Genera Of Fagaceae Research Articles

Latitudinal cline of flowering and fruiting phenology in Fagaceae in Asia

AbstractThe seasonal timing of flowering and fruiting is crucial for the reproductive success of plants and for resource availability to animals. Although plants synchronize their reproductive timing to coincide with appropriate seasons by responding to environmental cues, seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation vary minimally in very wet tropical environments. To explore the latitudinal cline in the reproductive phenology of the Fagaceae in Asia, we analyzed phenology data for a total of 94, 121, and 219 species from Thailand, Malesia, and China, respectively, in the three genera of Fagaceae, Quercus, Castanopsis, and Lithocarpus. We found that Quercus and Castanopsis showed flowering peaks in April in China. In Thailand, the peak shifted to an earlier month, and the peak disappeared in Malesia. The flowering period lengthened with decreasing latitude in the animal‐pollinated genera Castanopsis and Lithocarpus. However, this was not the case for the wind‐pollinated genus Quercus. The fruiting period lengthened with decreasing latitude in all three genera. We examined the relationship between reproductive phenology and climatic factors. The combination of monthly temperature and precipitation best explained the monthly change in the proportion of flowering and fruiting species in China in all three genera. However, climatic factors had almost no impact on the predictive ability of the model in Malesia. Our results on phenological shifts in the family Fagaceae, from the temperate climates and seasonal tropics to the humid tropics, provide valuable information for predicting phenological changes in future climate change.

Terrigenous leaf-utilizing life of the tube-bearing annelid Anchinothria cirrobranchiata (Annelida: Onuphidae) in the deep sea

AbstractDeep-sea ecosystems are generally oligotrophic because they lack photosynthesizing producers. On deep-sea slopes near land, however, various terrestrial plant remains flow to and are deposited on near-shore deep bottoms. From a depth of 300 m off the Pacific coast of Owase, central Japan, we collected an onuphid polychaete, Anchinothria cirrobranchiata (Annelida: Onuphidae), which lives in a dorsoventrally flattened portable tube. The polychaete tubes were made of sand, as well as leaves and twigs of terrestrial evergreen trees. The leaves glued on the portable tubes were chartaceous, blackish and tough; they belonged mainly to two genera of Fagaceae, Castanopsis and Quercus, which are dominant components of coastal evergreen oak forests. In aquaria, the polychaetes fed on the leaves on their tubes, as well as autochthonous sedimented leaves, suggesting utilization of terrigenous plant litter as food. As to the evolution of Anchinothria, a molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that Anchinothria is monophyletic with other Hyalinoeciinae (Nothria, Leptoecia, Hyalinoecia).

Resource allocation strategies in the reproductive organs of Fagaceae species

AbstractAllocation strategies of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) are key to the reproductive processes of plants. Nutrient allocation to seeds depends on defensive traits of seeds and fruit because greater nutritional contents attract more seed predators. To compare resource allocation strategies for reproductive and defensive traits across species, we calculated the cost of resource investment in reproductive organs for nine species from four genera and defensive traits for seven species from two genera of Fagaceae. The results showed that no single element is the common resource currency across species, but that the reproductive strategy of each species is regulated by C, N, or P. Reproduction in Fagus crenata was limited by N but not by C, whereas in Quercus serrata it was co‐limited by C and N. Among the seven Fagaceae species, there was a negative correlation between the thickness of the pericarp and the concentration of the total phenolics in the seed and pericarp, suggesting alternative strategies for developing defensive traits in ripening seeds with limited C‐based resources. Overall, our results highlighted the diversity of resource allocation strategies to reproduction and defensive traits of Fagaceae species. To better understand the masting phenomenon at the population or community levels, comprehensive consideration of the diversity of resource allocation strategies among species is worth exploring in the future.

Delayed fertilization facilitates flowering time diversity in Fagaceae.

Fagaceae includes typical masting species that exhibit highly synchronized and fluctuating acorn production. Fagaceae shows an interesting feature in that fertilization is delayed by several weeks to more than 1 year after pollination. Although delayed fertilization was recorded over a century ago, the evolutionary advantage of delayed fertilization is still poorly understood. Here, we present a new hypothesis that delayed fertilization facilitates temporal niche differentiation via non-overlapping flowering times among species. Comparing flowering and fruiting times in 228 species from five genera in Fagaceae, we first show that there is a close association between a wider spread of flowering times and the likelihood of a 2-year fruiting habit in which there is a long delay from pollination to fertilization. To study the coevolution of flowering time and delayed fertilization, we developed a mathematical model that incorporates the effects of competition for pollinators, seed predator satiation and unfavourable season for reproduction on fitness. The model shows that delayed fertilization facilitates the diversification of flowering time in a population, which is advantageous for animal-pollinated trees that compete over pollinators. Our new hypothesis about the coevolution of delayed fertilization and flowering time will provide new insight into the evolution of masting. This article is part of the theme issue 'The ecology and evolution of synchronized seed production in plants'.

