General Adaptive Response Research Articles

Mindfulness-Based Asmaul Husna and changes in general adaptive function response among schizophrenia: A Quasi-experimental study

Background. Poor functional capacity is one of the factors that increase the risk of recurrence of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Mindfulness is a treatment potentially help patients become fully accepting of their conditions and conscious of it, allowing them to regulate unpleasant emotions and increase awareness of positive emotions. Methods. This study aimed to investigate effect of mindfulness-based Asmaul Husna on the overall adaptive functioning of individuals with schizophrenia. This quasi-experiment times series study involved 36 participants selected with simple random sampling. The inclusion criteria of participants were adult Muslim with schizophrenia who had a PANSS-EC score <10, mild symptoms, risk of violent behavior. Participants with severe symptoms and complications from other diseases were excluded. Mindfulness-based Asmaul Husna consisted of Musyahadah-witnessing, tassawur-imagination, tafakkur-contemplation, tadabbur-reflection, and muhasabah-self-introspection was given to each participant over five days. A modified-Global Assessment Functioning (m-GAF) scale used to measure participants' general adaptive functional responses before and after intervention including follow-up at the first and second month after the intervention. Results. There was a significant increase of the m-GAF score (p < 0.001) and a chi-square value of 177.2 after the implementation of mindfulness-based Asmaul Husna intervention. The highest mean score difference was observed at the first and second follow-ups, conducted one and two months after the interventions. The effect size calculated using Kendall’s Wa indicates a significant effect (0.821). Conclusion. The study suggests there is a positive effect of the mindfulness-based Asmaul Husna intervention on adaptive functioning of people with schizophrenia.

Assessment of body resonse on integral health indicators in seafarers at sea: cohort study

OBJECTIVE. To assess the influence of sea habitat conditions on a vessel on military seamen’s health according to integral health indicators using a computer program.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS. Before going to sea and after returning to the base there were measurements of weight and body length, chest circumference, lung capacity, leading hand strength, heart rate, systolic and diastolic pressure at rest, after the load and recovery period (Martinet test) as well as blood lymphocyte content. Physical development, nutritional status, index of functional changes, the state of general non-specific adaptive response and cognitive body functions were defined; integral health assessment was held using computer programs.
 RERESULTS. Initially 66,7% had increased nutrition, after returning – 62,0%; normal status - 37,0% and 40,7%, excessive nutrition – 48,1% and 44,4%, obesity of 1st degree – 11,1% and obesity of 2nd degree – 3,7%. The proportion of seafarers with physical development above average decreased by 18,5%, adaptive response - by 7,1% (р=0,001) and body functionality - by 11,5% (р=0,006). Cognitive mental functions did not change. Standard of health decreased by 16,7% (р=0,001).
 DISCUSSION. There was confirmed negative impact of living conditions on seafarers’ health. Somatometric and physiometric indices showed negative tendencies in physical development and functionality, nonspecific adaptive body response. Stress test revealed the deterioration of aerobic capacity.
 CONCLUSION. The use of algorithm for assessing morphofunctional indicators, cognitive functions and lymphocyte content with computer processing of the results allows to evaluate the health in professional activities of seafarers.

Temperature variability and metabolic adaptation in terrestrial and aquatic ectotherms

Thermodynamics is a major factor determining rates of energy expenditure, rates of biochemical dynamics, and ultimately the biological and ecological processes linked with resilience to global warming in ectothermic organisms. Nonetheless, whether ectothermic organisms exhibit general adaptive metabolic responses to cope with worldwide variation in thermal conditions has remained as an open question. Here we combine a model comparison approach with a global dataset of standard metabolic rates (SMR), including 1,160 measurements across 788 species of aquatic invertebrates, insects, fishes, amphibians and reptiles, to investigate the association between metabolic rates and environmental temperatures in their respective habitats. Our analyses suggest that variation in SMR after removing allometric and thermodynamic effects is best explained by the temperature range encountered across seasons, which always provided a better fit than the average temperature for the hottest and coldest month and mean annual temperatures. This pattern was consistent across taxonomic groups and robust to sensitivity analyses. Nonetheless, aquatic and terrestrial lineages responded differently to seasonality, with SMR declining – 6.8% °C−1 of thermal range across seasons in aquatic organisms and increasing 2.8% °C−1 in terrestrial organisms. These responses may reflect alternative strategies to mitigate the impact of increments in warmer temperatures on energy expenditure, either by means of metabolic reduction in thermally homogeneous water bodies or effective behavioral thermoregulation to exploit temperature heterogeneity on land.

