General License Research Articles

Perceptions and experiences of trainers and trainees of UK workplace-based assessment for general practice licensing: a mixed methods survey

ABSTRACT Background Workplace-Based Assessment (WPBA) forms a major component of the UK General Practitioner (GP) licensing, together with knowledge and clinical skills examination. WPBA includes Case-based Discussion, Consultation Observation Tool, Mini-Consultation Exercise, Multisource Feedback, Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire, Clinical Examination and Procedural Skills, Clinical Supervisor’s Report, and Educational Supervisor Review. We aimed to investigate GP trainees’ and trainers’ perceptions and experiences of WPBA regarding validity and fairness. Methods We used a national online survey, with Likert-scaled and free-text responses, to a convenience sample of GP trainees and trainers, on perceptions and experiences of WPBA. Analysis included descriptive statistics, scale development, and regression models to investigate factors associated with attitudes towards WPBA, with thematic analysis of free text responses supported by NVivo 12. Results There were 2,088 responses from 1,176 trainees and 912 trainers. Both groups were generally positive towards WPBA, with trainers more positive or similar to trainees towards individual assessments. In a multivariable regression model, accounting for sex, ethnicity and country of primary medical qualification, trainees were significantly less positive (p < 0.001) while international medical graduates (IMGs) trained outside the European Economic Area (EEA) were significantly more (p < 0.001) positive towards WPBA. Qualitative analysis revealed varying concerns about validity and relevance, assessment burden, potential for bias, fairness to protected characteristics groups, gaps in assessment, and perceptions of individual assessments. Discussion Trainers’ greater positivity towards elements of WPBA accords with their role as assessors. Despite concerns about bias, IMGs from outside the EEA were significantly more positive towards WPBA.

Not in the countryside please! Investigating UK residents’ perceptions of an introduced species, the ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri)

Wildlife management can generate social conflict when stakeholder perceptions of the target species are not considered. Introduced Ring-necked Parakeets (RNP) are established in the UK and have been added to the ‘general licence’ of birds that can be killed to prevent serious economic damage. We aimed to better understand perceptions of RNPs on a nationwide scale to inform mitigation actions for potential future conflict over RNP management. We surveyed 3,947 UK residents to understand awareness of, knowledge of and attitudes towards the RNP across the UK. We found that most respondents (90.2%) were aware of the RNP. Almost half of respondents (45.9%) held negative opinions, particularly against the RNP in rural areas (64.7%), suggesting landscape contexts influence attitudes. Respondent preference for the RNP was low in local neighbourhoods (7.80%) although the species was considered aesthetically pleasing by most (83.0%). Many respondents knew the species’ name (54.9%), but underestimated current population numbers in the UK (82.6%) and few knew its full native range (10.0%). We identified respondents’ ecological interest, age, education, preference for, awareness of and knowledge of the RNP as significant factors associated with perceptions. Our findings suggest that the RNP presents a complex socio-environmental challenge, with respondent awareness, knowledge and attitudes each forming an important component of perceptions towards this species. We recommend that wildlife managers utilise our findings and cohesive approach to enhance future RNP perception research in the UK and abroad and towards the success of any proposed management initiatives under the UK general licence.

US economic sanctions targeting Latin America: Recent changes, developments and compliance challenges

