General Health Questionnaire Scores Research Articles

Multidimensional employment trajectories and dynamic links with mental health: Evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study.

Low-quality and precarious employment have been associated with adverse mental health and wellbeing. More evidence is needed on how the quality of employment trajectories - including transitions in and out of unemployment, inactivity, and employment of varying quality - are associated with individuals' mental health over time. This paper aimed to derive a typology of multidimensional employment trajectories and assess associations with mental health in the UK. Data from waves 1-9 of the UK Household Longitudinal Study were used (2009-2019). Individuals aged 30-40 at baseline were included (N=1603). Using multichannel sequence and clustering analyses, we derived a typology of employment trajectories across employment statuses and four employment quality indicators. We assessed associations with subsequent psychological distress, accounting for baseline mental health. Changes in average General Health Questionnaire scores are described. A typology of five trajectory clusters highlighted stable and secure and precarious/low-quality trajectories for both men and women. Women who reported being economically inactive at most waves had higher odds of experiencing psychological distress than did women in 'standard' trajectories, regardless of baseline mental health. Women's scores of psychological distress in the 'precarious' group on average increased along their trajectories characterized by instability and transitions in/out of unemployment, before a move into employment. Men who likely moved in and out of unemployment and economic inactivity, with low probability of paid employment, reported increased psychological distress at the end of follow-up. This may partly be due to pre-existing mental ill-health. This paper shows the importance of high-quality employment for individuals' mental health over time. Researchers need to consider dynamic associations between employment quality and mental health across the life-course.

Prevalence and correlates of emotion dysregulation among children and adolescents in Lebanon: results from a National Survey

BackgroundData on Emotion Dysregulation among youth in Lebanon is scarce. Given that Emotion Dysregulation is associated with psychopathology and has a negative impact on youth outcomes, there is a need to better understand the prevalence, clinical and demographic correlates of Emotion Dysregulation.MethodsThis study is a secondary analysis of the Psychopathology in Children and Adolescents in Lebanon Study which recruited 1517 youth and one parent from a nationally representative sample. Participants completed The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Peer Relations Questionnaire, Conflict Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ).Parents completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-Dysregulation Profile was used to measure Emotion Dysregulation.ResultsThe prevalence of Emotion Dysregulation was 11.26% among children aged 5 to < 8 years, 9.40% among children aged 8 to < 12 years and 6.60% among those older than 12 years. Emotion Dysregulation was associated with psychopathology across age groups and a number of correlates were identified. In the final regression models, among children aged 5 to < 8 years; Emotion Dysregulation was associated with lower odds of father employment (OR = 0.235;CI[0.078,0.704]). For those aged 8 to < 12 years old, Emotion Dysregulation was associated with acceptable school performance (OR = 2.246,CI[1.209,4.173]) as opposed to a good school performance, having a chronic physical illness (OR = 2.962; CI [1.495,5.867)], and higher parental GHQ scores (OR = 1.034;CI [1.010,10.58)] indicating worse parental mental health. Adolescents aged 12 years and older who screened positive for Emotion Dysregulation were more likely to be younger (OR = 0.688, CI[0.527,0.899]), be a bully (OR = 2.467;CI[1.036,5.875] and to have higher parental CBQ scores (OR = 1.092;CI [1.011,1.180]), indicating worse parent-child conflict. Youth who screened positive for emotion dysregulation were more likely to seek psychiatric care than their counterparts who screen negative for emotion dysregulation.ConclusionAge, school performance, parental mental health, parental conflict, chronic physical illness and bullying emerge as important correlates of Emotion Dysregulation. Findings add to the limited data on Emotion Dysregulation in Lebanon and the region and are a first step towards developing intervention and prevention strategies.

Translation and validation of the abbreviated Prefrontal Symptoms Inventory (PSI-20): A tool for assessing prefrontal symptoms in English-speaking populations.