Leukocyte blood composition of Emys orbicularis and Mauremys capsica (Reptilia: Testudines: Emydidae, Geoemydidae) at syntopy

Data on the leukocyte blood composition of two co-habiting species of freshwater turtles, Emys orbicularis and Mauremys caspica, from the Republic of Dagestan (Russia) are provided. Lymphocytes are the predominant cells in the blood of females and males of both species. Heterophils predominated among granulocytes. Two-way multivariate analysis of variance showed a statistical significance of the influence of two factors on the leukocyte formula of freshwater turtles, namely: species (λWilks = 0.459, p < 0.001), sex (λWilks = 0.809, p = 0.019) and their interaction (λWilks < 0.001, p < 0.001). The blood formula (WBC) of E. orbicularis females showed higher levels of eosinophils (z = 3.040, p = 0.001) and basophils (z = 5.394, p < 0.001) and reduced levels of heterophils (z = 3.579, p < 0.001) and lymphocytes (z = 3.391, p < 0.001) compared to M. caspica females. Males of E. orbicularis differed from those of M. caspica by increased levels of eosinophils (z = 2.716, p = 0.003) and basophils (z = 4.829, p < 0.001) and a reduced level of heterophils (z = 3.474, p < 0.001). With general adaptive responses, interspecific differences were clearly expressed: the variability in the parameters of the white blood cell system of E. orbicularis was associated with rearrangement of the ratio of granulocyte cells (heterophils, eosinophils and basophils). The predominance of a specific component of the immune system (lymphocytes) was found in the immune responses of M. caspica. Changes in the leukocyte profiles of freshwater turtles were associated with a change in the agranulocyte–granulocyte ratio, which was confirmed by statistically significant differences in the integral leukocyte indices. The leukocyte profile of Emys orbicularis testified to the insufficient resource of adaptive mechanisms in specific environmental conditions. On the other hand, the blood formula (WBC) showed the possibility of an active response, more pronounced in M. caspica than in E. orbicularis.

Influence of crude oil pollution on the content and electrophoretic spectrum of proteins in Carex hirta plants at the initial stages of vegetative development

The role of proteins in the general adaptive response of Carex hirta plants to soil pollution by crude oil has been studied. It was established that a possible element of the process of adaptation of C. hirta plants to combined stress – conditions of soil polluted by crude oil – may be the synthesis of stress proteins – high molecular weight of more than 60 kD and low molecular weight, not exceeding 22–45 kD. The synthesis of all 5 HSP families was detected in the leaves and rhizomes, and only sHSP (starting from Mr 32 kD), Hsp 60 and Hsp 100 proteins were synthesized in the roots under the influence of crude oil pollution. The development of C. hirta adaptation syndrome under the influence of crude oil pollution of the soil was promoted by enhanced synthesis of proteins with Mr 85, 77, 64, 60 and 27 kD in the leaves, 118 and 41 kD in the rhizomes and proteins with Mr 105, 53, 50 and 43 kD in the roots of the plants. The decrease in the amount of proteins with Mr 91, 45, 28 kD in the leaves, proteins with Mr 85, 76 and 23 kD in rhizomes and proteins with Mr 64 and 39 in the roots of C. hirta plants under conditions of crude oil polluted soil could be a consequence of inhibition of synthesis or degradation of protein molecules providing the required level of low molecular weight protective compounds in cells. The root system and rhizomes of C. hirta plants undergo a greater crude oil load, which leads to increased protein synthesis in these organs and decreased in the leaves, correspondingly. However, a decrease in protein content in the leaves may indicate their outflow in the roots and rhizomes. Сrude oil contaminated soil as a polycomponent stressor accelerated the aging of leaves of C. hirta plants, which could be caused by increased synthesis of ABA. ABA in its turn induced the synthesis of leaf-specific protein with Mr 27 kD. These proteins bind significant amounts of water with their hydrate shells maintaining the high water holding capacity of the cytoplasm under drought conditions. ABA inhibits the mRNA synthesis and their corresponding proteins, which are characteristic under normal conditions, and induces the expression of genes and, consequently, the synthesis of specific proteins including 27 kD protein. By stimulating the expression of individual genes and the synthesis of new polypeptides, ABA promotes the formation of protective reactions and increases the resistance of plants to crude oil pollution.

