Perceived cognitive ability declined across all conditions pre- to post-condition ( P < .001); decreases were largest in the MIND condition. Cognitive performance improved following acute bouts of general mindfulness, PA, and the combination of the two, but perceived cognitive ability declined. Future work is warranted to examine effects in other populations and as a result of different PA and mindfulness doses and interventions.

Longitudinal associations between mindfulness and change in attachment orientations in couples: The role of relationship preoccupation and empathy

Attachment orientations predict relationship outcomes and health and well-being, making it important to illuminate factors which enhance attachment security. We investigated how general and relationship-specific mindfulness predict changes in attachment orientations in couples over time, testing relationship preoccupation and partner-focused empathy as mediators. We also explored whether the longitudinal links between general mindfulness and attachment are bidirectional. Couples reported their general and relationship mindfulness and attachment orientations in a baseline session (Phase 1). They then reported relationship preoccupation and empathy each day for 14 days (Phase 2). Lastly, they reported general mindfulness and attachment orientations 2 months later (Phase 3). Results revealed that higher Phase 1 actor general—but not relationship—mindfulness directly predicted Phase 1-3 decreases in actor attachment anxiety. Conversely, greater Phase 1 actor relationship—but not general—mindfulness indirectly predicted Phase 1-3 decreases in actor attachment avoidance via greater Phase 2 actor empathy. Finally, lower Phase 1 actor and partner attachment anxiety directly predicted Phase 1-3 increases in general mindfulness. This research provides the first dyadic longitudinal demonstration of the interplay between partners’ mindfulness and attachment.

PROJETO PILOTO – PROGRAMA DE 8 SEMANAS DE MINDFULNESS PARA UNIVERSITÁRIOS

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of Mindfulness practice applied in an 8-week program in university students. METHODS: An intervention study was carried out, with a convenience sample and voluntary participation of students, enrolled for an 8-week program of Mindfulness practices. The following questionnaires were used: sociodemographic profile; perception of self-satisfaction; Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21); and Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-BR), both in an adapted and validated version for Brazilian Portuguese. The questionnaires were completed anonymously at the beginning and end of the program. RESULTS: The participants were 58 university students from the psychology course, between the 1st and 10th semesters, aged between 18 and 60 years. To minimally evaluate the pilot project, it was necessary for each participant to attend at least 5 meetings. Those that did not reach this minimum participation were not considered in the final comparative results. Finally, 16 participants were included in the study analyses. The mean was used to compare the initial and final results of the questionnaires. The comparisons showed a reduction in the severity levels of the symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety, as well as an improvement in the majority of the Mindfulness scores obtained in the facets. CONCLUSION: The application of the 8-week Mindfulness program to university students led to suggested benefits, such as a probable reduction in scores obtained in the assessment of symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression, improvement in general mindfulness and self-perception, and greater satisfaction with life itself.

Unraveling Heterogeneities in Mindfulness Profiles: a Review and Latent Profile Analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Short-Form (FFMQ-SF) in the Spanish Population

ObjectivesThe Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is one of the most common self-report instruments used in scientific literature to assess mindfulness. However, mixed evidence has been provided regarding its psychometric properties. Among them, the FFMQ seems to present latent classes or profiles with specific patterns in its facets, which might explain said mixed evidence. This study explores mindfulness profiles in the Spanish population using the short form of the FFMQ (FFMQ-SF) and its relations with relevant constructs (i.e., decentering, self-compassion, psychological well-being, psychopathology, positive and negative states).MethodsA general population sample of 826 participants completed instruments measuring mindfulness and related constructs. Latent profile analyses were applied to the FFMQ-SF facets, and profile membership of participants was estimated for relations with related constructs.ResultsThree latent profiles were found: General Mindfulness, Judgmentally Observing, and Non-judgmentally Aware. General Mindfulness showed expected relations with other constructs, but the other two profiles showed some relations opposite to prior literature: The Judgmentally Observing profile displayed functional behaviors while the Non-judgmentally Aware profile showed an inverse mitigated pattern. Results could not be explained by gender, age, level of studies, or minimum experience with meditation.ConclusionsMost people (68%) fall into mindfulness profiles that can be regarded as a continuum (e.g., an overall mindfulness factor). However, the FFMQ-SF shows heterogeneities in its facets due to two unique latent profiles, namely “Judgmentally Observing” (7.4%) and “Non-judgmentally Aware” (24.8%). While the structure of these profiles was replicated, relations with relevant psychological constructs contradicted previous literature. Implications and recommendations for future studies are discussed.