This study introduces the translation and validation of the Prefrontal Symptoms Inventory (PSI) into English, aiming to provide an ecologically valid tool for assessing prefrontal symptoms in English-speaking populations in the United States. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a crucial role in executive functions and other higher-order cognitive processes, with dysfunctions in this area associated with various cognitive, emotional and behavioural changes. Despite the existence of established tools like the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX), the PSI addresses limitations found in the literature, presenting a novel ecologically valid tool for assessing prefrontal symptoms. The current study, involving 226 English-speaking participants, lays a foundational step for validating the PSI for use in a new population. Semi-confirmatory factorial analysis revealed a unidimensional structure, mirroring the Spanish version with robust fit indicators. Additionally, in assessing convergent validity, the abbreviated version (PSI-20) exhibited high correlations with DEX scores and moderate correlations with Psychological Stress Scale and General Health Questionnaire-12 scores. These findings align with previous reports, supporting the PSI-20's measurement of similar constructs related to prefrontal cortex activity and mental health components. The results of this study overall highlight the PSI's potential contribution to advancing prefrontal symptom evaluation in clinical and non-clinical settings.

Patient journey, disease burden, and functional disability in patients with axial spondyloarthritis in South Africa: results of International Map of Axial Spondyloarthritis (IMAS)

ObjectiveTo assess the unmet needs of South Africans with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) focusing on the patient journey, functional disability, and health-related quality of life.MethodsOne hundred forty-six South African axSpA patients completed the International Map of Axial Spondyloarthritis (IMAS) online survey. Patient journey, functional disability, activities of daily living, and psychological stress were analyzed in relation to socio-demographic characteristics, disease activity, diagnostic delay, extra-musculoskeletal manifestations, and drug therapy.ResultsMajority were female (82.2%) and Caucasian (89.7%) and the mean age of participants, age at onset of initial symptoms, and diagnostic delay were 44.7, 26.7, and 10.8 years, respectively. Participants reported a mean of 3.4 visits to healthcare professionals prior to a definitive diagnosis of axSpA, mostly made by rheumatologists (77.9%). Active disease (BASDAI ≥ 4) was reported by 87%, 69.9% suffered from psychological distress (general health questionnaire-12 score ≥ 3), and more than two-thirds suffered functional limitations in daily, personal, and social activities. Multivariable logistic analysis showed that active disease was more common in females [OR (95% CI) = 4.3 (1.2–15.2)] and was associated with greater functional limitation [OR (95% CI) = 1.1 (1.0–1.2)].ConclusionOf all the regions assessed in the IMAS (n = 5557 participants, 27 countries), South Africans reported the longest delay in diagnosis. The South African patient journey depicts a process burdened with diagnostic challenges and delays, coupled with patients experiencing significant personal and social limitations. These results emphasize the urgent need to establish local diagnostic and treatment guidelines for axSpA in South Africa, to reduce diagnostic delay, and to control disease activity associated with functional limitation in axSpA.Key Points• Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) in South Africans is associated with significant limitations in physical, mental, and social functioning.• First study to describe the unmet needs of South African patients with axSpA.

The risk factors for burnout among nurses: An investigation study.

The objective of this investigation study is to examine the levels of burnout and work engagement among nurses working on the front lines of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, we aim to analyze the risk factors associated with nurse burnout. This investigation study included a sample of 1764 registered nurses from 6 tertiary comprehensive hospitals in Wuhan. A total of 1800 questionnaires were distributed via email between January 2021 and July 2021, and 1764 completed questionnaires were returned. Nurses who had been on the front lines of the COVID-19 fight for more than six months were included in the study. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) scale was utilized to assess burnout levels among all nurses. Work engagement was measured using the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). The general health of the nurses was evaluated using the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) score. Demographic and clinical data, including age, sex, hospital, department, education, years of experience, daily overtime, weekly rest time, number of night shifts per month, smoking or drinking habits, marital status, etc, were also collected. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0. The GHQ-12 scores in the FC group were significantly higher than those in the non-frontline COVID-19 (NFC) group. Compared to the average value of the 2 groups, we found that the dimension 2 average value of UWES in NFC group (3.52 ± 1.07) were remarkably higher than that in FC group (3.40 ± 1.08, P < .05). Furthermore, the dimension 1 (emotional exhaustion) average value and dimension 2 (depersonalization) average value of MBI-GS in NFC group were remarkably declined than that in FC group. Spearman rank correlation showed that negative correlation among the average value of each dimension and the overall average values between MBI-GS and UWES. Logistic regression analysis showed that daily Overtime, fight against COVID-19, GHQ-12 score and dimension 2 of UWES were the risk factors for nurse burnout. In summary, this study showed that the dimension 1 (emotional exhaustion) average value and dimension 2 (depersonalization) average value of MBI-GS in NFC group were remarkably declined than that in FC group. This study may provide some basis for addressing nurse burnout.