Manifestations of oxidative stress and liver injury in clothianidin exposed Oncorhynchus mykiss.

This investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of clothianidin, a neonicotinoid insecticide, on hepatic oxidative stress biomarkers, biochemical indices of blood serum and liver integrity in juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss following 7, 14 and 21days of application to environmentally relevant concentrations of 3, 15 and 30μg/l. The observed hypertrophy caused elevation in hepatosomatic index, a significant increase in serum glucose and a decrease in tissue protein level with extended period of exposure were determined. The treatment resulted in a marked induction in the activities of antioxidant enzymes which were accompanied with simultaneous elevation in MDA and protein carbonyl level reflecting loss of membrane integrity and protein function. Histopathological examination showed liver injury manifested as hepatocellular degeneration, fibrosis, vacuolation, congestion, necrosis, steatosis and pyknosis proceding with the concentration. The stressful condition triggered hyperglycemic and hypoproteinemic conditions which might be proposed as general adaptive response. Moreover, altered liver histology reveals the hepatotoxic potential of clothianidin via oxidative stress as a common pathological mechanism leading to liver injury.

Systemic Adaptive Immune Parameters Associated with Neuroblastoma Outcomes: the Significance of Gamma-Delta T Cells

We mined a set of neuroblastoma (NBL) exomes for immune receptor recombinations representing all seven, human adaptive immune receptor genes, using a very high standard for identifications of V- and J-gene segments in sequencing reads. Results indicated an unusually large number of TRD recombination reads in the NBL samples, possibly related to the younger age of the patients. In general, recovery of immune receptor (IR) recombination reads representing any of the immune receptors, from either blood or tumor samples, was associated with a lower overall survival rate, consistent with an emerging literature indicating that systemic immunology parameters can be informative for cancer evaluations. Despite the overall negative association of IR recombination frequencies and outcomes, survival rate distinctions could still be established as associated with certain chemical features of IR complementarity determining region-3 (CDR3) amino acid sequences, thereby likely revealing a distinction between the negative impacts of a general adaptive immune response versus the positive aspects of specific CDR3 chemical interaction potentials. These data underscore the relevance of gamma-delta T cells in the development of cancer in younger patients. And for the first time, these data allow a distinction within an NBL cohort with active disease, between two contrasting systemic immune states: (i) general and likely harmful adaptive immunity development versus (ii) a likely positive, adaptive immune response with particular antigenic specificities.

Адаптационный гомеостаз у беременных с умеренной преэклампсией

Objective. To study the features of adaptive homeostasis in women with normal pregnancy and moderate preeclampsia (MPE). Patients and methods. Sixty-eight pregnant women were under study. General non-specific adaptive responses and adaptive cardiovascular responses were examined in 30 women with normal pregnancy and in 38 women with MPE. Results. Both general and organ adaptive responses were found to have a close correlation with the course of labor, the immediate postpartum period, and perinatal outcomes. Identification of general non-specific adaptive responses in the group of patients with MPE indicated the development of moderate stress response in 37%. Anti-stress responses accounted for 67%, mostly due to the training response. Conclusion. The analysis of comprehensive indicators of systemic and organ adaptation in pregnant women with MPE revealed the maladaptation of their regulatory mechanisms and signs of exhaustion of adaptation and energy reserves. The detected changes in systemic and organ adaptation have a negative effect on pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Key words: moderate preeclampsia, adaptation, course of labor, prenatal outcomes

How does forgiveness therapy versus emotion-focused therapy reduce violent behavior schizophrenia post restrain at East Java, Indonesia?