Diversity of Fagaceae on Hainan Island of South China During the Middle Eocene: Implications for Phytogeography and Paleoecology

The Fagaceae family is currently widespread throughout tropical and temperate regions of South America and the Northern Hemisphere, especially East Asia, and has likely been so since the Eocene, according to fossil records. In China, Fagaceae fossils are rare in the lowest latitudes of South China. Here, we describe 12 species in 5 genera of Fagaceae (i.e. Berryophyllum, Castaneophyllum, Quercus, Castanopsis and Lithocarpus) based on leaf morphology and trichomes. These fossils are recovered from the Changchang Formation of Changchang Basin, Hainan Island, South China, indicating that Fagaceae has been distributed in these tropical low latitudes since the Eocene. Given that our fossils are closely related to the tropical and subtropical extant species, we speculate that Fagaceae lineages have likely diverged since the Eocene and that each extant lineage, such as Quercus sect. Cyclobalanopsis, became highly differentiated no later than middle Eocene. Based on the current living conditions of the extant species, we further speculate that the climate of Hainan Island was warm and wet during the middle Eocene, suitable for the growth and differentiation of the family.

A New Cycloneuroterus Melika & Tang Oak Gallwasp Species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) Associated with Lithocarpus (Fagaceae) from Taiwan

A new species of oak gallwasp, Cycloneuroterus megaformosanus, n. sp., is described from Taiwan. The species induces integral stem swelling galls on young shoots of Lithocarpus corneus. Data on the diagnosis, distribution, and biology of this new species are given. Different Cycloneuroterus species are known to induce galls across multiple host plant genera in Fagaceae, so the evolution of host associations in this genus is also discussed briefly.

Plastid Genome Comparative and Phylogenetic Analyses of the Key Genera in Fagaceae: Highlighting the Effect of Codon Composition Bias in Phylogenetic Inference.

Fagaceae is one of the largest and economically important taxa within Fagales. Considering the incongruence among inferences from plastid and nuclear genes in the previous Fagaceae phylogeny studies, we assess the performance of plastid phylogenomics in this complex family. We sequenced and assembled four complete plastid genomes (Fagus engleriana, Quercus spinosa, Quercus aquifolioides, and Quercus glauca) using reference-guided assembly approach. All of the other 12 published plastid genomes in Fagaceae were retrieved for genomic analyses (including repeats, sequence divergence and codon usage) and phylogenetic inference. The genomic analyses reveal that plastid genomes in Fagaceae are conserved. Comparing the phylogenetic relationships of the key genera in Fagaceae inferred from different codon positions and gene function datasets, we found that the first two codon sites dataset recovered nearly all relationships and received high support. Thus, the result suggested that codon composition bias had great influence on Fagaceae phylogenetic inference. Our study not only provides basic understanding of Fagaceae plastid genomes, but also illuminates the effectiveness of plastid phylogenomics in resolving relationships of this intractable family.

Clarification of the identity of Quercus patkoiensis and Q. semiserratoides (Fagaceae) using leaf epidermal features

Leaf epidermal features offer excellent diagnostic characteristics for genera of Fagaceae. The survey of leaf epidermal and acorn features of Quercus patkoiensis A. Camus, Quercus semiserratoides (Y.C. Hsu & H.W. Jen) C.C. Huang & Y.T. Chang, Q. semiserrata Roxb. and Lithocarpus litseifolius (Hance) Chun revealed that the type material of Q. patkoiensis belongs to two different taxa: the foliage branch—L. litseifolius; the acorns—Q. blakei Skan. The lectotype of Q. patkoiensis is designated here and the taxonomic treatment of the species is presented. Q. semiserratoides, usually regarded as a synonym of Q. semiserrata, is actually a distinct species, because significant differences in the leaf epidermal cells, trichome and trichome base, stomata, the epicuticular wax and cupule features were found between the two species. Leaf epidermal features are useful not only to distinguish genera in Fagaceae, but can also assist in species identification.