Are protected characteristics associated with mental health care inequalities in the adult UK general population? a cross-sectional study.

This study investigates the association between protected characteristics and inequalities in mental health care in the UK. Multinomial regression was used to model the association between protected characteristics and self-reported distress. Data was extracted from waves 6-10 (2014-2019) of the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Two risk categories were constructed: "undiagnosed distress" referred to a General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) score above "caseness" along with no history of mental health diagnosis; "diagnosis without self-report symptoms" referred to a GHQ-12 score consistently below "caseness" within the study time frame but having received a mental health diagnosis. Compared to people without a disability, people with a disability are at considerably greater risk of both undiagnosed distress (Relative risk ratios (RRR) 2.76; Confidence Interval (CI): 2.55, 2.99) and diagnosis without self-reported symptoms (RRR 3.61; CI: 2.80, 4.66). Likewise, women were more likely than men to report undiagnosed distress (RRR = 1.49; CI: 1.38,1.61) or a diagnosis without self-reported symptoms (RRR = 1.38; CI: 1.08, 1.76. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual people are at greater risk of undiagnosed distress compared with heterosexual people (RRR 1.42; CI: 1.19, 1.70). Adults aged 16-24 years were at greatest risk compared to all other age groups. People from a minority ethnic background had a reduced risk of diagnosis without self-report symptoms compared with people from a White ethnic background (RRR 0.34; CI: 0.20, 0.61). Education, employment and income variables moderated some of these associations. This is the first study to examine diagnosis without self-report symptoms alongside undiagnosed distress. Findings suggest that addressing inequality in mental health care requires increased understanding of the needs and strengths within different groups and to provide appropriate forms of social, medical or psychosocial intervention rather than a singular focus on increasing detection, diagnosis and treatment. People with a disability appear to be at greatest disadvantage, requiring greater attention in policy and practice.

What do the blind feel? Psychological distress and satisfaction with life of blind persons: A community-based study

Background: Progressive loss of visual acuteness is known to be associated with anxiety, insecurity, loss of independence, and altered social functioning, which may lead to low mood and subsequently depression. Emotionally adjusting to vision loss can dramatically change one’s independence. Reduced workplace productivity in adults with visual impairment is associated with lower rates of workforce participation and increased rates of anxiety and depression. Most studies for psychological comorbidities in the legally blind population are conducted in individuals who present to the psychiatry or psychology department/clinics or to facilities for blindness certification. Due to the paucity of community-based data in the Indian scenario, the current study was undertaken. Aim: To evaluate the psychological distress and satisfaction with life of people who were diagnosed as blind in the community. Materials and Methods: The sample was based on the identification of blind persons in a door-to-door screening for eye and vision problems in 44535 individuals conducted in 2015–16 in the middle to lower socioeconomic populations in the suburban area of Yerawada, Maharashtra. Those who were suspected of having low vision underwent a detailed clinical examination including visual acuity estimation, portable slit lamp examination, I-Kare tonometry, and fundoscopy, conducted by an ophthalmologist to assess and verify the lack of vision. Subsequently, the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were also applied upon revisiting the participants in 2020–2021. Results: The majority of participants were middle-aged or elderly and no significant gender variation was noted in terms of blindness. Maximum psychological disability was seen after 6 to 15 years after the onset of blindness. More than 80% of the patients with complete blindness had some psychiatric comorbidity or distress and more than half reported that their daily activities were affected due to their diagnosis. Blind persons had significantly higher scores on the GHQ-12 and significantly lower scores on SWLS. Complete blindness was positively correlated with GHQ-12 scores and negatively correlated with SWLS scores and the age of the subject. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that psychological distress and low levels of satisfaction with life are common among the severely visually impaired and blind. There is a dire need to improve access to rehabilitation services and psychological support for the blind and their caregivers.