Based on the violent behavior, the data obtained in the last 6 months using population of psychiatric inpatients with violent behavior of 64 patients. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of forgiveness therapy that focused on emotions of violent behavior in post restrain schizophrenia. This research method used a Quasi-experimental design. The independent variable was forgiveness therapy that focused on emotions. The dependent variable was violent behavior. The populations were 64 patients with violent behavior using a simple random sampling technique and for the sample were 52 patients. Collecting data using general adaptive function response score (GAFR) observation sheets with Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney statistical tests. Wilcoxon test showed (p-value 0.002) after being given forgiveness therapy. The Wilcoxon test showed (p-value 0.513) after being given therapy that focused on emotions it can be concluded that there are differences in violent behavior before and after therapy of forgiveness and therapy that focused on emotions. Mann Whitney test results obtained (p-value 0.016) remission therapy was more effective in reducing the violent behavior of post restrain schizophrenia.

Predator-specific inducible morphological defenses of a water flea against two freshwater predators.

The expression of inducible morphological defenses in Daphnia in response to a single predator is a well-known phenomenon. However, predator-specific modifications of the same defensive traits as an adaption to different predator regimes is so far only described for Daphnia barbata. It is unknown if this accounts only for this species or if it is a more widespread, general adaptive response in the genus Daphnia. In the present study, we therefore investigated whether a clone of the pond-dwelling species Daphnia similis responds to different predatory invertebrates (Triops cancriformis; Notonecta maculata) with the expression of predator-specific modifications of the same defensive traits. We showed that Triops-exposed individuals express a significantly longer tail-spine, while body width decreased in comparison to control individuals. Additionally, they also expressed inconspicuous defenses, that is, significantly longer spinules on the dorsal ridge. The Notonecta-exposed D. similis showed a significantly longer tail-spine, longer spinules and a larger spinules bearing area on the dorsal ridge than control individuals as well. However, a geometric morphometric analysis of the head shape revealed significant, predator-specific changes. Triops-exposed individuals expressed a flattened head shape with a pronounced dorsal edge, while Notonecta-exposed individuals developed a high and strongly rounded head. Our study describes so far unrecognized inducible defenses of D. similis against two predators in temporary waters. Furthermore, the predator-dependent change in head shape is in concordance with the 'concept of modality', which highlights the qualitative aspect of natural selection caused by predators.

PREDICTORS OF EFFECTIVE USE OF T CELL MIMETICS IN IMMUNE AND ENDOCRINE DISORDERS TREATMENT

98 infants with acute bronchitis aged 3-36 months showed general basic adaptive response on the acute stage: depression of cellular immune response, active humoral immune response, CIC increase and enhanced phagocytic capacity of neutrophils. ACTH and TSH levels were elevated against depletion of cortisol and triiodothyronine levels. Clinical markers together with immune and endocrine predictive markers of the disease severity, character of complications and comorbidity were revealed. Thymogen is indicated for treatment in case of prevailing of hyperergic disorders both in the central core of neurohumoral regulation and the intra-immune - IgA increase. Thymaline proves effective in hyperergia treatment - thymomegaly with low IgA and cortisol levels along with pre-existing bacterial infections.