The United States — specifically through the US Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) and the Department of State — has maintained economic sanctions against certain Latin American countries since the 1950s. Starting with broad-based sanctions against Cuba, where OFAC prohibited virtually all transactions, the Department of the Treasury has instituted more-targeted sanctions regimes against Venezuela and Nicaragua, where non-government dealings are, for the most part, authorised. Together, the Departments of State and the Treasury also administer sanctions against various narcotics and terrorist organisations operating in Latin America. Most notable is the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act, which has targeted trafficking organisations, foreign officials and their money laundering empires. To that end, sanctions, while initially imposed to fight certain political regimes, have developed into sanctions targeting all kinds of wrongdoing such as sponsoring terrorism, aiding and abetting drug trafficking, corruption and the commission of human rights violations. US sanctions violations are assessed under a strict liability standard (ie, no knowledge of the violation is required to trigger liability) and impact not only those directly subject to the jurisdiction of the US but also may carry implications for non-US persons undertaking certain ‘significant transactions' with sanctioned persons and jurisdictions. Further, while sanctions apply to US persons, OFAC can institute penalties on non-US persons for causing a US person to violate their compliance obligations. In addition, OFAC (or the Department of State) may sanction persons (individuals or entities) by adding them to the Specially Designated and Blocked Nationals (SDN) List. US persons must block the property and interests in property of SDNs, and are prohibited from virtually all, direct and indirect, transactions involving an SDN. SDN restrictions also apply to ‘Shadow SDNs' which are entities owned 50 per cent or more, directly or indirectly, by one or more SDNs in the aggregate. A Shadow SDN receives the same treatment as SDNs, regardless of whether such entity is itself on the SDN List. The challenge with Shadow SDNs is that they can only be discovered through rigorous due diligence into beneficial ownership structures of sometimes opaque corporate entities. This is where the world of sanctions compliance and enforcement crosses with that of anti-money laundering. The evolving customer due diligence, ongoing customer monitoring, suspicious activity investigations and reporting, and know your customer (KYC) (and know your customer's customer [KYCC]) evidenced are reflected through the evolving Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Recommendations, the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering in South America (GAFISUD) and domestic regulations. As a result of the increasingly unpredictable political changes in Latin America, and the concurrent changes in sanctions regimes, financial institutions (FIs) should maintain a proper understanding of the current sanctions prohibitions, the trends and updates in the area, but equally important, they should also maintain a good understanding of the complex legal provisions authorising certain behaviours — including the general licences and exemptions — that may apply. FIs must balance mitigating the risks of sanctions violations, and the associated hefty penalties, with the risks of a cumbersome and overly restrictive compliance regimen. An appropriately risk-based compliance programme that achieves both of these objectives is very much an art and not a ‘one size fits all’ model.

Status of the Site Investigation and Site Selection Process for a Deep Geological Repository in Switzerland

Nagra, the National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste, in Switzerland, is realizing a project of the century: the planning, construction, operation, and closure of a deep geological repository (DGR) for the nation’s radioactive waste. The site selection process for a DGR is regulated by a three-stage process described in the Sectoral Plan, which the Federal Government approved in 2008. An overconsolidated shale, the Opalinus Clay, was selected as the most suitable rock formation as a result of Stage 2 of the Sectoral Plan. The three remaining siting regions were investigated in detail during Stage 3, including more than 12.5 km of exploratory boreholes drilled since 2018 and high-resolution, three-dimensional seismic surveys covering an area of approximately 250 km2. In September of 2022, Nagra proposed Nördlich Lägern as the preferred siting region for a combined repository in Northern Switzerland. Nagra plans to submit the corresponding general license application to the authorities by the end of 2024.

The 14C dose assessment model chain – 14C source term definition and uncertainty quantification

Abstract. Carbon-14 (14C) is an important, dose-determining contributing radionuclide in a deep geological repository for low and intermediate level radioactive waste (L/ILW). 14C is relevant for safety assessments as it can be present both as dissolved and gaseous species in the disposal facility and the host rock, and 14C-organic compounds migrate in the near field and the geosphere due to weak interaction with mineral surfaces in alkaline to near-neutral conditions. Thus, the chemical form of the 14C-bearing carbon species dictates the routes of 14C migration in the engineered barrier system of a deep geological repository and the surrounding host rock and therefore determines the long-term contribution of 14C to dose release from a repository for radioactive waste. Furthermore, 14C released from a deep repository would be subject to a certain accumulation in the biosphere, given the role of carbon as main building block of any life form on earth. The contribution will illustrate Nagra's recent progress within the 14C dose assessment model chain for a L/ILW deep geological repository to address the quantification of uncertainties. The systematic approach began by incorporating a realistic best-estimate plus uncertainty description of 14C activities within the Swiss model inventory of radioactive materials assembled specifically for the purpose of the general licence application. In this context state-of-the-art activation calculations for expected reactor and decommissioning wastes as well as extensive inquiries into origin and use of 14C within medicine, research, and industry played a key role. Uncertainties were screened for relevance and main contributing factors taken into account, differentiating between the characterisation methods of the relevant waste streams. Based on detailed knowledge of the expected activity and material inventory, release rates for the release pathways through congruent and instantaneous release processes as well as resulting chemical species could be defined with confidence. Key findings and characteristics of the 14C source term will be highlighted and discussed.