Ethnobiology of Mountain Communities in Asia -A Book Review

Ethnobiology of Mountain Communities in Asia, Abbasi, A. M., & Bussmann, R. W. (Eds.). (2021) Springer Nature Switzerland. xiv + 439 pp. (Hardcover). EUR 149.99. ISBN: 978-3-030-55493-4; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55494-1 The book under review (Ethnobiology of Mountain Communities in Asia) is a part of the book series, Ethnobiology. So far, twelve volumes of this series have been published since 2015 (https://www.springer.com/series/11551). Ethnobiology is the study of the dynamic relationship between plants, animals, people, and the environment. Contemporary ethnobiological research is grounded in respect for all cultures, embracing the principles of prior informed consent, benefit sharing, and general mindfulness.

Effects of mindfulness on occupational stress and job satisfaction of hospitality and service workers

ABSTRACT Hospitality and service workers commonly work under psychological and physical pressure with long working hours, resulting in high levels of occupational stress that affect their overall well-being and job satisfaction. This study investigates the effects of a mindfulness intervention on occupational stress and job satisfaction of hospitality and service workers. A total of 14 professionals participated in the study. They integrated a 15 to 30-minute audio mindfulness session into their daily work routine for fifteen days. A quasi-experimental pretest-intervention-posttest design was used. To measure the effects over the intervention period, a paired samples t-test was conducted. When data were not normally distributed, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was performed to assess changes. After the intervention, participants showed significantly higher values in general mindfulness and job satisfaction and significantly lower scores in occupational stress. The present study shows that even low-cost, self-directed mindfulness training has a beneficial impact with significant work- and health-related relevance. Based on these findings, managers in the hospitality industry are recommended to invest in mindfulness training and integrate it into their human resources strategy.

Mobile mindfulness: Predictors of mobile screen time tracking

As individuals spend more time with mobile devices, concerns over screen time have grown, and thus so have efforts to reduce it. Even with mixed evidence for screen time's negative effects, mindfulness about mobile phone use has emerged as a coping mechanism and intervention strategy. This study uses an online survey (N = 405) to investigate whether general mindfulness and perceptions of one's phone use predict the use of Apple's Screen Time feature to track mobile screen time. Based on the Technology Acceptance Model, results indicate that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use predict positive attitudes toward the feature, intention to use it, and actual use of it. However, mindfulness is a negative predictor of usefulness, indicating that those who are already more mindful find this feature less useful. Perceived time spent on one's phone was not related to perceived usefulness and thus did not predict use of the feature in the overall model. These results provide theoretical implications for the role of mindfulness in communication technology use, for predicting the adoption of screen time tracking tools, and practical implications for how to design these features for users based on their perceptions of their screen time and of screen time tracking.

College Students Who Are Mindful About Math Achieve Better Grades

AbstractHigh levels of math anxiety combined with low levels of mindfulness may contribute to disproportionate failure rates in introductory college mathematics classes. Although research has confirmed benefits of mindfulness in reducing anxiety and stress, findings have been less clear regarding links between mindfulness and achievement outcomes. The current study used an adapted version of the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire, with items reworded specifically for activities related to math, to investigate roles of both math anxiety and mindfulness on midterm course grades. Undergraduate math students completed a brief test of math skills, and questionnaires about math anxiety, general mindfulness, and mindfulness about math during the first week of the semester. Course grades were collected at midterm. Results revealed that math skills and the act with awareness facet of mindfulness were significantly associated with course grades. Supporting mindful awareness during introductory college math classes may also enhance achievement outcomes.