Adaptive capacity of different potato varieties under the conditions of the Right-Bank Polissia of Ukraine

Purpose. To study the adaptive ability and to determine the main criteria for adaptability assessment of potato varie­ties selected at the Institute for Potato Research of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences under the conditions of Ukrainian Right-Bank Polissia for use in seed potato production.Methods. Ten potato varieties of different maturity groups were examined in field conditions. The productive potential was analyzed by the yield indicator to determine the general specific adaptive response. The coefficient of adapta­bility (CA) for each variety was calculated as the ratio of productivity in the year of cultivation to the average yield of all the varieties under study.Results. In the years of research (2015–2017), almost all varieties had their CA equal 1.0 and above, which indicated their high adaptive capacity to the soil-climatic zone of growing under variable weather conditions. In particular, ‘Lietana’ variety had its annual CA varied within the range of 1.06–1.24 at the yield of 13.3–29.8 t/ha, ‘Hurman’ 1.0–1.02 and 11.6–25.5 t/ha, ‘Sluch’ 0.96–1.13 and 13.1–24.6 t/ha, ‘Strumok’ 0.98–1.09 and 12.3–26.1 t/ha, ‘Zlahoda’ 0.98–1.09 and 11.7–26.2 t/ha, ‘Partner’ 0.96–1.25 and 11.1–29.9 t/ha, respectively. The high general adaptive capacity and increased yield (compared to the long-term average variety index of 20.2 t/ha) was marked by ‘Lietana’ (absolute CA of 1.15 and yield increase of 3.0 t/ha), ‘Partner’ (1.10 and 2.0 t/ha), ‘Kniahynia’ (1.05 and 1.1 t/ha), ‘Feia’ (1.09 and 0.8 t/ha), ‘Strumok’ (1.04 and 0.8 t/ha), ‘Zlahoda’ (1.03 and 0.6 t/ha), and ‘Sluch’ (1.02 and 0.4 t/ha). The most expressed positive response to the favourable growing conditions and realization of its genetic potential (i.e. high yield) was typical of ‘Lietana’, ‘Partner’, and ‘Kniahynia’ varieties, which are attributed to the varieties with a specific adaptability. In particular, in the favourable for weather conditions years (2016 and 2017), the yield increase of these varieties to the average yield of all the varieties (26.6 and 25.1 t/ha, res­pectively) was as follows: in ‘Lietana’ 1.5–2.3 t/ha, ‘Partner’ 0.4–3.3 t/ha, ‘Kniahynia’ 0.7–1.7 t/ha. Thus, the specific adaptive ability of a variety is more evident at a high value of the average yield of all the varieties.Conclusions. The use of high adaptable potato varieties for cultivation in certain climatic zones will allow increasing production of high-quali­ty seed material for variety rotation. These varieties for the conditions of Ukrainian Right-Bank Polissia include ‘Lietana’, ‘Partner’, ‘Kniahynia’, ‘Zlahoda’, ‘Feia’, ‘Sluch’, ‘Strumok’, ‘Ariia’, and ‘Hurman’.

Global stability of a diffusive and delayed virus infection model with general incidence function and adaptive immune response

In this paper, the dynamical behaviors for a five-dimensional virus infection model with diffusion and two delays which describes the interactions of antibody, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune responses and a general incidence function are investigated. The reproduction numbers for virus infection, antibody immune response, CTL immune response, CTL immune competition and antibody immune competition, respectively, are calculated. By using the Lyapunov functionals and linearization methods, the threshold conditions on the global stability of the equilibria for infection-free, immune-free, antibody response, CTL response and antibody and CTL responses, respectively, are established if the space is assumed as homogeneous. When the space is inhomogeneous, the effects of diffusion, intracellular delay and production delay are obtained by the numerical simulations.

