General Administrative Costs Research Articles

Analisis Prediksi Kebangkrutan Menggunakan Metode Altman Z-Score Pada PT. Dua Sahabat Sejati Borneo

The aim of this research is to analyze bankruptcy prediction using the Altman Z-Score method at PT. DSSB for the 2019-2021 period. This type of research is descriptive quantitative. Using secondary data with the research population of the financial statements of PT. DSSB period 2019–2021. The research sample is the balance sheet financial statements and profit/loss reports for the 2019–2021 period. Data analysis used analysis of financial performance ratios and bankruptcy prediction analysis Altman Z-Score (Modified Altman). The results show that from the calculation of financial performance, the liquidity ratio is below the industry standard due to an increase in trade payables in each period. The activity ratio on the company's total turnover ratio can maximize the use of assets, the working capital turnover ratio shows a negative number because the working capital owned is not enough to finance sales activities. The profitability ratio is below the industry standard due to the high cost of goods sold and high general administrative costs, as well as other expenses. In calculating the Z-Score analysis, it is always in a dangerous zone, which is a condition where a company experiences financial difficulties with high risk.
 Keywords: Financial Performance, Bankruptcy Prediction, Altman Z-Score

Production cost efficiency analysis of regional water companies in eastern Indonesia

Climate change can cause decreasing the quantity and quality of both surface and groundwater resources due to the increasing temperature and water evaporation. The Regional Water Companies (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum/PDAMs) that use both surface and groundwater for supplying water to the community have many challenges to expanding services due to the effect of climate change. Also, the territory of Indonesia in the form of an archipelago makes the effect of climate change can be higher and disrupt the stability of water resources, especially in Eastern Indonesia. This study aimed to analyzes the efficiency of production costs by using PDAM performance indicator data for fiscal years 2016 until 2018. The data sourced from the Water Supply Improvement System Implementation Agency (Badan Peningkatan Penyelenggaraan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum/BPPSPAM). Using a statistical cost method, we highlight several independent variables that are likely to affect PDAM cost-efficiency. The study results showed that of the 48 PDAMs observed, 28 were classified as efficient (58.33%) while the remaining 20 (41.67%) were inefficient. Energy costs, maintenance costs and general administrative costs become significant factors affecting the efficiency of production costs, but not chemical costs. In addition to costs, variable non-revenue water, service coverage and number of employees also influence cost efficiency. An efficient PDAMs can continue to expand their service coverage by reducing non-revenue water and the costs above by also incorporating the impact of climate change in their medium and long-term planning.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL GOVERNMENT OWNED ENTERPRISES BANK PERKREDITAN RAKYAT MAJATAMA AND THE REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY COMPANY OF THE MOJOKERTO REGENCY GOVERNMENT IN FINANCIAL PERSPECTIVE

Purpose — The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of the Mojokerto Regency 2019 Regional Owned Enterprises (BUMD).Design/methodology/approach — The research method used is descriptive qualitative analysis. The stages of preparatory research determine the techniques used in the analysis. The next stage gathers indicators in measuring financial performance. Determine the criteria in accordance with the theory used for financial performance analysis. Collection and analysis of financial data of BPR Majatama and the Regional Water Company.Findings — The results of the study show that Majatama People's Credit Bank Study of the Gross Value of Bad Debt in July, August, September, and October 2019 are safe.Originality/value — This study evaluates the performance of the People's Credit Bank Majatama. It also evaluates the performance of the Regional Water Supply Company and provides performance recommendations.Practical Implication — The calculation of Gross and Net non-performing loans experiences a positive trend and is far from the maximum limit required by Bank Indonesia of 5%. Regional Water Supply Companies in July, August, September, and October 2019, management is advised to control the general administrative costs, increase revenue and reduce operating costs through efficiency and effectiveness to increase profits in the following month.Research Type Research PaperKeywords Performance, Regional-Owned Enterprises, Majatama Rural Credit Banks, and Regional Water Companies.

Evaluation the Relationship between Costs Stickiness and Corporate Governance

Objective: One of the basic assumptions of management accounting indicates that changes in costs are related to increase and decrease of activity level, this inappropriate behavior of costs is known Costs Stickiness. Methodology: The aim of this study is to examine the Costs Stickiness in the Tehran Stock Exchange, also the relationship between general and administrative Costs Stickiness and corporate governance for listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2006-2015 will be studied and analyzed. Results: Finally, to test hypotheses and also additional tests, the regression model independent of SPSS software was used and descriptive and inferential statistics such as correlation analysis were analyzed. Conclusion: According to the results, it can be said that strong corporate governance has positive impact to reduce the Stickiness of the general administrative costs and sales.

