General Distribution Research Articles

On the importance of slow ions in the kinetic Bohm criterion

Between a plasma and a solid target lies a positively charged sheath of several Debye lengths $\lambda _{D}$ width, typically much smaller than the characteristic length scale $L$ of the main plasma. This scale separation implies that the asymptotic limit $\epsilon = \lambda _{D} / L \rightarrow 0$ is useful to solve for the plasma-sheath system. In this limit, the Bohm criterion must be satisfied at the sheath entrance. A new derivation of the kinetic criterion, admitting a general ion velocity distribution, is presented. It is proven that, for $\epsilon \rightarrow 0$ , the distribution of the velocity component normal to the target, $v_x$ , and its first derivative must vanish for $|v_x| \rightarrow 0$ at the sheath entrance. These two conditions can be subsumed into a third integral one after it is integrated by parts twice. A subsequent interchange of the limits $\epsilon \rightarrow 0$ and $|v_x| \rightarrow 0$ is invalid, leading to a divergence which underlies the misconception that the criterion gives undue importance to slow ions.

A new approach to the description of plasma Langmuir waves

After finding an exact solution to the Vlasov–Boltzmann kinetic equation (i.e., finding distribution functions for plasma particles), we consider the description of Landau damping using Poisson's equation, since with the complete distribution function, there is no need to split the kinetic equation into equilibrium and perturbed parts for the subsequent implementation of the pole bypass in the integrand expression. The found distribution function depends, in addition to velocity, on the coordinates and can be used to analytically consider different cases and configurations of the spatial confinement of the plasma. General distribution function for electrons is discussed. We consider the behavior of Langmuir waves, also at the nonlinear stage.

New records of Cora species (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales, lichenized Basidiomycota) from Bolivia confirmed by molecular data

The paper presents the first records of Cora dewisanti, C. elephas and C. hawksworthiana from Bolivia. The recognition of the three species was supported by molecular data. Phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer region (nuITS rDNA) clustered the Bolivian collections with sequences from previous worldwide collections. Detailed descriptions of morphology, anatomy, habitat and general distribution are presented for each species.

Study of gluon GPDs in exclusive J/ψ production in electron-proton scattering

Exclusive photoproduction of heavy J/ψ meson is performed within the handbag factorization method. The general parton distributions (GPDs) for gluons, which are an essential ingredient here, are constructed using double distribution (DD) representation. The calculated cross section for few sets of gluon GPDs Hg describe fine J/ψ production experimental data from HERA to LHC energies. Based on this approach we estimate J/ψ spin asymmetries determined by Eg and H˜g. The GPDs factorization approach can be employed to analyze heavy vector meson production in electron-proton scattering. Investigations of this reactions at future electron-ion colliders in USA and China can give essential information on gluon GPDs. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Rare in Ukraine and new for the Ukrainian Carpathians species of macrofungi recorded in the Kamenystyi protected area (Hutsulshchyna National Nature Park)

A list of 20 rare in Ukraine species of macrofungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) recorded in 2012–2023 in the Kamenisty protected area (Hutsulshchyna National Nature Park, Ivano-Frankivsk Region) is provided. Of them, 12 records are new for the Ukrainian Carpathians. Information about habitats, substrate preferences, ecological features and general distribution of the fungi is provided. Eight species (Clitocybe angustissima, Cortinarius praestans, C. prasinus, Discina fastigiata, Hygrophorus poetarum, Lactarius acerrimus, Leucopaxillus gentianeus and Tricholoma pardinum), which are red-listed in a number of European countries, are recommended to be included in the Red List of fungi of Ivano-Frankivsk Region.