Phytosiderophore release in relation to multiple micronutrient metal deficiency in wheat

ABSTRACTPhytosiderophore (PS) release, which occurs mainly under iron deficiencies in the representative Poaceae, has been speculated to be a general adaptive response to enhance the acquisition of micronutrient metals. However, it is very common to encounter deficiency of micronutrients other than iron (Fe) in soils and interactions with respect of multi-micronutrient deficiency to effect on PS release are not known. Further, the diurnal rhythm for the release of PS may also be affected under multiple micronutrient deficiency. PS release capacity and PS content of roots and the diurnal rhythm of PS release was measured in selected efficient and inefficient wheat genotypes varied on individual and combined deficiency of Fe, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) in nutrient solution culture. A nutrient sufficient treatment was also taken as experimental control. Lack of Fe in the nutrient medium caused a significantly higher release of PSs followed by Zn, Mn and Cu in the same order. The diurnal rhythm of PS release was similar in the absence of either of the micronutrients or under their combined deficiency. Micronutrient sufficient control did not release any PS. Fe-use-efficient cultivars produced and released a larger amount of PS and differed from the inefficient cultivars in terms of the PS release but not in the PS biosynthesis in the roots. Thus, indicating that the limitation at the level of release of the PS is responsible for low Fe use efficiency of the Fe deficiency susceptible cultivars. Further, the diurnal variation in the PS release was similar for all the investigated wheat cultivars and did not influence the variation in the Fe use efficiency.

Cell populations can use aneuploidy to survive telomerase insufficiency.

Telomerase maintains ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, telomeres. Telomerase loss results in replicative senescence and a switch to recombination-dependent telomere maintenance. Telomerase insufficiency in humans leads to telomere syndromes associated with premature ageing and cancer predisposition. Here we use yeast to show that the survival of telomerase insufficiency differs from the survival of telomerase loss and occurs through aneuploidy. In yeast grown at elevated temperatures, telomerase activity becomes limiting: haploid cell populations senesce and generate aneuploid survivors—near diploids monosomic for chromosome VIII. This aneuploidy results in increased levels of the telomerase components TLC1, Est1 and Est3, and is accompanied by decreased abundance of ribosomal proteins. We propose that aneuploidy suppresses telomerase insufficiency through redistribution of cellular resources away from ribosome synthesis towards production of telomerase components and other non-ribosomal proteins. The aneuploidy-induced re-balance of the proteome via modulation of ribosome biogenesis may be a general adaptive response to overcome functional insufficiencies.

A class of delayed viral infection models with general incidence rate and adaptive immune response

To model the role of the adaptive immune response in viral infection, take account the time needed for infected cells to produce new virions after viral entry and the time necessary for the newly produced virions to become mature and infectious, we propose three generalized models that describe the interactions between virus, host cells, antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) cells. The incidence rate of the infection into three models is given by a general function which includes many special cases and depends on the uninfected cells, infected cells and virus. Our main results show that the global dynamics of the three models under certain hypotheses on the incidence function is fully determined by five threshold parameters called the reproduction numbers for viral infection, for antibody immune response, for CTL immune response, for antibody immune competition and for CTL immune competition. Several viral infection models with discrete, finite and infinite distributed delays existing in other previous studies are extended and generalized. Furthermore, we give some biological findings of our analytical results.

CLINICAL AND LABORATORY DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA OF IMMUNE RESISTANCE OF HEALTHY AND SICK WITH PNEUMONIA CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT AGE

<p><strong>Background.</strong> The universality of the general adaptation syndrome and the need to study the impact of general adaptive responses on the occurrence and consequences of pathological processes, as well as detection of early signs of disadaptation, have been proven by numerous works.<br /><strong>Objective.</strong> The aim of study was to explore the peculiarities of general non-specific adaptive reactions in pediatric population and to discuss the diagnostics effectiveness of general nonspecific adaptive reactions in early detection of health disorders in children of different age.<br /><strong>Methods.</strong> The paper presents the results of laboratory and clinical tests, conducted in 185 healthy children aged 4-12 years and 42 children of the same age with community-acquired pneumonia. The characteristics and prevalence of general nonspecific adaptative reactions in healthy children of different age were given. Determination of adverse adaptative reactions (stress, training and overactivation) based on analysis of the general blood analysis is an early diagnostic criterion of individual health reduction of children.<br /><strong>Results.</strong> The features of clinical course, the nature and direction of immune disorders of children with community-acquired pneumonia, depending on their adaptive systems, were revealed. The influence of conventional treatment regimens of children with pneumonia on the state of adaptation processes was determined. Clinical diagnostic criteria for prognosis and treatment efficacy based on diagnostics of nonspecific adaptive responses in the dynamic of pneumonia were established. The proportion of morphometrically different blood lymphocytes in healthy children was determined. It was revealed that the blood of preschool age children dominated with type I cells (61.3±1.7) %. The relative content of lymphocytes (morphological type II) (28.7±1.6) %, type III – (6.1±0.6)%, type IV – (3.9±0.6)% was observed.<br /><strong>Conclusions</strong>. General nonspecific adaptative reactions of mild and increased activation, as the most conducive to children’s age, demonstrate a balance of the relative content of different types of lymphocytes according to morphometrical data.</p><p><br /><strong>KEY WORDS:</strong> children, cell-mediated immunity, adaptive reactions, community-acquired pneumonia</p><p> </p>

