General Theory Of Communication Research Articles

Receiving pedagogy and learning strategies: reality and prospects

The interest of aesthetic reception theory extended to the educational field, where the field of pedagogical thinking and educational practice, and this was evident in the treatment of the reading text in the educational milieu, and in recent years the theory of receptivity has been affected by the current of the psychology of knowledge, and by theories and research that focus on the role of the reader in the process of reception And thanks to this effect, educational technologies were able to operate in the manner in which the prior knowledge of the reader is effective in the reading process, and the teaching of the literary text became carried out according to a group of activities aimed at moving and expanding the knowledge available to the learner. The pedagogy of receiving is required to be interactive, that is, it integrates the reader's interactions. The text is in the framework of a general theory of communication according to effective strategies, and the study was represented in an applied practice in the Higher School of Constantine, which is a field study in which we used procedural concepts from the descriptive and analytical and investigative approaches, in addition to procedural concepts related to the experimental method, and some critical opinions that serve the topic. We have reached a set of findings, recommendations and outlooks. Key words: pedagogy, receptive theory, learning strategies, poetic text, university level

CHARACTERİSTİC FEATURES OF İNTERCULTURAL COMMUNİCATİON

Intercultural communication is the interaction of carriers of different cultures. Man is not the only bearer of culture, biologists and psychologists argue that some animals (in particular, great apes) are able to develop and transmit culture. Intercultural communication (ICC) is a special section of the general theory of communication, which studies – in theoretical and practical terms – the communicative interaction of representatives of different cultures. This teaching aid is intended to acquaint students with the basics of the theory of intercultural communication as a special field of scientific knowledge, as well as with the possibilities of applying this theory in real communication practice. Thus, different animal populations are carriers of different cultures, and the interaction of these groups can also be called intercultural communication. The theory of intercultural communication (ICC), of course, is not concerned with the study of the analysis of animal communication. It is important however, to understand that the ICC is a very ancient phenomenon it appeared simultaneously with the formation of what we call different cultures. The theory of intercultural communication is a discipline that describes the process of intercultural communication, the conditions for its implementation, possible difficulties and causes of communication failures. This article will consider the concept of intercultural communication, key features of the theory of intercultural communication, interdisciplinary connections, the history of this discipline, the scope of knowledge from the field of intercultural communication. However, the theory of ICC as an independent scientific discipline arose quite recently, in the middle of the 20th century. Interest in studying the processes of intercultural communication, in their theoretical understanding arose primarily under the influence of globalization. Transnational corporations are being created, the tourism industry is developing, migration processes are intensifying, more and more people are entering into interethnic marriages, and the adoption of children from other countries is becoming more and more popular.

Entropy as a trope: Yuri Lotman’s general theory of communication as a case study in interdisciplinarity

Entropy as a trope: Yuri Lotman’s general theory of communication as a case study in interdisciplinarity

Информационные риски с позиции теории общества рисков: социально-философский анализ

The paper aims to reveal the relevance of the risk society theory for the analysis and search for the contradictions of the modern society, where the social dynamics and the role of information increase. Digital and information technologies which develop rapidly at the beginning of the 21st century determine the formation of new risks which can be referred to as information risks. Nowadays, it is obvious that social approaches and methodological solutions of classical social theories require actualization in the new conditions of social dynamics which is increasing due to the development of information technologies. The study of information risks in terms of expanding the problematic field of the risk society which has theoretical importance for research in social philosophy and general theory of communication is considered one of the objectives. The scientific originality of the research consists in approbation of the notion of information risks in the context of the risk society theory which requires actualization in conditions of the 21st century. The approbation of the term of information risks and their functions in the formation of social processes actively complements the risk society theory developed in the works of U. Beck, N. Luhmann, A. Giddens and others in the second half of the 20th century.