Productivity Change Trend Analysis of Medical Device Export Manufacturers Using the Global Malmquist Productivity Index

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the trend of productivity changes of medical device export manufacturers by using the global Malmquist productivity index. Design/methodology/approach – The global Malmquist productivity index was used in this study. In the productivity analysis, total assets, equity, tangible assets, intangible assets, employment costs, selling expenses, and general administrative costs were used as input variables while sales and gross profit were used as output variables. Data for this empirical analysis were obtained from 128 medical device manufacturers for a period of six years from 2013 to 2018 using the KISVAUL DB. Findings - The results of this study are as follows: First, the productivity of medical device manufacturers declined by 2.3% every year for six years due to pure technical efficiency change and best practice gap. Second, during the same period, productivity of exporting firms declined by 2.5% per year, while non-exporting firms experienced an average annual decline of 2.2%. Third, corporate group productivity and stand-alone firms’ productivity declined 2.3% each year over the same period. Fourth, productivity of large-sized firms increased by 1.8% per year, while that of small and medium-sized firms decreased by 0.3% per year. Research implications or Originality - Exporting firms should improve productivity by enhancing their pure technical efficiency and promoting technological progress.

Fleet performance and cost evaluation of a shared autonomous electric vehicle (SAEV) fleet: A case study for Austin, Texas

Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAVs) have gained significant public interest as a possible less expensive, safer and more efficient version of today’s transportation networking companies (TNCs) and taxis. One way to expand on the possible benefits of an SAV fleet is through electric vehicles (EVs), which tend to be more energy efficient, more reliable, quicker, and may reduce system-wide emissions when coupled with renewable power. EVs are quickly becoming more financially viable as the price of these vehicles drops and charging infrastructure is appearing in more and more locations across the world. EVs are disadvantaged by their relatively short range and long recharge times, so it is important to understand how these factors will affect an electrified SAV (SAEV) fleet in terms of vehicle miles traveled (VMT), vehicle productivity, and response times.Perhaps the most important factor to consider before implementation is cost, since it is quite unlikely that a fleet operator will elect to use an EV fleet when a gasoline fleet is more profitable. This study makes in-depth estimates of the cost of this SAEV fleet based on vehicle purchasing costs, vehicle maintenance, batteries, electricity, charger construction (including land acquisition and paving), charger maintenance, insurance, registration and general administrative costs. These costs are estimated at low-, high- and mid-cost scenarios, where mid-cost is the most expected.This study performed a simulation of SAEVs across the Austin, Texas 6-county region under 6 different fleet scenarios to assess what factors make the fleet the most profitable and provide the best customer experience. The simulation process features thoughtful charging strategies, dynamic ridesharing, mode choice, and a multi-step search algorithm. Results showed that for all metrics studied, the gasoline hybrid-electric (HEV) fleet performed better than EV fleets, while remaining more profitable, providing response times of 4.5 min compared to 5.5 min. The HEV fleet is the more profitable option until the cost of gasoline exceeds $10 per gallon or the cost of a long-range EV falls below $16,000 through subsidies. Of all the EVs studied, the long-range fast-charging scenario not only provides the best service in terms of all metrics studied, but is by far the most profitable. Even though EVs may not be financially advantageous in the near term, the environmental benefits could be substantial; EVs have the potential to provide zero-carbon transportation when coupled with a renewable power grid. Gasoline vehicles have no such potential. Environmentalism tends to have little effect on financial decisions, but a carbon tax could change that perspective.

Pengaruh Biaya Produksi, Biaya Administrasi Umum, dan Biaya Pemasaran Terhadap Laba Pada Perusahaan Food and Beverages Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia

AbstractThis study aims to: (a) determine the partial effect of production costs on profits in food and beverages company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. (b) To determine the effect of partial general administrative costs on profits in listed food and beverages company On the Indonesia Stock Exchange. (c) To determine the effect of partial marketing costs on profits in food and beverages company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. (d) To determine the simultaneous effect of production costs, general administrative costs, and costs income to the food and beverages company listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The population in this study is a food and beverages company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017. Data collection techniques use quarterly financial statements. Sampling purposive sampling technique. Data analysis techniques use multiple linear regression and hypothesis test (t test and F test). The results show: (a) there is a partial significant negative effect on production costs on profits in the food and beverages company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. (b) There is a partial significant negative effect on general administration costs on profits in the food and beverages company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. (c) There is a partial significant negative effect on marketing costs on profits in the food and beverages company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. (d) There is a significant negative effect simultaneously production costs, general administrative costs, and marketing costs to earnings at food and beverages company listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Keywords: Production Costs, General Administrative Costs, Marketing Costs, Profit

Cost structure and financial sustainability of microfinance institutions: the potential effects of interest rate cap in Bangladesh

This paper examines the cost structures of 215 MFIs reported by the Microcredit Regulatory Authority of Bangladesh with a view to identify the main determinants of sustainability. MFIs in Bangladesh are an important case to study, as it is the first country to introduce an interest rate cap. Using management accounting ideas and frameworks, principally contingency theory to identify components of MFI’s cost structure, this study measures Operational Self Sufficiency (OSS) as the result of administrative costs, financial costs, interest rate spread and size/complexity. The results suggest that there are two key factors that are significantly related to MFI sustainability: interest rate spread and general administrative costs. We conclude that MFIs that have lower administrative costs and a large interest rate spread are more likely to achieve sustainability prior to the introduction of the interest cap.