Primary stress response induced by different elements is mediated through auxin signalling in barley root tip

Short-term exposure (15 min) of barley roots to different chemical elements revealed that Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb were the most toxic ones causing a marked root growth inhibition even at µM concentrations. Gd, La, Al, Cr, As, Zn, Ni and Se inhibited root growth to a similar extent only at mM concentrations. Despite the high 20 mM concentration, Co caused only a slight, while Mn, Mg or Ca did not evoke any root growth inhibition. Elements at concentrations inhibiting root growth caused a considerable accumulation of indole-3-acetic acid in the root apex. While Cr, As and Zn inhibited, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Gd, La and Al markedly stimulated the generation of reactive oxygen species in the beginning of differentiation zone. Auxin signalling inhibitor alleviated or prevented root growth inhibition, reactive oxygen species generation and the stimulation of lipoxygenase and glutathione peroxidase activity by various elements, indicating a key role of auxin signalling in the stress response of barley root tip. On the other hand, it did not affect or even had an additive effect on dehydroascorbate reductase and ascorbic acid oxidase activity in combination with different elements. Our results indicate that the primary response of barley roots to the presence of various chemical elements during the short-term treatment is not a specific but rather a general adaptive stress response enabling the plant to survive adverse conditions.

Highly Precise Quantification of Protein Molecules per Cell During Stress and Starvation Responses in Bacillus subtilis

Systems biology based on high quality absolute quantification data, which are mandatory for the simulation of biological processes, successively becomes important for life sciences. We provide protein concentrations on the level of molecules per cell for more than 700 cytosolic proteins of the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis during adaptation to changing growth conditions. As glucose starvation and heat stress are typical challenges in B. subtilis' natural environment and induce both, specific and general stress and starvation proteins, these conditions were selected as models for starvation and stress responses. Analyzing samples from numerous time points along the bacterial growth curve yielded reliable and physiologically relevant data suitable for modeling of cellular regulation under altered growth conditions. The analysis of the adaptational processes based on protein molecules per cell revealed stress-specific modulation of general adaptive responses in terms of protein amount and proteome composition. Furthermore, analysis of protein repartition during glucose starvation showed that biomass seems to be redistributed from proteins involved in amino acid biosynthesis to enzymes of the central carbon metabolism. In contrast, during heat stress most resources of the cell, namely those from amino acid synthetic pathways, are used to increase the amount of chaperones and proteases. Analysis of dynamical aspects of protein synthesis during heat stress adaptation revealed, that these proteins make up almost 30% of the protein mass accumulated during early phases of this stress.