An Investigation of Metaphoric Perceptions about the Concept of Creative Drama

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the perceptions of the participants selected from English teachers about creative drama reflect the general characteristics of creative drama by using metaphor method. Design/Methodology/Approach: Phenomenological research is concerned with how people experience the world at a given time and in a specific context. In other words, phenomenological research aims to describe, understand and interpret the structure of phenomena arising in mind as a result of the interaction of the individuals with the World. “A metaphor form” was used as the data collection tool to determine the perceptions of the teachers about the concept of creative drama. In the form, there is an expression “ creative drama is (a)... because.....”. the participant selection was based on purposive sampling and particiapants were sixty English teacher. Findings: The obtained data were analyzed through content analysis. Results showed that there occured 30 metaphoric expressions and 7 categories. These metaphors were based on game, roleplaying, several themes, creativity, real life, its developmental aspect and wasting time. Highlights: Metaphors direct, shed light and guide our practices. This situation translates into “If a picture is worth a thousand words, a metaphor is worth a thousand pictures; Because a picture just presents a static image, a metaphor provides a mental framework for being about a phenomenon.” (Shuell, 1990) is also clearly reflected. This quote effectively reveals how metaphors are a powerful tool in recording and indicating the general distribution of the human profile and especially the educators themselves.

“We always remember for whom we make a tandyr”. Ethnoarchaeological research on tandyrs in southern Kyrgyzstan

The article has two informative levels: (a) describes the construction, distribution and use of tandyr cores as a traditional product of the bread-baking culture in southern Kyrgyzstan; compares these processes with the well-documented phenomenon of tandyrs in the Middle East and (b) tries to define the implications for potential archaeological research of tandyrs in this area, where (despite their claimed general distribution and use) these products have not been archaeologically identified to date. The basic method of the work is the direct collection of ethnographic data at four production locations and dozens of consumption locations through direct observation and formalized questionnaires.

Potential Global Distribution and Habitat Shift of Prunus subg. Amygdalus Under Current and Future Climate Change

The genus of Prunus subg. Amygdalus are endangered Tertiary-relict plants that are an essential source of woody plant oil. In order to provide a theoretical basis for better protection and utilization of species in the Prunus subg. Amygdalus. This study collected global distribution information for six species within the Prunus subg. Amygdalus, along with data on 29 environmental and climatic factors. The Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model was used to simulate the globally suitable distribution areas for these species within the subgenus. The suitable results showed that the area under the test curve (AUC) values of the simulation results were more than 0.8, indicating that the simulation results have high accuracy. Temperature, precipitation, UV-B, and altitude were critical environmental factors affecting the distribution of each species in Prunus subg. Amygdalus. Currently, the distribution area of six species in this genus, from largest to smallest, is Prunus triloba (Lindl.) Ricker, Prunus tenella Batsch, Prunus amygdalus Batsch, Prunus pedunculata Maxim, Prunus mongolica Maxim and Prunus tangutica (Batal.) Korsh. The simulation results of distribution areas showed that under the ssp2.45 and ssp5.85 scenarios, the potential distribution areas of P. amygdalus, P. tangutica, and P. pedunculata all show a decreasing trend, while the distribution areas of P. mongolica and P. tenella, and P. triloba exhibit an increasing trend. The general distribution of P. amygdalus, P. mongolica, and P. tenella will trend to transfer in a northwest direction. P. tangutica and P. pedunculata were affected by other environmental factors (such as slope, altitude, and soil pH), and the distribution area has a tendency to move northeastward. The P. triloba moved to the southwest. The spatiotemporal distribution patterns of Prunus subg. Amygdalus can be used as a reference for forest management and to formulate species conservation strategies.

Дополнение к лихенофлоре России IV. Bactrospora patellarioides и заметки по российским видам рода Bactrospora (Arthoniales, Ascomycota)

During the study of the lichen flora of the Utrish Nature Reserve (Abrau Peninsula, Krasnodar Territory), a Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen species Bactrospora patellarioides was identified for the first time for Russia and the Caucasus based on morphological and anatomical characteristics. This species grows on the trunk of Juniperus excelsa in the sub-Mediterranean xerothermic undisturbed pistacia-juniper community on the Black Sea coast. The species was previously known from the Mediterranean regions of Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and is also known from Macaronesia and Western North America. Detailed description, habitat characteristics, ecology, and general distribution of species are presented. Notes on the genus Bactrospora are given, and a key to the Russian species (B. brodoi, B. dryina and B. patellarioides) is provided.