Theoretical Aspects in Forming Complex Structure Signal

Receiving and transmitting paths of modern radio communication systems are built on the basis of an open structure that provides hierarchical differentiation of access to the provided telecommunication services. However, this approach does not exclude the possibility of access to the transmitted content by unauthorized users. Hiding information by methods of cryptographic protection in such a situation only activates additional interest in transmission, therefore the most pragmatic solution is to use signals of a complex structure, which significantly complicate or even exclude the extraction of information from them by third-party users. The problem of regulating access selection in the development and design radio system elements is rather multifaceted and has a high degree of complexity. One of the directions for solving problems in this subject area is based on the well-known approaches to expanding the signal base, however, algorithms for their practical implementation were obtained without taking into account the limitations on the allocated resource and the very fact of using these algorithms. Based on the theory of systems and the general theory of communication, an approach to the formation of signal structures of a complex structure has been developed, which ensures an increase in the properties of their structural secrecy in relation to unauthorized users. At the same time, the known solutions at the physical level of signal spaces were refined, which made it possible to formalize the procedures for the formation of radio signals with specified properties. The method of formalizing the function of displaying the signal space based on the allocation of stochastic properties of pseudo-random sequences has been substantiated, which made it possible to ensure the uncertainty of their structure in case of unauthorized processing. The approbation of the proposed approach is given on the example of the formation of quadrature modulation signals, taking into account the subsequent analysis of their properties from various positions of legitimate and illegitimate users. The results obtained confirm the uncertainty during illegitimate processing with a slight deterioration in the noise immunity properties of radio communication systems. In general, this allows to conclude the adequacy of theoretical solutions. As an example, constellation diagrams of signals at the output of a quadrature receiver are presented. The set of proposed technical solutions presented in the work determines the novelty of this approach. The scientific problem to be solved belongs to the class of problems of synthesis of signals of complex structures.

The Formation of Signal Construct of Complex Structures with a High Level of Uncertainty in Their Parameters

Radio communication systems with enhanced resistance to illegitimate influences are of great interest in the development of modern information technologies. The modern methods of implementing such radio systems are the technologies of cryptographic information protection, methods of direct spectrum expansion. Despite the achievements of the selected subject area, the practical implementation of radio systems of this level is hampered by models of radio communication channels. Known results in their totality do not take into account the potential capabilities of implemented modulation formats, which limits their practical application and indicates the relevance of the study. The aim of the scientific work is to formalize theoretical principles and approaches to the formation and evaluation of the effectiveness of signals of complex structure. The authors posed and solved the problem of a formalized presentation of the obtained solutions, conducted a critical analysis of the results obtained by different methods. In this case, methods of statistical radio engineering, harmonic analysis of discrete signals, random graph theories, and decision making were used. The authors conducted a simulation of the processes of manifestation of various structures of the generated signals. The coincidence of theoretical and practical results is substantiated. During the study, the properties of signals of complex structures were determined. A theoretical statement is formulated and proved that justifies the increase in the structural secrecy properties of the generated radio signals. The novelty of the approach is the use of random graph theory, which has reduced the complexity of the evidence base, the stages of simulation. The theoretical results obtained are critically evaluated in relation to the final modeling data, which made it possible to substantiate the adequacy of the results. The obtained solutions substantiate theoretical approaches to the formation of signal construct of complex structure. In contrast to the known studies, the study reveals the potential stability boundaries of radio systems based on signals with uncertain parameters. The theoretical significance of the presented results is the expansion of the practical implementation of the methods of the general theory of communication in the field of building noise-immune systems. Practical significance is based on the results of analytical and simulation modeling presented in the work.

НАВЧАННЯ ПОДОЛАННЮ ТРУДНОЩІВ МІЖКУЛЬТУРНОЇ КОМУНІКАЦІЇ НА ЗАНЯТТІ З ІНОЗЕМНОЇ МОВИ

У статті розглянуті теоретичні основи щодо відмінностей між культурами, які призводять до певних труднощів у спілкуванні. Ці труднощі можуть носити як суб'єктивний, так і об’єктивний характер, тобто вони не можуть бути пов'язані ні з особистістю комуніканта, ні з його психологічним станом. Вони також не мають нічого спільного з наявністю або відсутністю досвіду міжкультурної комунікації співрозмовника, але вони можуть бути викликані певними об'єктивними факторами.
 Відповідно до вимог сучасних освітніх стандартів, випускник вищої школи повинен знати іноземні мови як засоби міжособистісного та професійного спілкування та соціального та культурного розвитку особистості. Випускник вищої школи повинен добре усвідомлювати формування ціннісного розуміння за допомогою діалогів культур рідної та іноземної мов.Слід враховувати, що іноземна мова, як правило, відображає культурні та національні ментальні та розумові особливості носіїв мови (стереотипи, когнітивні схеми тощо), що сформувалися в культурі мови, яка опановується. Усі вищезазначені особливості безпосередньо впливають на способи мислення та способи передачі мови в процесі перекладу. Вони також впливають на тлумачення мовних знаків у категоріях культурного коду.Для здобуття культурної обізнаності з іноземною мовою студенти мають опанувати такі питання:1. Наукові ідеї предметів і засобів спілкування, типів комунікацій, а також комунікативних структур актів та інших концепцій загальної теорії спілкування;2. Ідеї основних аспектів взаємних умов та взаємного проникнення в культуру та спілкування та культуру та мову. Студенти повинні розвивати навички культурного аналізу матеріалу та вміння розрізняти схожість та відмінності у вітчизняній та зарубіжній культурах.3. Ідеї доступних словників та довідкових посібників, що містять мовну, культурну та країнознавчу інформацію.4. Компетентність у національних та культурних відмінностях рідної та іноземної мов.
 Проаналізувавши вищезгаданий матеріал, можна зробити висновок про існування певних особливостей, які створюють мовні бар’єри та перешкоджають процесу спілкування. Вивчені шляхи покращення комунікації. Проведено аналіз створення викладачем спеціальних умов, що мотивують навчання. Запропоновані практичні рекомендації щодо створення ефективної міжкультурної комунікації, формування умінь сприймати і розуміти партнера по іншомовному спілкуванні.