Mindfulness, perceived partner responsiveness, and relationship quality: A dyadic longitudinal mediation model

General and domain-specific (e.g., relationship-specific) mindfulness frequently predict salutary relationship outcomes. The present preregistered study examined whether general and relationship mindfulness predicted longitudinal change in positive and negative relationship quality via greater perceived partner responsiveness (PPR). One hundred couples completed a baseline lab session (Phase 1), a 14-day diary period (Phase 2), and a 2-month follow-up survey (Phase 3). Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model analyses revealed that actors’ Phase 1 relationship mindfulness—but not general mindfulness—predicted increases in their own positive relationship quality from Phase 1–3 and decreases in their own negative relationship quality from Phase 1–3 indirectly via their own Phase 2 PPR. An exploratory alternate model testing if Phase 1 PPR predicted changes in Phase 1–3 relationship quality via Phase 2 relationship mindfulness did not reveal significant indirect effects. All results held when controlling for gender, age, and relationship length, and no partner effects emerged in any analysis. These findings further elucidate the relationship-enhancing role of mindfulness in couples and highlight PPR as a critical mediator explaining the link between domain-specific mindfulness and relationship quality. Implications for mindfulness-based training programs for couples are discussed.

فاعلية برنامج قائم على اليقظة العامة في خفض کل من الاکتئاب النفسي والقلق الاجتماعي لدى عينة من المراهقين ذوي اضطراب فرط الحرکة ونقص الانتباه.

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على مدي فاعلية اليقظة العامة (العقلية، وللذات) في خفض کل من الاکتئاب النفسي، والقلق الاجتماعي لدى عينة من المراهقين ذوي اضطراب فرط النشاط ونقص الانتباه. واشتملت الدراسة على عينة قوامها (30) مشارکا من المراهقين المصابين بفرط النشاط ونقص الانتباه ،تراوحت أعمارهم من (14: 18)عاما، وکان متوسط أعمارهم (16.65)، وبانحراف معياري (1.56)، وتم تقسيمهم إلى مجموعتين متجانستين (مجموعة تجريبية ،ومجموعة ضابطة)،وطبقت على العينة مقياس اليقظة العقلية ،ومقياس اليقظة للذات ،وقائمة بيک الثانية للاکتئاب ،ومقياس القلق الاجتماعي ،وقد تم تطبيق برنامج التدريب على اليقظة العامة (اليقظة العقلية، واليقظة للذات) على المجموعة التجريبية على مدار شهرين ،بواقع ثلاث جلسات اسبوعيا . وقد أشارت النتائج إلى تحسن دال إحصائيا في مهارات اليقظة العقلية واليقظة للذات، وانخفاضا واضحا في أعراض الاکتئاب النفسي، وخفض القلق الاجتماعي بعد تطبيق البرنامج وبعد فترة المتابعة. The current study aimed at identifying Effectiveness of A program based on General Mindfulness in reducing both Psychological Depression and Social Anxiety in a Sample of Adolescents with ADHD. The study included a sample of (30) participants from adolescents with hyperactivity and attention deficit, whose ages ranged from (14: 18) and their average age was (16.65) and with a standard deviation (+1.56), and they were divided into two homogeneous groups (an experimental group and a control group ), And applied to the sample the mental Mindfulness scale, the self- Mindfulness scale, the second Beck list for depression, and the social anxiety scale. The training program on general Mindfulness (mental Mindfulness and self-awareness) was applied to the experimental group over a period of two months, with three sessions per week. The results indicated a statistically significant improvement in mental Mindfulness and self-Mindfulness skills, a clear decrease in symptoms of psychological depression, and a reduction in social anxiety after implementing the program and after the follow-up period.