Efficacy of COMPAs, an App Designed to Support Communication Between Persons Living With Dementia in Long-Term Care Settings and Their Caregivers: Mixed Methods Implementation Study.

Persons living with dementia experience autonomy loss and require caregiver support on a daily basis. Dementia involves a gradual decline in communication skills, leading to fewer interactions and isolation for both people living with dementia and their caregivers, negatively impacting the quality of life for both members of the dyad. The resulting stress and burden on caregivers make them particularly susceptible to burnout. This study aims to examine the efficacy of Communication Proches Aidants (COMPAs), an app designed following the principles of person-centered and emotional communication, which is intended to improve well-being in persons living with dementia and caregivers and reduce caregiver burden. In this implementation study, volunteer caregivers in 2 long-term care facilities (n=17) were trained in using COMPAs and strategies to improve communication with persons living with dementia. Qualitative and quantitative analyses, semistructured interviews, and questionnaires were completed before and after 8 weeks of intervention with COMPAs. Semistructured interviews revealed that all caregivers perceived a positive impact following COMPAs interventions, namely, improved quality of communication and quality of life among persons living with dementia and caregivers. Improved quality of life was also supported by a statistically significant reduction in the General Health Questionnaire-12 scores (caregivers who improved: 9/17, 53%; z=2.537; P=.01). COMPAs interventions were also associated with a statistically significant increased feeling of personal accomplishment (caregivers improved: 11/17, 65%; t15=2.430; P=.03; d=0.61 [medium effect size]). COMPAs intervention improved well-being in persons living with dementia and their caregivers by developing person-centered communication within the dyad, increasing empathy, and reducing burden in caregivers although most caregivers were unfamiliar with technology. The results hold promise for COMPAs interventions in long-term care settings. Larger group-controlled studies with different populations, in different contexts, and at different stages of dementia will provide a clearer picture of the benefits of COMPAs interventions.

Measuring levels of family stress and engagement in child protection social work: an explorative analysis of parental stress and social worker practice skills

PurposeEffectively engaging parents under stress is a key component of skilful child welfare practice. This paper aims to investigate how social workers practice with parents with either high or normal levels of stress.Design/methodology/approachThe study used a mixed methods design including observations and audio recordings of meetings between families and social workers, interviews with parents/carers and questionnaires with social workers. Validated instruments, including the general health questionnaire (GHQ) for stress levels and the working alliance inventory (WAI), were used to explore how levels of stress influence practice.FindingsData from 366 families found twice as many parents had clinically elevated GHQ scores compared to the general population (40% to about 20%). Stressed parents reported significantly less good working relationships with social workers [WAI, for the less stressed parents/carers, M = 65.3 vs highly stressed M = 60.6, t(324) = 2.407, p = 0.017, d = 0.28]. When quality of practice was directly measured, workers showed higher level of relationship skills with the less stressed group [t(291) = 1.71, p = 0.44, d = 0.205].Originality/valueThis study explored the interaction between practitioner skills and family factors influencing engagement, such as stress and anxiety. Engagement with stressed families may be particularly challenging, making it all the more important to understand how social workers engage such families to provide effective help and support. A better understanding of the parent-worker relationship under stress can lead to the development of training and practice strategies aimed at overcoming barriers in family engagement. This study also highlights the need for practice to re-focus on the relational elements and the emotional well-being of families.

Association between whole-grain consumption, tryptophan metabolism and psychological distress: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial.