Leaf epidermal features of Lithocarpus (Fagaceae) from China and their systematic significance

The leaves of 52 species of Lithocarpus in China were studied. The adaxial leaf epidermis was investigated by light microscopy. Epidermal cells of the adaxial surface were classified into three types on the basis of the outline of their anticlinal walls, i.e. sinuate, straight and curved. The abaxial leaf epidermis was investigated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The following types of trichome were observed: appressed parallel tuft, stellate, fused stellate, papillae, stipitate fasciculate, solitary unicellular, appressed laterally attached unicellular, curly thin‐walled unicellular, bulbous and thin‐walled peltate. The fused stellate, appressed laterally attached unicellular and curly thin‐walled unicellular trichomes were reported in Lithocarpus for the first time. The appressed parallel tuft trichome, which is recognized as a salient characteristic of Lithocarpus, was not found in 15 species. A cladistic analysis was performed on the basis of the leaf epidermal features. According to the leaf epidermal features and several morphological characteristics, 26 of the 52 species could be divided into seven groups. Similar groups can be found in Barnett's and Camus' systems. The trichomes of four genera in Fagaceae are listed and compared. Lithocarpus had 14 types of trichome, 11 of which were identical to types found in Quercus, more than in Castanopsis and Cyclobalanopsis. The evolutionary trends of trichomes in Fagaceae are discussed and a new point of view is raised. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 168, 216–228.

Taxonomic and ecological implications of leaf cuticular morphology in Castanopsis, Castanea, and Chrysolepis

Leaves of 41 species of Castanopsis, six species of Castanea, and Chrysolepis chrysophyllum Hjelmq. were examined. In Castanopsis, all species possessed cyclocytic stomata with thickened subsidiary cells; thin-walled peltate trichomes are the most frequent type on the abaxial surface of the leaves of this genus. In Castanea, stomata are transitional between cyclocytic and anomocytic; thin-walled peltate trichomes were recorded for the first time on the abaxial surface of Castanea leaves. In Chrysolepis, cyclocytic stomata with non-thickened subsidiary cells and thick-walled peltate trichomes were observed. The thickened subsidiary cells support the placement of the "fissa-group" in Castanopsis. The results of this study support the idea that Castanopsis and Castanea are sister groups. Thick-walled peltate trichomes were only recorded in Chrysolepis, thus supporting its taxonomic separation from Castanopsis. The phylogenetic distribution of trichome types among genera of Fagaceae is summarized. The evolutionary trends of trichome types in Castanopsis are discussed, as are the implications of stomatal and trichome features on fossil identification and ecology.

USAGE OF IN VITRO TECHNIQUES IN FAGACEAE FAMILY AND RECENT DEVELOPMENT

In this study, the researches on the use of in vitro techniques which have been given great importance in the world forestry, increase the efficiency of classical methods which have still been used in forestry with the aims of breeding and rehabilitation and are used to solve current problems that can hardly or not be solved by using classical methods, in species and genera of Fagaceae were compiled. Keywords: Fagaceae, in vitro techniques, biotechnology

Significance of Pollen Characteristics for Infrageneric Classification and Phylogeny in Quercus (Fagaceae)

Patterns of tectum ornamentation in pollen of Quercus (oak trees, Fagaceae) are investigated using high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy. Tectum ornamentation is highly consistent at the infrageneric level and can be used to polarize character states within Quercus by comparison with other genera in Fagaceae. In particular, pollen data strongly suggest the recognition of an infrageneric Ilex group and, for the first time, allow definition of the set of taxa that comprise this group. The infrageneric Ilex group displays a relatively simple tectum ornamentation exclusively found in this group of oaks, in Fagus, and in extinct lineages related to Trigonobalanus, Colombobalanus, and Formanodendron. Such a simple type of tectum ornamentation is also known to represent an early developmental stage in infrageneric groups of Quercus that have otherwise complex ornamentation (Quercus and Lobatae). Ornamentation of the tectum in the infrageneric Cyclobalanopsis group can be derived from the plesiomorphic Ilex type showing little accumulation of secondary sporopollenin. In the infrageneric Cerris, Protobalanus, Quercus, and Lobatae groups, accumulation of secondary sporopollenin masks the basic Ilex pattern. The five distinct types of tectum ornamentation are in perfect agreement with published molecular phylogenies of Quercus. Thus, pollen ornamentation is a most valuable tool to identify members of the major infrageneric groups in Quercus and provides the basis for a reevaluation of the fossil record of Quercus.

Genetic variation of Trigonobalanus verticillata, a primitive species of Fagaceae, in Malaysia revealed by chloroplast sequences and AFLP markers.