Placental amino acid transporter function adapts to maternal and fetal nutrient conditions

s / Placenta 35 (2014) A1eA23 A10 O-026. PLACENTAL AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER FUNCTION ADAPTS TO MATERNAL AND FETAL NUTRIENT CONDITIONS Eiji Shibata David, J. Askew, Yukiyo Aiko, Chiharu Tomonaga, Satoshi Aramaki, Hirohide Inagaki, Toru Hachisuga. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan Background: Studies suggest that placental nutrient uptake activity is responsive to both maternal and fetal nutrient demands. We hypothesize that under conditions of limited nutrient availability to the fetus, as often present in preeclampsia (PE), IUGR, and insufficient weight-gain during pregnancy, a general adaptive response aimed to increase amino acid transport activity may be observed in the placenta. Method: A total of 40 placentas from full-term (n1⁄410) and pre-term (n1⁄410) normal pregnancies, IUGR (n1⁄410), and PE (n1⁄410) associated pregnancies were looked at by immunohistochemistry followed by relative qualitative scoring to compare expression levels and localization of System L, ASCT2, and mTOR proteins. Result: Syncytiotrophoblast (ST) in placenta of pregnancies complicated by IUGR or PE showed significant increases in the levels of 4F2hc and LAT1 compared to both full-term control and pre-term pregnancies seperately. Elevated mTOR protein was uniquely higher in IUGR placentas compared to full-term controls. Total cellular ASCT2 transporter protein levels were similar in all groups, however, levels of ASCT2 protein localized to the ST microvillous membrane (MVM) were significantly lower in IUGR compared to both full-term and pre-term pregnancies. Additionally, ASCT2 and mTOR protein levels were positively associated with maternal prepregnancy BMI. Conclusion: First, in conditions of limited nutrient availability, such as PE or IUGR, there is an overall increase in the level of System L and mTOR protein expression in the ST, suggestive of an adaptive response. Second, a decrease in ASCT2 protein at the ST MVM suggests a post-translational event that may decrease AAT activity in IUGR placentas. Third, a physiological link between transporter expression and pre-pregnancy BMI is suggested based upon a positive association observed with ASCT2 and mTOR expression values. O-027. ENDOMETRIAL PERIVASCULAR CELLS ESTABLISH UNIQUE CYTOKINE GRADIENTS IN DECIDUAL PROCESS Keisuke Murakami , Keiji Kuroda , Shintaro Makino , Atsuo Itakura , Satoru Takeda , Jan J. Brosens . Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Reproductive Health, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Japan Aim: The endometrial perivascular microenvironment is rich in mesenchymal stem-like cells that express type 1 integral membrane protein Sushi domain containing 2 (SUSD2) but the role of these cells in the decidual transformation of this tissue in pregnancy is unknown. We used an antibody directed against SUSD2 to isolate perivascular (SUSD2+) and non-perivascular (SUSD2-) fibroblasts from mid-luteal biopsies. Method: SUSD2+ and SUSD2cells were purified from mid-luteal endometrial biopsies by magnetic bead separation and each cell population were expanded in vitro, then, subjected to RNA-seq analysis or differentiation experiments induced by cAMP andMPA to assess secretome profile. Result: On average, positive cells comprised 6.8% of endometrial stromal cells and 6-fold enriched in clonogenic cells. RNA sequencing revealed that cultures derived from SUSD2+ progenitor cells remain phenotypically distinct by the enrichment of novel and established endometrial perivascular signature genes including AOC3, NOTCH3, ELN, MYH11, DES, ACTA2, MCAM, and CSPG4. Decidualization transformed perivascular SUSD2+ -derived cells into the dominant source of a range of chemokines and cytokines, including CCL7, LIF and LTA. Conclusion: Our findings confirmed that SUSD2+ -derived cells remain the expression of perivascular signature genes even after in-vitro culture. Decidual response is spatially organized at the feto-maternal interface with differentiating perivascular cells establishing distinct cytokine and chemokine gradients that could have the key role in decidual process. O-028. LOCALIZATION OF TRPV5 (TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL VANILLOID RECEPTOR 5) PROTEIN IN HUMAN PLACENTAL TROPHOBLASTS Yoko Aoyama, David J. Askew, Yukiyo Aiko, Chiharu Tomonaga, Satoshi Aramaki, Hirohide Inagaki, Toru Hachisuga, Eiji Shibata. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Occupational and Environmental