Mindfulness and Stress Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in China.

Parenting a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be tremendously challenging. It is important to identify factors associated with parenting stress. This study examined the indirect effect of parental dispositional mindfulness on their anxiety and depressive symptoms and family quality of life (FQOL) through mindful parenting and then parenting stress. Seventy-nine Chinese parents (24.1% fathers) of children with ASD aged 3-13years completed self-report questionnaires. Results indicated that higher dispositional mindfulness was associated with higher mindful parenting, which was related to lower parenting stress, and further related to lower anxiety and depressive symptoms and higher FQOL. The findings provide valuable insight into the potential pathways through which general mindfulness and mindful parenting may positively impact parental outcomes.

Applying the Mindful Parenting Program Among Chinese Parents of Children with ADHD: A Randomized Control Trial

The present study is aimed at investigating the effects and mechanisms of the Mindful Parenting Program (MPP) on the stress of Chinese parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A total of 113 Chinese parents of children with ADHD were randomly assigned to the MPP group (n = 58) or the treatment as usual (TAU) waitlist-control group (n = 55). The following parameters were assessed at baseline and posttreatment: parental stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, as well as general mindfulness, mindful parenting, and self-compassion. Each child’s ADHD symptoms and behavioral/emotional symptoms were also measured. The MPP group showed significantly greater amelioration of parental stress (F = 8.79, p = .004, effect size d =0.44) compared with that of the TAU waitlist-control group after eight weeks. The MPP group also showed greater improvements in parental general mindfulness (F = 11.40, p < .001, effect size d = 0.56) and self-compassion (F = 17.83, p < .001, effect size d = 0.62), but not mindful parenting (F = 2.32, p = 0.131), compared to those of the TAU group. Improvements in general mindfulness and parental self-compassion mediated the effect of the Mindful Parenting Program on parental stress at posttreatment, with effect sizes of 0.46 and 0.46, respectively. For the MPP completers, improvements in general parental mindfulness, parental self-compassion, and mindful parenting correlated with improvements in their children’s ADHD symptoms and behavioral symptoms. Correlation between the total practice times and outcome improvements was nonsignificant. Our findings suggest that the Mindful Parenting Program may be effective for ameliorating parental stress among Chinese parents of children with ADHD. Clinical Trial Registration: https:// www.chictr.org.cn ; ChiCTR1800019215

The Distinguishing Characteristics of Parents Seeking a Mindful Parenting Intervention in Child Mental Health Care

As a clinical intervention, Mindful Parenting has positive effects on parental stress and psychopathology, as well as child psychopathology. However, previous studies have not considered what characterizes parents and families who receive this type of intervention. The current study utilized a quasi-experimental design to determine the characteristics that distinguish parents seeking or referred to a mindful parenting intervention in community child mental health care centers. Two groups of parents were recruited to the study: treatment-seeking parents (n = 89), and a comparison group of parents from a community population (n = 66). All parents completed measures relating to their child’s psychopathology, their own psychopathology, general mindful awareness, and parenting measures of stress, over-reactivity, experiential avoidance and mindful parenting. A cross-sectional comparison confirmed that the treatment-seeking parents reported significantly higher psychopathology in their child (d = 0.91–1.19) and in themselves (d = 0.99–1.21), lower general mindful awareness, and higher parenting stress, over-reactivity, parental experiential avoidance and lower mindful parenting than the community parents. Across all outcomes, group differences in mindful parenting indicated the largest effect (d = 1.77), followed by parenting stress (d = 1.42), general mindfulness (d = 1.34), parental over-reactivity (d = 1.32), and parental experiential avoidance (d = 1.21). Hierarchical binary logistic regression analyses indicated that, next to higher child internalizing problems, lower mindful parenting distinguished treatment-seeking parents from community parents. Those parents seeking or referred to a mindful parenting intervention may benefit most from improvements in the very construct that the intervention targets: cultivating mindful parenting.

Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Training on Healthcare Professionals' Mental Health: Results from a Pilot Study Testing Its Predictive Validity in a Specialized Hospital Setting.

This pilot study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) training and to examine positive and negative symptom-focused mental health variables. The mental health variables were used to test the predictive validity of the training among healthcare professionals. Thirty healthcare professionals participated in this non-randomized pre-post intervention pilot study. The questionnaire on mental health was filled in twice. Baseline and post-intervention differences were tested with paired samples t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. The participants’ evaluation of the training was assessed with a five-item questionnaire. The recruitment and retention were successful, and participants’ evaluation of the training itself was positive but the influence on daily life was rated only moderately positive. In comparison with baseline at post-intervention participants showed significant improvements in general mindfulness, the burnout dimension personal accomplishment, quality of sleep, positive emotions, and self-efficacy. A significant decrease was found in the burnout dimension emotional exhaustion, stress level, negative emotions at work, and worrying. No significant changes were found for the burnout dimension mental distance, and work engagement. The measures showed ample within-person differences and low, medium, or high effect sizes. The current trial approach of the MBSR training seems feasible and acceptable. Our results suggest that mindfulness, burnout, stress level, quality of sleep, positive emotions at work, negative emotions at work, self-efficacy, and worrying are meaningful mental health variables for inclusion in a larger-scale Randomized Controlled Trial on the effects of MBSR.

General Mindfulness Differentially Predicted by Male and Female Exercisers’ Perceptions of Motivational Climate and Goal Orientations

Extending upon Iwasaki and Fry’s study published in 2016, the connections between mindfulness, goal orientations, and motivational climate perceptions were examined among exercisers. Participants (N = 324, 62% women) were surveyed six weeks into their group exercise classes on their perceptions of the class climate (caring, task-involving, and ego-involving), goal orientations (task and ego), and general mindfulness. Separate linear regressions for men and women were run to determine if exercisers’ perceptions of the motivational climate and their goal orientations predicted general mindfulness. Similar to previous research, ego goal orientation did not significantly predict mindfulness. In contrast to previous research, the regression model for women exercisers was not significant and predicted only 2.3% of general mindfulness variance. However, 9.6% of general mindfulness variance was predicted for men by the significant regression model. Men’s perceptions of the caring climate and their task goal orientation were similarly important positive predictors of mindfulness. By fostering a caring climate, exercise instructors have the potential to increase their participants’ general mindfulness, an important avenue for positively affecting participants’ quality of life.

Cardiovascular effects of brief mindfulness meditation among perfectionists experiencing failure.

Research links perfectionism, the tendency to hold and pursue unrealistically high standards, to negative mental health outcomes such as eating disorders, anxiety, and depression. Previous research used high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) to measure recovery from stress during a mindfulness meditation in perfectionistic university students and found that only nonperfectionists demonstrated HF-HRV recovery from stress, suggesting that mindfulness was not effective for perfectionists. However, the mindfulness meditation did not incorporate a nonjudgment element, which may be a key component for perfectionists. In the current study, we examined whether mindfulness with a focus on nonjudgment helps university student perfectionists (n=120) recover from failure (measured by heart rate (HR), HF-HRV, pNN50). Students were randomly assigned to one of four meditation groups: nonjudgment mindfulness, general mindfulness (i.e., attentional awareness without a nonjudgment component), progressive muscle relaxation, and nothing. Cardiac data were recorded during a 5-min baseline, failure task, and 10-min meditation session. HR results suggest that both mindfulness conditions and "nothing" encouraged cardiovascular recovery, but that the mindfulness conditions showed even further recovery during the last five minutes of the meditations. HF-HRV results indicated that participants in the nonjudgment mindfulness condition had marginally higher HF-HRV during the last five minutes of the meditation than at baseline, while participants in the other conditions did not. Therefore, mindfulness with a focus on nonjudgment of emotions may be especially important to help perfectionists improve HF-HRV after failure.