Universality laws for Gaussian mixtures in generalized linear models*

Abstract Let ( x i , y i ) i = 1 , … , n denote independent samples from a general mixture distribution ∑ c ∈ C ρ c P c x , and consider the hypothesis class of generalized linear models y ^ = F ( Θ ⊤ x ) . In this study, we investigate the asymptotic joint statistics of a family of generalized linear estimators ( Θ 1 , … , Θ M ) obtained either from (a) minimizing an empirical risk R ^ n ( Θ ; X , y ) or (b) sampling from the associated Gibbs measure exp ⁡ ( − β n R ^ n ( Θ ; X , y ) ) . Our main contribution is to characterize under which conditions the asymptotic joint statistics of this family depends (in a weak sense) only on the means and covariances of the class conditional features distribution P c x . In particular, this allows us to prove the universality of different quantities of interest, such as the training and generalization errors, redeeming a recent line of work in high-dimensional statistics working under the Gaussian mixture hypothesis. Finally, we discuss the applications of our results in different machine learning tasks of interest, such as ensembling and uncertainty quantification.

Cross-attention mechanism-based spectrum sensing in generalized Gaussian noise

Spectrum sensing (SS) technology is essential for cognitive radio (CR) networks to effectively identify and utilize idle spectrum resources. Due to the influence of noise characteristics in the channel, providing accurate sensing results is challenging. In order to improve the performance of SS under non-Gaussian noise and overcome the limitations of existing methods that are mostly based on a single feature, we propose a novel time-frequency cross fusion network (TFCFN). Specifically, we utilize gated recurrent units (GRU) to capture long-term dependencies in the time domain on the original signals, meanwhile, we perform a fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the original signals to obtain the frequency domain information, and subsequently use convolutional neural networks (CNN) to extract the local spatial features in the frequency domain. Ultimately, these time-domain and frequency-domain features are dynamically fused through a cross-attention mechanism to construct more comprehensive and robust features for signal classification. We use generalized Gaussian distribution (GGD) as the noise model and reconstruct the RadioML2016.10a dataset to explore the performance under various noise conditions. The experimental results show that compared with the baseline methods, TFCFN exhibits better detection ability and maintains lower complexity in both Gaussian and non-Gaussian noise environments. Notably, when the shape parameter of GGD is set to 0.5 and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal is -16dB, it can maintain the probability of false alarm (Pf\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$P_f$$\\end{document}) of 10% while still ensuring the probability of detection (Pd\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$P_d$$\\end{document}) of over 90%.

An exact analysis and comparison of manual picker routing heuristics

AbstractThis paper presents exact derivations of the first two moments of the total order picking time in a warehouse for three routing heuristics, under the assumption of random storage. The analysis is done for general order size distributions and provides exact closed expressions in terms of the probability generating function of the order size distribution. We also indicate how the methods and insights in this paper extend to different storage policies and multi-block warehouses. The exact results derived in this paper are used to investigate effects of routing heuristics, order size distributions and layouts on warehouse efficiency. As illustration, we model the warehouse as a queueing system. By using approximations of the average order-lead time in terms of the first two moments of the order picking time, we are able to find optimal warehouse layouts and batch pick sizes.

A binary supernova OB-runaway candidate inside Berkeley 97

OB-runaway stars ejected by the binary supernova mechanism can be found near young open star clusters. In this paper, we present an OB-runaway candidate as a pre-SN binary companion to the progenitor of the pulsar PSR J2238$+$5903 inside the young open star cluster Berkeley 97. We tried to find a kinematic outlier based on Gaia DR3 proper motions and parallaxes to be the pre-supernova binary companion to the progenitor of the pulsar. We took the spectra of two bright early B-type stars of the cluster, determined their effective temperature and surface gravity, and updated the parameters of the cluster. Through isochrone fitting of the color-magnitude diagram of the star cluster, we identified the members and determined the stellar parameters of the runaway star. Two bright members of the cluster, HD 240015 and HD 240016, are massive stars with spectral types of B0.5II and B1.5II and effective temperatures of $T_ eff K and $T_ eff K, respectively, as well as surface gravities of $ g cm/s^2 We find that Berkeley 97 is a star cluster with an age of $ age yr )=7.1$, an uncertainty of $<0.1$ dex, and an interstellar extinction of $A_ V mag. The runaway star has an effective temperature of $T_ eff K with a surface gravity of $ g cm/s^2 (B8V type star). By tracing back the proper motion of the runaway star, the explosion center was found for different possible pulsar ages of 10, 20, and 26.6 kyr. The pulsar moving out from the 20 kyr position must have a space velocity of $ km $, which is consistent with the general pulsar velocity distribution. This supports the idea that the pulsar originated from the cluster as a result of a binary supernova. Despite its young age, $ kyr, the supernova remnant is not visible.