Measuring The Legal Consistency of Special Rental Transport Licensing

Special Rental Transport Arrangements, as one type of transportation of people with public motor vehicles on the road, are a response to the use of information technology as a medium of liaison between transporters and prospective passengers of public motor vehicles. But the arrangement does not place ASK complementary to other types of public transport services. The results showed that there was a different permit treatment between special rental transportation and transportation of people with public motorized vehicles not on other routes. The difference makes it easier for special rental transportation, compared to other types of transportation services. The difference is, first, the requirements for obtaining a license for a special rental transportation operator company, second, the condition that the vehicle must have proof of passing periodic tests, and third, the driver must have a General Driver's License. The norm of PM 118 of 2018 which provides the convenience (privilege) of licensing, is contrary to the norms of UULLAJ, PP Number 74 of 2014, and PM Number 117 of 2018. So that in fact, the norms of PM 118 of 2018 are void and non-binding because they conflict with legal norms that have a higher position, namely the norms of UULLAJ and PP Number 74 of 2014.

Portraying Teacher Education for Inclusion: An Analysis of the Institutional Discourse of Dual Certification Programs

Dual certification programs are proliferating as the principal means of preparing teachers for inclusive practice. Drawing on the 1,408 university-based teacher education programs on the 2019 Title II database, we examined the institutional website discourse for every program offering prospective teachers the opportunity to earn a general and special education license. One-quarter of these websites reflected discourse conveying inclusion as a reform, transformational, and equity strategy for teaching; three-quarters limited discourse to the practical benefit of earning two licenses, absent any elaboration regarding inclusive teaching. This raises questions regarding whether these programs serve a robust reform function in orienting prospective teachers to inclusive practice or instead a transactional function that maintains the traditional binary relationship between general and special education.

Examiner perceptions of the MRCGP recorded consultation assessment for general practice licensing during COVID-19: cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe Recorded Consultation Assessment (RCA) was developed rapidly during the COVID-19 pandemic to replace the Clinical Skills Assessment (CSA) for UK general practice licensing. Our aim was to evaluate examiner perceptions of the RCA.MethodsWe employed a cross-sectional design using a questionnaire survey of RCA examiners with attitudinal (relating to examiners thoughts and perceptions of the RCA) and free text response options. We conducted statistical descriptive and factor analysis of quantitative data with qualitative thematic analysis of free text responses.ResultsOverall, 182 of 260 (70%) examiners completed the questionnaire. Responders felt that consultations submitted were representative of the work of a typical GP during the pandemic and provided a good sample across the curriculum. They were also generally positive about the logistic, advisory and other support provided as well as the digital platform. Despite responders generally agreeing there was sufficient information available in video or audio consultations to judge candidates’ data gathering, clinical management, and interpersonal skills, they were less confident about their ability to make judgments of candidates’ performance compared with the CSA. The qualitative analysis of free text responses detailed the problems of case selection and content, explained examiners’ difficulties when making judgments, and detailed the generally positive views about support, training and information technology. Responders also provided helpful recommendations for improving the assessment.ConclusionThe RCA was considered by examiners to be feasible and broadly acceptable, although they experienced challenges from candidate case selection, case content and judgments leading to suggested areas for improvement.

From Mapping Place to Mapping Space in Library GIS Work

At many academic libraries, library workers run the teaching, general reference consultations, technical troubleshooting, and software and licensing maintenance in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for their institutions. This is very much the case in the Data Services unit of Johns Hopkins University’s Sheridan Libraries, where staff receive requests for help with a wide variety of mapping projects every semester. Sometimes they are straightforward requests for technical assistance, but sometimes they underpin much deeper investigations into how to situate people and significant events through time and geographic settings. This article discusses these types of requests in the context of the philosophical distinction between place and space, draws examples from real-world applications for synthesizing follow-up approaches in everyday work scenarios, and encourages further critical thinking about mapmaking itself.

Optimal patent licensing—Two or three‐part tariff

AbstractWe look into technology transfer by an insider patentee in a spatial duopoly model under three types of licensing contracts—(i) two‐part tariff with fixed fee and per‐unit royalty, (ii) two‐part tariff with fixed fee and ad‐valorem royalty and (iii) general three‐part tariff with fixed fee, per‐unit and ad‐valorem royalties. Under two‐part tariff contracts, the licenser is better off with the per‐unit royalty contract but the general contract does better than the other contracts. In contrast to the existing literature, all three licensing contracts may make the consumers worse‐off compared to no licensing, with the lowest consumer surplus achieved under the general licensing contract. Welfare under the general licensing contract is equal to the welfare under two‐part tariff with ad‐valorem royalty and it is higher than the welfare under no licensing but lower than the welfare under two‐part tariff with per‐unit royalty. Hence, the general three‐part licensing contract is privately optimal but not socially optimal. Similar conclusions hold also under a nonspatial linear demand model with differentiated products.