Cost Structure and Sustainability in Microfinance Institutions: The Case of Bangladesh

This paper examined the cost structures of 216 MFIs in Bangladesh with a view to determine whether the country’s MFI’s will be able to achieve financial sustainability given the newly introduced interest rate cap. We measured financial sustainability through Return on Assets (ROA) and Operational Self Sufficiency (OSS). The results suggest that there are two key factors that are significantly related to financial sustainability: interest rate spread and general administrative costs. We conclude that MFIs that have lower proportions of administrative costs and a large interest rate spread are more likely to achieve financial sustainability even with the newly introduced interest cap.

Bottom-up analysis of the case costs of stem cell transplantation and selected chemotherapies

Up to now, reliable data has not been available on the actual costs of treating oncological patients. However, such data material is urgently required in view of the institution of the health service reform with the concomitant introduction of the G-DRG remuneration system. The medical services and their costs for 66 patients comprising several stays in hospital, part-time hospitalization and outpatient visits to the clinic categorized "establishment of the diagnosis", "stem cell therapy (SCT)" and "chemotherapy" were recorded in parallel to treatment over a time period of three months. It was thus possible to relate a cost volume of 2.7 million euro to more than 2800 nursing days (full and partial hospitalization) and more than 500 outpatient visits. All pertinent costs were collated with the various stays/movements of the patients over 100 calendar days. This was very largely possible thanks to a sophisticated costing and setting off of payments within the hospital on the part of the service providers in the hospital in direct allocation to patients and the third-party payers. Additionally, partial and full surveys as well as questionnaires enabling allocation to the individual case as far as possible, especially the staff requirement, were used. A breakdown of the costs in terms of the patient nursing days was only effected in marginal areas such as the "hotel function" or the general administrative costs. A further subdivision of the stays and movements as well as the phases of the stays applied to the service or the treatment progress above and beyond the areas of treatment. In the case of chemotherapy, a distinction was therefore made between "protocol blocks" and "stays due to complications" and in the case of SCT inter alia even individual phases such as "conditioning". It is problematical to represent these patients within an DRG case flat rate system because of frequent and very divergent residence periods with regard to services and costs. The multiplicity of treatment sessions is manifested in the compact "establishment of the diagnosis" to determine a therapy protocol which entails very elaborate inpatient measures under hospitalization, in the expensive and individual "stays due to complications" which usually take place between the "chemotherapy blocks", and the expensive long-term care of the SCT patients after the end of the residence limit (GVD). Owing to the small and divergent numbers of cases in Germany (2000 new patients in 50 centers and 330 SCT per year) and per center, this problem cannot be dealt with by means of a quantity compensation argumentation, as is doubtless justified elsewhere. The actual individual case costs of oncological patients would be 166,72 euro; per outpatient contact and covered by 459,30 euro; per day of hospital care and 808,20 euro; per inpatient treatment day (admission plus discharge day calculated separately and comprised stem cell transplantation patients beyond the residence limit) is covered. The level of the currently applicable case flat rate payments for stem cell transplantations and heterologous donors, mismatched heterologous donors and family donors appear appropriate in relation to the GVD. (The true costs of all oncological patients would indeed be even higher if the GOA payment of the ILV did not only relate to a house-internal low pricing of the GOA scoring value, but would also relate to HLA typing, unpaid physician overtime and the costs of the study centers to the individual cases. From 2002, there will be changes consequent on the judgment of the European Court that stand-by is working time, so that more physicians must be employed and there are expensive changes in the infrastructure owing to the need for a GMP clean area laboratory to process stem cells according to the medical products law.) The indeterminate bound-aries between the three treatment categories place in question the dual financing by the Panel Doctor's Association and the health insurance funds and indicate that a total-sum remuneration appears appropriate.

Research on Injection Mould Intelligent Cost Estimation System and Key Technologies

The manufacturing cost of injection-moulded parts is mainly decided by the cost of the injection mould. Thus if we can ascertain the cost of the injection mould as early as possible, it will be a great contribution to an injection mould cost evaluation system and research on the economics of injected part manufacture. In this paper, related work on injection mould cost estimation has been discussed. A case-based reasoning (CBR) approach is used for evaluating the manufacturing cost of injection moulds. Case indexing, neural network-based case retrieval, knowledge-abundant case-adaptation and knowledge-absent case-adaptation strategies, and case learning are all considered. A comprehensive cost model including mould manufacturing costs, tax costs and general administrative costs is also discussed. The model is valuable for the price estimation of injection moulds. The application of the system is illustrated with an example.