This study aimed to investigate whether psychological distress, whole-grain consumption and tryptophan metabolism are associated with participants undergoing weight management intervention. Seventy-nine women and men (mean age 49·7 (sd 9·0) years; BMI 34·2(sd 2·5) kg/m2) participated in a 7-week weight-loss (WL) period and in a 24-week weight maintenance (WM) intervention period. Whole-grain consumption was measured using 4 d food diaries. Psychological distress was assessed with the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ), and participants were divided into three GHQ groups based on the GHQ scores before WL. Tryptophan metabolites were determined from the participants' fasting plasma using liquid chromatography-MS. GHQ scores were not associated with the whole-grain consumption. A positive association was observed between the whole-grain consumption and indole propionic acid (IPA) during the WM (P = 0·033). Serotonin levels were higher after the WL in the lowest GHQ tertile (P = 0·033), while the level at the end of the WM was higher compared with other timepoints in the highest GHQ tertile (P = 0·015 and P = 0·001). This difference between groups was not statistically significant. Furthermore, levels of several tryptophan metabolites changed within the groups during the study. Tryptophan metabolism changed during the study in the whole study group, independently from the level of psychological distress. The association between whole-grain consumption and IPA is possibly explained by the effects of dietary fibre on gut microbiota. This broadens the understanding of the pathways behind the health benefits associated with the intake of whole grains.

Relationship between the severity of pre-frailty and the degree of adaptation of Ninjin'yoeito (NYT) on pre-frailty.

With the global trend towards longer life expectancies, there's an increasing emphasis on not just living longer, but also maintaining health and wellbeing into older age. This study explores the efficacy of Ninjin'yoeito (NYT) in the early stages of frailty, a critical period for preventive interventions. Taking account of the knowledge gap regarding the association between early frailty and NYT, we use data from workplace health checkups to examine the relationship between pre-frailty severity and NYT adaption. The objective of our research is to enhance the comprehension of early treatments using NYT to prevent the progression of frailty. A total of 314 employees of the Kyoto Industrial Health Association who received workplace health checkups between November 2021 and March 2023 and consented to this study were included in the analysis. Information on gender, age, body mass index (BMI), NYT-specific symptoms assessment, the Japanese version of the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), and the Kihon Checklist (KCL) were obtained. The correlation analysis revealed that there was a strong positive correlation between the number of applicable NYT indications and the GHQ-12 score (r = 0.5992, p < 0.0001). Similarly, a moderate positive correlation was observed between the number of applicable NYT indications and the KCL score (r = 0.5030, p < 0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, both GHQ-12 (β = 0.49, SE = 0.06, t = 7.66, 95% CI: 0.36 to 0.62, p = 0.000) and KCL (β = 0.54, SE = 0.12, t = 4.29, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.79, p = 0.000) showed significant positive associations with the variance in the number of applicable NYT indications, indicating that higher scores on these measures were related to a greater number of indications. NYT has the potential to be utilized not only as a therapeutic intervention for frailty, but also as a preventive measure.

The COVID-19 ambulance response assessment (CARA) study: a national survey of ambulance service healthcare professionals' preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic placed significant demand on the NHS, including ambulance services, but it is unclear how this affected ambulance service staff and paramedics in other clinical settings (e.g. urgent and primary care, armed services, prisons). This study aimed to measure the self-perceived preparedness and impact of the first wave of the pandemic on paramedics' psychological stress and perceived ability to deliver care. Ambulance clinicians and paramedics working in other healthcare settings were invited to participate in a three-phase sequential online survey during the acceleration (April 2020), peak (May 2020) and deceleration (September/October 2020) phases of the first wave of COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. Recruitment used social media, Trust internal bulletins and the College of Paramedics' communication channels, employing a convenience sampling strategy. Data were collected using purposively developed open- and closed-ended questions and the validated general health questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). Data were analysed using multi-level linear and logistic regression models. Phase 1 recruited 3717 participants, reducing to 2709 (73%) by phase 2 and 2159 (58%) by phase 3. Participants were mostly male (58%, n = 2148) and registered paramedics (n = 1992, 54%). Mean (standard deviation) GHQ-12 scores were 16.5 (5.2) during phase 1, reducing to 15.2 (6.7) by phase 3. A total of 84% of participants (n = 3112) had a GHQ-12 score ≥ 12 during the first phase, indicating psychological distress. Participants that had higher GHQ-12 scores were feeling unprepared for the pandemic, and reported a lack of confidence in using personal protective equipment and managing cardiac arrests in confirmed or suspected COVID-19 patients. Most participants reported psychological distress, the reasons for which are multi-factorial. Ambulance managers need to be aware of the risks to staff mental health and take action to mitigate these, to support staff in the delivery of unscheduled, emergency and urgent care under these additional pressures.