The Concept “Mass Media” in the Lithuanian Language: Problems and Searches for the Equivalent

The article deals with the terms of communication science used in the Lithuanian language that specify the means whereby mass communication is carried out. Several different concepts are used in theoretical discourse in Lithuania: the means of mass communication, the media, the mass media (žiniasklaida), media, audiovisual media, and the like. The terms “the mass media” (žiniasklaida) and “the media” (medijos) used in the Lithuanian language are both translated into English as “media”, although these are different words and do not always mean identical things. The Lithuanian compound word (term) žiniasklaida is made of two independent words, žinios (news) and sklaida/skleidimas (dissemination). The Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language defines the word žiniasklaida as measures of periodical information – the press, radio, and television. In fact, when we speak about the radio, television, and printed newspapers in general terms, we often use this particular word of Lithuanian origin – žiniasklaida. Conceptual terms defining the means of communication discussed in the article have peculiar aspects and notional etymological nuances. These rather different terms entered the common usage at the end of the twentieth century and have been used ever since, that is, they are still used in the theoretical literature of communication sciences and in the public discourse of Lithuania of the early twenty-first century. The internationally and globally established scientific concepts “the mass media” and “the media” used to be translated into the Lithuanian language differently and therefore they were treated ambiguously, at times not accurately enough, and deviated from the postulates of the general communication theory. Lithuanian researchers who use the terms discussed in the present article were noticed to have had the universal concept of the mass communication theory, “the mass media”, in mind. The author also addresses the differentiated usage of different terms mentioned in the article in the Lithuanian language and different notional fields that they create. This is discussed when these terms are used synonymically and when they do not refer to identical things. In recent years, attempts to dissociate from the term žiniasklaida became noticeable in the works of Lithuanian researchers (Laima Nevickaitė, Žygintas Pečiulis). The semantic field of this term does not encompass all the existing means of communication as, for example, the terms “media” (medijos) or “the means of mass communication” can do, and this points to the conclusion that the Lithuanian neologism žiniasklaida should be avoided in research texts when we have the concept “the mass media” in mind. It is particularly pertinent in those cases when we refer to the overall communication process encompassing all possible means of communication and all possible effects on the perception of the audience, as well as the audience’s responses to the world we live in. The question of whether the term žiniasklaida could be used to define the conformity of the term “the mainstream media” should be discussed in future studies into the terminology of communication and information science. The author of the article proposes recommendations for correcting both the headline of the article Žiniasklaida in the Lithuanian version of the free online encyclopaedia Wikipedia and its content, whose current references to other languages are as follows: English – mass media, Russian – Sredstva massovoi informatsii (Средства массовой информации), German – Massenmedien, and so on. This would remove the discrepancy between the headlines and the content of encyclopaedic texts. Finally, due to the pluralistic and liberal usage of the terms “the mass media” and “the media”, which is becoming more and more firmly established, this analysis of these terms is relevant and useful in further developing a purposeful discourse of communication and information science and its popularisation.

Social communication theory revisited: the genesis of medium in communication

ABSTRACT This article presents novel insights related to the scholarly tradition which conceives communication as both a primary and continual social accomplishment. As is argued below, communication holds within it a strong productive capacity. As such, communication is highly consequential in the way it prefigures and manages both the activities and materials linked to the coordinated production of meaning. Building upon this position, the article conceives of a medium as a momentary instantiation facilitated in patterns of communication. The article uses the foundations of Sigman’s Social Communication Theory (SCT) to probe what a general theory of communication might look like if it conceives medium not as existing prior to communication but rather as made in the very process of communicating itself. The article includes a brief empirical application of this newly assembled perspective and is designed to spark debate about what communication is, how it is accomplished, and why it matters as an independent object of study.