Worst-case distortion riskmetrics and weighted entropy with partial information

In this paper, we discuss the worst-case distortion riskmetrics for general distributions when only partial information (mean and variance) is known. This result is applicable to a general class of distortion risk measures and variability measures. Furthermore, we also consider the worst-case weighted entropy for general distributions when only partial information is available. Specifically, we provide some applications for entropies, weighted entropies and risk measures. The commonly used entropies include Gini functional, cumulative residual entropy, tail-Gini functional, cumulative Tsallis past entropy, extended Gini coefficient, among others. The risk measures contain some premium principles and shortfalls based on entropy. The shortfalls include the Gini shortfall, extended Gini shortfall, shortfall of cumulative residual entropy and shortfall of cumulative residual Tsallis entropy with order α.

Astragalus arbuscula (Fabaceae): A new record for Mongolian flora

Taxonomic identification of the genus Astragalus L. is challenging given that there are more than 3,000 taxa worldwide. In the present study, shrubby Astragalus arbuscula Pall., belonging to section Dissitiflori, is new record in the Mongolian flora based on morphological observations. The general morphology of this species is similar to that of A. gontscharovii Vassilcz., but it can be differentiated by its bracts 1–2 mm, black ciliate, calyx covered with strongly asymmetrically bifurcate and standard without a tongue-like narrowed tip. The general distribution, wild photo illustration, taxonomic notes, species examined, and habitats are provided

AI-Driven Realtime Monitoring of Early Indicators for Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Infection of Rainbow Trout.

A novel video-based real-time system based on AI (artificial intelligence) was developed to detect clinical signs in fish exposed to pathogens. We selected a White Spot Disease model involving rainbow trout as the experimental animal and the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis as a pathogen. We compared two identical fish tank systems: one tank was infected by co-habitation, whereas the other tank was kept non-infected (sham infection). The two fish tanks were separately video monitored (full top and side view) during the course of infection, during which fish were removed whenever they developed clinical signs (direct visual inspection by the observer). Image analysis (object detection, classification and tracking) was used to track behavioural changes in fish (in every recorded video frame), focusing on movement patterns and spatial localisation. Initially, the two fish groups (infected and non-infected) exhibited similar behaviour and non-infected fish did not change behaviour during the 15 d observation period (from 5 d before infection until 10 dpi). At 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10 dpi some infected fish showed clinical signs (equilibrium disturbance, gasping and lethargy) and were removed from the experiment. Anorexia occurred from 5 dpi and a gradual progression of gasping behaviour was noted, whereas the frequency of fish flashing (rubbing/scratching against objects) was low. Equilibrium disturbances and the development of white spots in the skin appeared to be a much later (8-10 dpi at this temperature) indicator of infection. The video analysis showed a general distribution of non-infected fish in all parts of the fish tank during the entire experiment, whereas infected fish already at 4-5 dpi moved towards higher water currents in the top and bottom positions. This change of fish positioning within the tank appeared as a promising early indicator of infection. The study suggests that continuous monitoring of fish behaviour using AI can potentially optimise the timing of humane endpoints, indicate disease signs earlier and thereby improve animal welfare in both animal experimentation and in aquaculture settings.

Numerical investigation of magnetic reconnection in Jupiter’s dayside magnetodisc