Neck Pain, Mental Status, and Associated Factors Among Hospital Secretaries: A Cross-Sectional Study From Turkey.

Neck disorders occur in the presence of various risk factors. Determining the cause-effect relationship is highly important in treating existing health problems. Our study aimed to determine the relationship between neck pain and mental status and the factors affecting them in hospital secretaries. The study was cross-sectional. A total of 427 people who had been working as hospital secretaries at Gazi University Medical Faculty Hospital for at least one year were included in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics, working conditions, psychopathology levels, and the presence of neck pain were questioned. The study was conducted with 354 (82.9%) people. 34.3% of the hospital secretaries had neck pain, and 26.3% required psychiatric evaluation. There was a statistically significant (p<0.001) difference in neck pain according to gender, adjustability of the chair, accessibility of the tools, and the need for psychiatric evaluation. Data was collected during November 2022. Those who did neck exercises during the study period had lower mean scores on the General Health Questionnaire-12 than those who did not, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). According to the General Health Questionnaire-12 scores and the Bournemouth Neck Pain Questionnaire Scale, there is a significant (p<0.001), positive, and moderate (r=0.481) correlation between the frequency of mental problems and neck pain disability levels. The relationship between the need for psychiatric status evaluation and neck pain is striking. A significant proportion of hospital secretaries complain of neck pain, work in non-ergonomic conditions, and need psychiatric evaluation. The study's results underline the necessity of targeted workplace interventions and wellness procedures, highlighting the need to implement ergonomic improvements, promote regular exercise regimes, and provide psychosocial support services to improve the general well-being of hospital secretaries and develop a better working environment.

Role of detailed psychological evaluation and treatment in pulmonary rehabilitation programs for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Psychological co-morbidities are common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but remain overlooked. Psychosocial interventions are deemed to promote mental health and optimize management. This study aimed to determine the role of detailed psychological evaluation and treatment in the comprehensive management of COPD. COPD patients after screening with the general health questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) for psychological co-morbidity were divided into three groups (26 patients each): i) group A [GHQ-12 score<3, received pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) and standard medical management]; ii and iii) group B and C (GHQ-12 score>3, in addition, received management by a psychiatrist and counseling by a pulmonologist, respectively). At baseline and 8 weeks of follow-up, all participants were evaluated for respiratory [forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), six-minute walk distance (6-MWD), St. George's respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ), modified medical research council (mMRC) dyspnea scale], and psychological [GHQ-12, patient distress thermometer (PDT), coping strategy checklist (CSCL), World Health Organization-quality of life-brief (WHOQOL-Bref-26), and depression anxiety stress scales (DASS)] parameters. Psychological distress (GHQ-12>3) decreased significantly at follow-up, with 11.5% and 53.8% of patients having psychological distress in groups B and C, respectively, versus baseline (p<0.001). mMRC score, SGRQ score, FEV1 and 6-MWD significantly improved in all three groups. Improvement in mMRC and SGRQ was maximal in group B when compared with the other groups. PDT, CSCL, and WHO-QOL-Bref-26 scores improved significantly at follow-up in all three groups, with maximum improvement in group B, followed by group C, and then group A. The DASS score also improved maximally in group B. Patients should be screened for psychological co-morbidities using simple screening tools. PR plays an important role in improving the psychology of COPD patients. However, results are better with directed psycho-educative sessions by non-experts and best with definitive treatment by psychiatrists.