Echo and Irony: Weapons in Political Campaigns

The theory of relevance presented by Dan Sperber and Deidre Wilson (1995) is a general theory of communication which has been developing over the past decades and apart from the theoretical developments it has been implemented as a tool for various analyses of discourse. The aim of the paper is to present a relevance theoretic account of a special kind of attributive use of campaign material which was employed by candidates in TV advertisements for the US presidential election campaign in 2012. Candidates use this special kind, echoic use, implementing it not only to criticise the opponent but also to justify their negative attitude towards the material mentioned. Echoic use proves to be a powerful tool not only to criticise and maintain credibility, but also allow irony which seems to be, along with discrediting the rival, the most powerful weapon at a politician's disposal.

O problemie komunikacji w pracach Aleksieja Aleksiejewicza Leontieva (przekład i opracowanie: Aleksadra Kondrat)

The paper translated and edited by Aleksandra Kondrat, Nicoalus Copernicus University in Toruń A. A. Leontiev that occupies a central place in his scientific legacy. The relationship between Communications and activity categories is analyzed in detail, as well as grounds and meaning of treating the communication as an activity by A. A. Leontiev. We present classification of the communication types on four grounds: orientation (object_oriented, socially_oriented and personality_oriented communication), psychological dynamics, semiotic specialization and degree of mediation. Special attention is paid to the concept of pedagogical communication, on one hand contributing to the development of a general theory of communication, but on the other — acts as an independent concept. In conclusion, we discuss the heuristic connections and interaction between A. A. Leontiev concept of communication and A. N. Leontiev, E. Yu. Artemyeva, S. D. Smirnov and others concept of worldview, that was implemented particularly in the development of pedagogical communication concept.Oryginal edition: KULTURNOISTORICZESKAJA PSICHOŁOGIJA 1/2011

C.E. SHANNON – SCIENTIST, THINKER, PERSON (ON THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY)

The article presents the scientific biography of the outstanding scientist-mathematician and cybernetist Claude Elwood Shannon. It describes the life course of the scientist, his studies at the University of Michigan, the history of writing the master's thesis "Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits" and his doctoral dissertation "The Algebra of Theoretical Genetics". The main attention is paid to Shannon's works on information theory. A lot of space is also devoted to recreating the image of Shannon – a scientist and a person. Article tells about the specifics of the scientific world before the Second World War and during the war, during the Cold War and subsequent detente. The main method of writing the article was the critical use of the numerous memories about Shannon left by his teachers, colleagues and students, and an analysis of the principal works of the scientist on the theory of switching circuits, theoretical genetics and information theory. The use of this method allowed us to reveal many important topics related to the life and work of Shannon: the fields of science that the scientist created or into which he made a significant (decisive) contribution, the peculiarity of the creative method of the scientist, etc. The novelty and relevance of the article consists in establishing the contribution that C.E. Shannon gives to the creation of two new sciences: cybernetics (his work on the application of logic to the analysis of switching circuits) and the general theory of communication (his work on information theory). Shannon also made a great contribution to the methodology of scientific research, which consisted in the universalization of the method of mathematical modeling, which made it possible to make mathematical modeling the main method of research in various fields of science and technology.

A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DE PEIRCE PARA A TEORIA DA COMUNICAÇÃO

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) deu importantes contribuições para a filosofia, para a matemática e para a lógica. Mas foi principalmente para esta última que a maior parte de seus estudos se voltou. Sua teoria geral dos signos, ou semiótica, foi desenvolvida como uma tentativa de descobrir a lógica que fundamenta as nossas concepções do real e como o conhecimento cresce a partir do compartilhamento e debate de opiniões no interior de uma comunidade. Por isso, o pragmatismo – seu maior legado para a filosofia – foi por ele definido como um método para clarear nossas ideias a partir da análise dos possíveis efeitos que a adoção de um conceito (uma crença) poderia produzir. A partir de 1905, Peirce passou a considerar o signo como o meio para a transmissão das formas que fundamentam os conceitos, e a comunicação como a mais elevada dos vários tipos de ação do signo. Na semiose, os símbolos se mantêm falíveis e em contínua transformação porque essa é sua natureza: crescer e se desenvolver num universo inteligível e repleto de sentido. Nesse realismo semiótico baseado numa teoria social do conhecimento, a estética fundamenta a ética, e estas fornecem a base para a lógica – compreendida agora como uma teoria geral da comunicação.

The essence and specifics of the communicative-translation function of religion

The subject of our consideration was the question of the essence and specifics of the implementation of the communicative-translation function by the religion. Tasks put forward within the division: 1) characterize the specifics and structure of religious communication in the paradigm of the general theory of communication; 2) analyze the transformations of religious communication in the modern age; 3) highlight the specifics of the communicative and translated function of religion and the directions of its transformation in a globalized world.