What drives technology licenses to contain (non-)legally enforceable contracting?

Previous work in fields such as marketing has documented that the ability to contractually govern exchanges is contingent on a potential to legally enforce contracts. However, some contractual governance is not legally enforceable. Casual observation, particularly in high-tech industries, also suggests that weaving or “braiding” legally enforceable contracting with non-legally enforceable contracting is a preferred practice. An important, but hitherto unanswered, question is why parties devise such “braided” contracts. We draw on the legal concept of “definiteness” to delineate legally enforceable from non-legally enforceable contracting (highly unlikely to be enforced through courts) and we take some steps to understand why exchange parties choose to include these two modes of contracting. Based on the legal literature, which articulates that “braiding” occurs in response to heightened uncertainty, and insights from the extant contract and governance theory, we focus on three different forms of uncertainty (i.e., technological, legal, and partner uncertainties). We show, using a unique longitudinal database of 203 high-tech licensing agreements, and analyzed by multivariate Probit regression, that these uncertainties differentially affect the inclusion of (non-)legally enforceable contracting. Further, we demonstrate that the effects of uncertainties to a licensing exchange are conditional on the licensee's general licensing experience rather than partner-specific experience.

The progeny of my master Ali Abhloul united with the chains of the collections of hadiths of the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace Imam Burhan Al-Din Al-Laqani (d. 1040 A.H.)

The dictionaries of Sheikhs occupy sheikhdoms and vacations; of great importance among men's science books; for its authors to take care of recording information about their sheikhs; Those who were contemporaries with them, and the truth is that the licenses of the sheikhs are the main component of the historical material that we find in the translation books, and the most reliable and accurate. Or what he read. In fact, they are contemporary documents that dealt with information they experienced; And they were in some contact with those who wrote about them, so their information, which was recorded in these sheikhdoms or holidays, was not; They are all copied from sources composed before them, but they contain a lot of what was invented by the owner of the sheikhdom or the permit, and they became sources for those who came after them.” Lots. Ibrahim al-Laqani published in the eleventh century one of the important documents - the ijazah - among the Algerians; because many of them praised it; And they learned it. He was a reputable master of Maliki jurisprudence. It is noteworthy that Ibrahim al-Laqani did not grant the license to a specific Algerian scholar; rather, he granted a license to a group of Algerian scholars, such as Ali bin Mubarak al-Qulayi, Said Qaddoura and Sahnun Rafiq Sidi Ali al-Bahlul. The leave included others, of course, but we did not see it. And he said at the end of the licence: “I allow for those mentioned, for their children, and for the people of their country… all that the warning has been passed on, and all that it is permissible for me and me to narrate; from reading, audio, metaphor, offices, correspondence, origins, branch, reasonable and transmitted.” It is a general license in its kind and in its purpose. Because it is not related to a specific type of science or to one scientist in Algeria

Conrad Seabaugh &amp; Company: An Inside Look at an Illinois Hinterland Merchant

Conrad Seabaugh &amp; Company: An Inside Look at an Illinois Hinterland Merchant

Women’s contribution to medicine in Bahrain: leadership and workforce

BackgroundWomen make up a significant proportion of workforce in healthcare. However, they remain underrepresented in leadership positions relating to healthcare for a multitude of reasons: balancing personal and work duties, favoritism toward men, lack of support from colleagues and mentors, as well as other factors. This study aims to recognize the contribution made by women in the Bahraini healthcare sector by determining the gender distribution in Bahrain’s medical schools, government hospitals, Ministry of Health, and National Health Regulatory Authority.MethodsData were collected from the Bahraini Ministry of Health, National Health Regulatory Authority, Salmaniya Medical Complex, King Hamad University Hospital, Bahrain Defence Force Royal Medical Services, the College of Medicine and Medical Sciences in the Arabian Gulf University, and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain. Only physicians who held a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery and a valid license to practice from NHRA were eligible to participate. Descriptive statistics were used to derive the frequencies and percentages of physicians with the following leadership positions: (1) top administrative positions (e.g., Chief executive officer); (2) heads of departments; (3) heads of committees; and (4) academic positions (e.g., Professor). Data were also collected from the two medical schools in Bahrain to see the trend in female enrollment into medical schools since 2004.ResultsThe results of the study indicated that leadership positions were mostly held by males in Bahrain (59.4% vs. 40.6%). However, Bahraini males and females equally dominated academic positions. Male physicians also dominated surgical specialties; however, female Bahraini physicians slightly surpassed male Bahraini physicians at the specialist and consultant levels (female to male: 11.9% vs. 10.4% and 33.2% vs. 30.4%, respectively). Furthermore, more females were reported to have general licenses. A trend analysis since 2004 showed that female medical students’ representation was higher than males over the years.ConclusionsThis study highlights the increasing trend of women’s participation and contribution to medicine in Bahrain. The data indicated continued growth in the number of female medical students and physicians. As such, it is likely that females will have a bigger impact on healthcare in the future with potential to hold more leadership positions in Bahrain.