The association between visual impairment and mental disorders

To determine the association between visual impairment (VI) and some mental disorders using the general health questionnaire (GHQ) in individuals aged 60 years and above in Tehran, Iran. The present population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on people aged 60 and older in Tehran, Iran using multi-stage cluster sampling. After selecting the samples, examinations including visual acuity measurement, refraction, and slit-lamp biomicroscopy were performed for all participants. The GHQ was used to examine mental disorders. Simple and multiple linear regressions were used to investigate the association between VI and mental disorders. Of the 3740 invitees, 3310 participated in the study (response rate: 88.50%). After applying the exclusion criteria, 2789 individuals were analyzed for this report. Mean score of physical, anxiety, social and depression disorders in people with and without VI was 3.74 ± 2.03, 5.81 ± 2.79, 7.56 ± 1.91, 1.32 ± 1.90, and 3.14 ± 1.76, 4.93 ± 2.71, 8.09 ± 1.99, 0.91 ± 1.38, respectively. The total score of GHQ in participants with and without VI was 18.43 ± 4.75 and 17.07 ± 4.19, respectively. The association between GHQ subscales and total GHQ score with VI by multiple linear regression showed that VI had a statistically significant direct association with physical symptoms (β = 0.37; 95% CI 0.12 to 0.62) and anxiety (β = 0.48; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.81). Nevertheless, depression had a borderline association with VI (β = 0.21; 95% CI − 0.03 to 0.45) and social dysfunction did not have a statistically significant association with VI in the final linear regression model and did not remain in the model. Total GHQ score had a statistically significant association with VI (β = 1.02; 95% CI 0.39 to 1.64) in the presence of covariates. Regarding the association between VI and GHQ components, the physical symptoms had the highest R2 (R2 = 0.159). Patients with VI suffer more from anxiety, depression, and physical symptoms regardless of age, sex, education, and other effective variables. The coincidence of aging with VI and the association of VI with mental disorders emphasizes the importance of a broader view of the elderly and the aging process.

Gender differences in barriers to physical exercise among university students studying physical activity and sports sciences

Objective: Research suggests that women experience more barriers to physical exercise than men do. Advocating for increased physical exercise is a primary responsibility of professionals who have specialised in the field of physical activity and sports sciences. This study aimed to examine differences in barriers to the practise of physical exercise, and the general state of mental health, among university students of physical activity and sports sciences based on gender. Design: A cross-sectional analysis of 144 students attending physical activity and sports sciences courses. Setting: Participants were recruited from a university in Spain. Method: This study used the validated Spanish versions of the Self-Report of Barriers to the Practice of Physical Exercise questionnaire and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. Results: Based on the total Self-Report of Barriers to the Practice of Physical Exercise questionnaire and total 12-item General Health Questionnaire scores, female students reported significantly higher barriers and significantly poorer mental health than male students did. A weak positive correlation was observed between the total Self-Report of Barriers to the Practice of Physical Exercise questionnaire and 12-item General Health Questionnaire scores. Conclusion: Among university students who studied physical activity and sports sciences, women perceive greater barriers to physical exercise than men did, even though both groups had an inherent interest in exercise. A perception of greater barriers to engaging in physical exercise was associated with a negative impact on overall mental health, suggesting the need to address these barriers in future research on students of physical activity and sports sciences.

The use of 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in Ukrainian refugees: translation and validation study of the Ukrainian version

Following the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, the well-being of millions of Ukrainians has been jeopardised. This study aims to translate and test the psychometric features of the Ukrainian version of the General Health Questionnaire 12 (GHQ-12). The study included Ukrainian refugees housed in Verona (Italy) between November/2022 and February/2023. The Ukrainian translation was obtained through a ‘forward-backward’ translation. Questionnaire was completed by 141 refugees (females: 78.7%). Median age was 36 years (IQR 23–43). Individuals with a score suggestive of psychological distress were 97 (68.8%). Cronbach’s coefficient was 0.84 (0.95CI 0.80–0.88). According to confirmatory factor analysis, both single- (modelB1) and two-factor (model B2) structures with bimodal scoring method fitted the data satisfactorily. The two factors of model B2 had a 0.88 correlation. Pearson coefficient showed a positive significant correlation between the GHQ-12 and International Trauma Questionnaire scores (ρ = 0.53, 0.95CI 0.40–0.64, p < 0.001). The GHQ-12 Ukrainian translation showed good psychometric features being a reliable and valid instrument to assess Ukrainian refugees’ general well-being.