Dayside magnetodisc reconnection is a unique process that may occur in rapidly rotating magnetospheres with internal plasma sources, and it is not expected at Earth. Several observations suggest that dayside magnetodisc reconnection could be driven in the Kronian magnetosphere. This raises the question as to whether it can occur at Jupiter, the fastest rotating planet in the Solar System. Recent reports have suggested its occurrence, but the limited number of identified events leaves the overall global picture in the Jovian magnetosphere uncertain. The primary objective of this study is to answer whether dayside magnetodisc reconnection could exist within the Jovian magnetosphere through the use of global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations. Additionally, we aim to conduct a numerical investigation to reveal its general distribution for possible future exploration. The numerical simulations for Jovian magnetospheric dynamics are based on three-dimensional MHD calculations, which enable magnetic reconnection through numerical resistivity. In post-processing procedures, the simulated magnetodisc reconnection event is primarily identified by equatorial $B_ reversals, accompanied by an analysis of local plasma flows and global magnetic field lines. Our global MHD simulations reveal the existence of magnetodisc reconnection within the dayside Jovian magnetosphere. The simulation results indicate that dayside magnetodisc reconnection is more likely to occur during solar wind rarefaction, primarily due to the rapid expansion of the dayside magnetospheric volume. This expansion allows a rotation-driven centrifugal force to generate sufficient magnetic field line stretching for current sheet thinning and reconnection. In simulated dayside events, $B_ reversals may occur locally or non-locally through rotational transport from reconnection sites at earlier magnetic local times. The existence and the features derived from simulations are testable as Galileo/Juno has accumulated a considerable amount of dayside magnetospheric data. These results are valuable for future Jovian missions, such as JUICE and Europa Clipper, and provide new insights into interpreting measurements from other rapidly rotating systems.

The Effect of Humic Acid Supplementation on Selected Ruminal Fermentation Parameters and Protozoal Generic Distribution in Cows

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of humic acid (HA) supplementation on the rumen fermentation and protozoal community in the rumen. For this purpose, four ruminally cannulated Simmental cows were randomly assigned in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to study the effect of HA dietary supplementation on feed utilization, rumen fermentation, and protozoal community for 84 days. The basal diet (BD) was composed of meadow hay (68.2% of dry matter [DM]), maize silage (17% of DM), and granulated feed mixture (14.9% of DM). There were four treatments, including the BD without additives (control diet, H0), the BD supplemented with 50 g HA/cow/day (H50 treatment), the BD supplemented with 100 g HA/cow/day (H100 treatment), and the BD supplemented with 200 g HA/cow/day (H200 treatment). HA supplementation did not affect the total or individual volatile fatty acid concentrations, the total protozoa, or the ruminal pH. However, HA at the dosage of 50 g/cow/day increased the NH3-N concentration and fecal nitrogen compared to the control (p < 0.001). HA supplementation also significantly impacted the abundance of individual protozoal genera in the rumen. The results of this study suggest that HA has potential in ruminants as a natural feed additive and may play a role in nitrogen metabolism and stabilizing the protozoal community without adverse effects on rumen fermentation.

Galaxy groups in the presence of cosmological constant: Increasing the masses of groups

The boundaries of galaxy groups and clusters are defined by the interplay between the Newtonian attractive force and the decoupling from the local expansion of the Universe. This work extends the definition of a zero radial acceleration surface (ZRAS) and the turnaround surface (TS) for a general distribution of the masses in an expanding background, governed by the cosmological constant. We apply these definitions to different galaxy groups in the local Universe, mapping these groups up to ten megaparsec distances. We discuss the dipole and the quadrupole rate for the Local Group of Galaxies and the implementations on the Hubble diagram correction and galaxy groups virialization. With these definitions, we present the surfaces showing the interplay between the local expansion vs the local Newtonian attraction for galaxy groups in the local Universe. Further, we estimate the masses of different galaxy groups and show that the inclusion of the Cosmological Constant in the analysis predicts these masses to be higher by 5-10%. For instance the Local Group of galaxies is estimated to be (2.47±0.08)⋅1012M⊙. For the groups with enough tracers close to the TS, the contribution of the Cosmological Constant makes the masses to be even higher. The results show the importance of including the local cosmic expansion in analyzing the Cosmic Flow of the local Universe.

Transient GI/MSP/1/N Queue.

A non-zero correlation between service times can be encountered in many real queueing systems. An attractive model for correlated service times is the Markovian service process, because it offers powerful fitting capabilities combined with analytical tractability. In this paper, a transient study of the queue length in a model with MSP services and a general distribution of interarrival times is performed. In particular, two theorems are proven: one on the queue length distribution at a particular time t, where t can be arbitrarily small or large, and another on the mean queue length at t. In addition to the theorems, multiple numerical examples are provided. They illustrate the development over time of the mean queue length and the standard deviation, along with the complete distribution, depending on the service correlation strength, initial system conditions, and the interarrival time variance.