Juridical review of law enforcement on money launderers: case study from Indonesia

PurposeEfforts to prevent and eradicate the crime of money laundering require a strong legal basis to ensure legal certainty. This paper aims to analyse law enforcement on money launderers with juridical review perspectives.Design/methodology/approachThe research method used in this study is the statute approach, which is to examine all laws and regulations related to the crime of money laundering. The writing method used is the normative method, which is a type of research that uses the analysis of certain legislation.FindingsThree new findings were discovered. In assessing the validity or validation of a business ownership or business transaction, there are at least three pieces of evidence that need to be used, namely, presence/absence of company/business registration in an official government database; the presence/absence (including the amount) of tax reported on income tax and VAT; and the presence/absence of other legal documents relating to the existence or general licensing of a business.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of this study are also expected to be helpful for the community, government agencies, or institutions, such as the police, to combat corruption, and money laundering. The Prosecutor's Office and the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) describe the handling of money laundering crimes originating from money laundering crimes.Social implicationsThis research can provide an overview and input for the broader community as an early warning so as not to commit money laundering crimes.Originality/valueThis is one of the pioneer studies looking into law enforcement on money launderers with comprehensive juridical review.

Overview of Post-Closure Criticality Safety – RD&D Topics in Switzerland

Abstract. The demonstration of post-closure criticality safety of spent nuclear fuel in a deep geological repository is a regulatory requirement in Switzerland and many other countries. One of the main challenges stems from the very long timescale (1 million years in Switzerland) that has to be considered. Nagra, the Swiss National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste, is presently elaborating the technical and scientific foundation of the criticality safety assessment in view of the upcoming general licence application for the Swiss Spent Fuel and HLW repository. In this context, Nagra supports and pursues a focussed RD&amp;amp;D programme in collaboration with several renowned research institutes. Nagra's safety concept relies on natural and technical barriers. For the initial thermal phase of the repository, a steel canister assures complete containment of the spent fuel. The canisters are foreseen to remain intact for approximately 10 000 years; however, the subcriticality of the system has to be ensured for a much longer period. In this context, an important part of the research activities pursued by Nagra address the nearfield evolution and the formulation of scenarios for the corresponding evolution of the canister and spent fuel system. The role that variations in the canister design and material composition have on the system's reactivity are also investigated. Other research topics focus on developing a reliable methodology for carrying out the criticality safety assessment. This symposium contribution gives an overview of the post-closure criticality RD&amp;amp;D activities pursued and envisioned by Nagra. The general context and Nagra's fundamental approach to elaborating the current phase of the criticality safety assessment are presented first. Following this, the current RD&amp;amp;D landscape and the most important technical considerations underpinning Nagra's technical basis for the post-closure criticality safety assessment in particular are discussed. Future planned research topics and points of interest are also presented as an outlook of this presentation.

Undocumented donors: how driver's licenses can help solve the U.S. organ shortage.

In 2013, Illinois enacted a new law (SB 957) to allow undocumented motorists to acquire Temporary Visitor Driver's Licenses (TVDLs). We explored the impact of this legislation on organ donor registration in the state. Using Freedom of Information Act requests, we obtained the Illinois TVDL and general adult driver's license applicant organ donation statistics for the last 3 years from the Illinois Secretary of State. We found that between 2017 and 2019, TVDLs directly resulted in 91,720 newly registered organ donors. This group registered as organ donors at rates significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than the general population. In the 3 years studied, only 7.3% of general driver's license registrants became new organ donor registrants, while TVDL drivers signed up at an average rate of 44.9%. TVDLs resulted in a significant increase in registered organ donors. Similar policies implemented nationwide could increase donor registrations substantially. In addition, this finding among a population largely of Latin American origin may suggest strategies for future organ donor registration efforts globally.

Cell Cycle Regulatory Protein Expression in Multinucleated Giant Cells of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: do They Proliferate?