Assessing the Physical and Psychological Well-being of Construction Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Study in Italy.

This prospective study aimed to assess the physical and psychological health of construction workers and examine the relationship between their well-being and the preventive measures implemented against SARS-CoV-2. During occupational visit, the workers were invited to participate the survey. Two measurements were made and compared: after the Italian lockdown and on the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Fifty-three workers participated in the study. The percentage of workers who considered themselves in good health increased from 66.0% to 81.1%, and there was a significant decrease in the 12-item General Health Questionnaire score (16.8 vs 14.0, P = 0.0003). This reduction was associated with a higher perception of security by preventive measures. The study highlights the importance of addressing the health and safety concerns of construction workers during the pandemic, and the positive impact of effective preventive measures.

Factors affecting physical and mental fatigue in adults from South Korea: A cross-sectional study.

In modern society, demanding and stressful events contribute to increased fatigue in adults. Moreover, fatigue is the most prevalent symptom of long coronavirus disease 2019. Fatigue is a subjective feeling of tiredness that can be attributed to various causes. This cross-sectional study investigated factors affecting physical and mental fatigue in adults living in South Korea. Self-reported data were collected through an online survey conducted between July 11 and July 17, 2021. The final sample comprised 362 participants, excluding those with uncertain responses. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 27.0. General characteristics and variables of the participants were examined through descriptive statistical analysis. Differences in fatigue level according to the general characteristics of the participants were analyzed using t tests and one-way analysis of variance. The correlation between variables was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients. To investigate factors affecting fatigue, stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted. The overall level of fatigue according to participants' general characteristics differed significantly based on alcohol use, economic status, number of chronic diseases, stress, depression, and sleep problems. Factors affecting physical fatigue were depression, sleep problems, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) scores, and number of chronic diseases. The factors affecting mental fatigue were depression, GHQ-12 score, and alcohol use. The variables that had the most significant impact on overall fatigue were alcohol consumption, the number of chronic illnesses, depression, and GHQ-12, in that order. This emphasizes the importance of lifestyle improvement and dietary management in adults for preventing chronic diseases and managing mental health. The results of this study should be considered when planning health services to provide fatigue interventions for Korean adults.

Factors influencing the mental health status of support nurses and their workload during the COVID-19 epidemic.

The authors used the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) and general health questionnaire to analyze the factors influencing the mental health status and the workload of support nurses during the COVID-19 epidemic. The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of 349 support nurses in April-October 2022. Using QuestionStar, a powerful online survey tool, the authors administered surveys to the participants, collected data on the mental health status and workload of support nurses, and analyzed the influencing factors based on the collected data. A total of 316 questionnaires were successfully collected, with an effective rate of 98.75%. The proportion of support nurses with mental health problems was 25% and the value of the NASA-TLX questionnaire was: M±SD 68.91±7.28 pts. Multi-factor analysis revealed that the number of children, family support, and nursing support location were the influencing factors of mental health status, while the multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of symptoms, nursing support location, support work type, and total 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) score were the influencing factors of the workload of support nurses. Compared to their counterparts in the plains, nurses working in isolated plateau regions who were caring for children and lacked family support, were more likely to have mental health issues. There was a positive correlation between the changes in GHQ-12 and NASA-TLX scores of the study participants. Compared to their counterparts in the plains and the tropical regions, nurses working in plateau regions had a heavier workload. As part of the follow-up measures to prevent and treat patients impacted by the COVID-19 epidemic, it is important to improve the mental health evaluation, consultation, and treatment of the support nurses to guarantee the high quality of the first-line support work. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(6)761-72.