The Infochemical Core

ABSTRACTVocalizations, and less often gestures, have been the object of linguistic research for decades. However, the development of a general theory of communication with human language as a particular case requires a clear understanding of the organization of communication through other means. Infochemicals are chemical compounds that carry information and are employed by small organisms that cannot emit acoustic signals of an optimal frequency to achieve successful communication. Here, we investigate the distribution of infochemicals across species when they are ranked by their degree or the number of species with which they are associated (because they produce them or are sensitive to them). We evaluate the quality of the fit of different functions to the dependency between degree and rank by means of a penalty for the number of parameters of the function. Surprisingly, a double Zipf (a Zipf distribution with two regimes, each with a different exponent) is the model yielding the best fit although it is the function with the largest number of parameters. This suggests that the worldwide repertoire of infochemicals contains a core which is shared by many species and is reminiscent of the core vocabularies found for human language in dictionaries or large corpora.

A retórica do ponto de vista do mundo da vida

Apesar de colocações anteriores, o casamento entre retórica e semiótica foi consumado pelo Groupe μ, que o tornou produtivo também para a semiótica visual. Há, no entanto, diversos problemas com a abordagem do Groupe, sendo o primeiro sua redução da retórica à elocutio, isto é, o sentido produzido por meio de transgressões, enquanto o antigo sentido amplo de retórica como uma teoria geral da comunicação foi renovado por Perelman e seus discípulos. O segundo problema diz respeito à divisão um pouco abstrata das figuras retóricas, quando uma abordagem mais sistemática pode ser obtida partindo-se da mereologia, isto é, a teoria das partes e dos todos. Este artigo procura avançar na discussão de ambos os tópicos.

Breath is not the carrier of speech

In general communication theory, where a signal is delivered over distances with a carrier, there are principles that may be useful to reshape our thinking about speech transmission. If a signal is...

Attempt to Solving Situational Problem of Alumni Employability

The situational theory of publics (STP), one of the most popular public relations theories, provides a mechanism for the identification of publics and their communication behaviors. The situational theory of problem solving (STOPS), an extension of the STP, is a more general theory of communication that looks at antecedents of individuals’ communication and information behaviors in the process of problem solving. This conceptual paper reviews the application of STOPS to see the relevance of this theory in the context of organization (university) and publics (alumni) in solving the problem of employability. This study explores the essence and practice of public relations practitioners in The National University of Malaysia (UKM) in enhancing the reputation of the organization.

General Theory of Communication

Q methodology makes a science of subjectivity possible and solves the “riddle of mind.” An illustration is given of a 4-year-old child sorting postcard pictures of children under a variety of conditions of instruction, entering into communication within herself, which is transformed into operant factor structure. The context is generalized in reference to the objective fact that “it is raining,” and the concourse of communicability that it engenders and the factor structure that results, leading to the conclusion that all such communicative action is transformable in the same way. The operantcy of factors is objective, as reached through centroid factor analysis and rotation (judgmental or varimax), with all factors being schematical (Peirce’s Law) and representing new understandings reached through feeling rather than logic, and whose meaning is found a posteriori as new propositions or principles that are open for all to examine and not for semanticists and professional critics only. Q’s forward movement has been blocked primarily by its being regarded as a branch of advanced statistics rather than as the basis of a subjective science focused on behavior with the self as central to it and subject to the study of single cases rather than large samples. It constitutes an end to Cartesian dualism on evidential grounds and provides information that is both structural and functional.

Conceptualizing defensive silence in project-manager-to-project-sponsor communication

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to gain a greater understanding of fear-based information withholding in project-manager-to-project-sponsor (PM2PS) communication and to propose future research directions. Design/methodology/approach – The research consisted of a review of the literature related to the withholding of information in subordinate-to-superior communication and in PM2PS communication. Literature from project communication studies and literature from general communication theory was consulted. Findings – Using defensive silence theory as a conceptual framework, five research propositions specific to fear-based information withholding in PM2PS communication are offered. Research limitations/implications – The study findings are limited to PM2PS communication based upon fear. The study provides a foundation for further research in this area within the conceptual framework of defensive silence theory. Practical implications – The practical implication of this paper is that certain perceptions and behaviors of a project sponsor can be related to fear-based information withholding in PM2PS communication. Originality/value – The originality of this paper is that it extends defensive silence theory into the realm of PM2PS communication. The value of this paper is to provide a catalyst for subsequent empirical-based research in order gain greater insight into fear-based information withholding in PM2PS communication.