Cells of the monocyte macrophage lineage form multinucleated giant cells (GCs) by fusion, which may express some cell cycle markers. By using a comprehensive marker set, here we looked for potential replication activities in GCs, and investigated whether these have diagnostic or clinical relevance in giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB). GC rich regions of 10 primary and 10 first recurrence GCTB cases were tested using immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays. The nuclear positivity rate of the general proliferation marker, replication licensing, G1/S-phase, S/G2/M-phase, mitosis promoter, and cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor reactions was analyzed in GCs. Concerning Ki67, moderate SP6 reaction was seen in many GC nuclei, while B56 and Mib1 positivity was rare, but the latter could be linked to more aggressive (p = 0.012) phenotype. Regular MCM6 reaction, as opposed to uncommon MCM2, suggested an initial DNA unwinding. Early replication course in GCs was also supported by widely detecting CDK4 and cyclin E, for the first time, and confirming cyclin D1 upregulation. However, post-G1-phase markers CDK2, cyclin A, geminin, topoisomerase-2a, aurora kinase A, and phospho-histone H3 were rare or missing. These were likely silenced by upregulated CDK inhibitors p15INK4b, p16INK4a, p27KIP1, p53 through its effector p21WAF1 and possibly cyclin G1, consistent with the prevention of DNA replication. In conclusion, the upregulation of known and several novel cell cycle progression markers detected here clearly verify early replication activities in GCs, which are controlled by cell cycle arresting CDK inhibitors at G1 phase, and support the functional maturation of GCs in GCTB.

Radiology for medical students: Do we teach enough? A national study.

ObjectiveA recent study has shown that the averaged time tabled teaching for a medical student across 5 years in the UK was 4629 hours. Radiology has been demonstrated to be an excellent teaching source, yet the number of hours allocated to this has never been calculated.The aims of this study were to evaluate and quantify the hours allocated to radiology teaching in Scottish Medical Schools and to evaluate if they can fulfil requirements expected from other Clinical disciplines and the upcoming General Medical Council Medical Licensing Assessment (GMC MLA).MethodsData pertaining to timetabled teaching for Radiology in Scottish Universities were obtained from the authors of the Analysis of Teaching of Medical Schools (AToMS) survey. In addition, University Lead Clinician Teachers were surveyed on the radiological investigations and skills medical students should have at graduation.ResultsMedical students in Scottish Universities were allocated 59 h in Radiology (0.3%) out of a total 19,325 h of timetabled teaching. Hospital-based teaching was variable and ranged from 0 to 31 h. Almost half (15 of 31) of Clinician Teachers felt that there was insufficient radiology teaching in their specialty. Thirteen of 30 conditions included in the GMC MLA were listed by Clinician Teachers, while 23 others not listed by the GMC were considered important and cited by them.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that medical students do not receive enough radiology teaching. This needs to be addressed by Universities in collaboration with the NHS in an effort to bring up this up to line with other developed countries and prepare students for the GMC MLA.Advances in knowledge(1) There is insufficient time allocated in Medical Students’ curriculum to Radiology.(2) Radiology teaching in medical schools fall short of University Lead Clinician Teachers’ and GMC expectations of medical students at graduation.

A Fulbright Scholar\u2019s report on textiles and apparel education in Myanmar

Myanmar, once known as Burma, has a substantial history in the textiles and apparel industry. In the past, the nation’s contribution to the industry was small compared to that of other Asian nations. However, Myanmar’s global trade in textiles and apparel products has increased dramatically after the European Union suspended its sanctions in 2013 and after the United States issued a waiver and general license in 2012 (Kent, Can manufacturing succeed in Myanmar, http://www.forbes.com/sites/connorconnect/2012/10/18/can-manufacturing-succeed-in-myanmar/#73630e4c4b7d, 2012). This trend is expected to continue, with Myanmar’s apparel exports projected to more than double by 2020, reaching $4 billion (www.fibre2fashion.com). Given the economic growth potential of the textiles and apparel industry, it is imperative for Myanmar to support textiles and apparel education regarding design, product development, retailing, and marketing. The author served as a U.S. Fulbright Scholar to Myanmar for the 2018–2019 term. She taught a course in the MBA program at Yangon University of Economics in Yangon, Myanmar, in addition to working in the Myanmar fashion industry to support fashion entrepreneurs using traditional Myanmar textiles and designs. In this report, the author provides her insight on the current status of Myanmar’s textiles and apparel education, along with information on the textiles and apparel industry in Myanmar.