The genetic variation of Trigonobalanus verticillata, the most recently described genus of Fagaceae, was studied using chloroplast DNA sequences and AFLP fingerprinting. This species has a restricted distribution that is known to include seven localities in tropical lower montane forests in Malaysia and Indonesia. A total of 75 individuals were collected from Bario, Kinabalu, and Fraser's Hill in Malaysia. The sequences of rbcL, matK, and three non-coding regions (atpB-rbcL spacer, trnL intron, and trnL-trnF spacer) were determined for 19 individuals from these populations. We found a total of 30 nucleotide substitutions and four length variations, which allowed identification of three haplotypes characterizing each population. No substitutions were detected within populations, while the tandem repeats in the trnL -trnF spacer had a variable repeat number of a 20-bp motif only in Kinabalu. The differentiation of the populations inferred from the cpDNA molecular clock calibrated with paleontological data was estimated to be 8.3 MYA between Bario and Kinabalu, and 16.7 MYA between Fraser's Hill and the other populations. In AFLP analysis, four selective primer pairs yielded a total of 431 loci, of which 340 (78.9%) were polymorphic. The results showed relatively high gene diversity (H(S) = 0.153 and H(T) = 0.198) and nucleotide diversity (pi(S) = 0.0132 and pi(T) = 0.0168) both within and among the populations. Although the cpDNA data suggest that little or no gene flow occurred between the populations via seeds, the fixation index estimated from AFLP data (F(ST) = 0.153 and N(ST) = 0.214) implies that some gene flow occurs between populations, possibly through pollen transfer.

Cladistic Analysis of Restriction Site Variation within the Chloroplast DNA Inverted Repeat Region of Selected Hamamelididae

A cladistic analysis was conducted on restriction site variation in the inverted repeat region of the chloroplast DNA of 34 taxa, including 22 genera of Hamamelididae, nine genera of Rosidae, and one genus of Magnoliidae (sensu Cronquist). Parsimony analysis of 45 informative characters resulted in four equally parsimonious cladograms. In all trees, Hamamelididae were polyphyletic, with the rosid taxa nested within lower hamamelids and higher hamamelids in turn nested within this rosid group. The higher Hamamelididae (excluding Leitneria but including Betulaceae, Casuarinaceae, Fagaceae, Juglandaceae, Myricaceae, Nothofagaceae) were monophyletic in all of the most-parsimonious trees, and were always a sister group of Malus (Rosaceae). Within the higher hamamelid group, Nothofagus was found to be the sister taxon of the remainder of the taxa, supporting recognition of the family Nothofagaceae. The genera of Fagaceae s. str. formed a monophyletic group and were a sister group of the remainder of the higher hamamelids excluding Nothofagus. The sister group of the rosid-higher hamamelid clade in all trees was a clade that included Liquidambar, Cercidiphyllum, and representative genera of Hamamelidaceae s. str. The analysis showed Euptelea to be the basal taxon of lower hamamelids, whereas Trochodendron was identified as sister taxon to a larger clade comprised of Hamamelidaceae, Cercidiphyllum, rosids, and higher hamamelids. Cercidiphyllum was shown to be closely related to Hamamelidaceae s.l., whereas Platanus was placed several nodes away from this clade. This analysis supports recent contentions that Hamamelididae sensu Cronquist is not monophyletic. Our results contradict recent suggestions based on fossil leaves that Fagaceae are derived directly from a platanoid ancestor. The dicotyledonous subclass Hamamelididae has been the focus of considerable attention by systematists in recent years (see Crane and Blackmore 1989 for a bibliography). As circumscribed by Cronquist (1981, 1988; our Table 1), and in essentially similar form by Takhtajan (1980, 1987) the Hamamelididae are highly polytypic, comprising a diverse assemblage of families that lack unique characters and share many putatively diagnostic features with other groups, such as Rosidae (sensu Cronquist 1981). Such groups are suspect, and often are found to be polyphyletic or paraphyletic when carefully analyzed using cladistic methods. The hypothesis that various Hamamelididae may be more closely related to some rosid families is supported by numerous recent morphological, anatomical and palynological studies of Hamamelididae and Rosidae (Crepet and Nixon 1987; Dickison 1989; Ehrendorfer 1977, 1989; Hickey and Doyle 1977; Hickey and Taylor 1991; Hickey and Wolfe 1975; Hufford 1992; Nixon 1985,1989; Walker and Doyle 1975; Wolfe 1989; J. Wolfe et al. 1975). The few studies that have proposed explicit hypotheses of relationship based on modern cladistic concepts and methods suggest that the broadly defined Hamamelididae is polyphyletic, with some elements more closely related to rosids than to other hamamelids (Hufford 1992; Nixon 1984, 1989; Nixon and Manos, unpubl. data). Of particular interest is one group of families often called the higher Hamamelididae (e.g., Crane and Blackmore 1989; Table 1). The members of this group mostly (but not consistently) share wind-pollination and granular-columellate pollen walls and reduced apertures. Based on morphological cladistic analyses (Hufford 1992; Nixon 1984, 1989), higher hamamelid families are derived from families commonly considered to be basal within Rosidae, such as Cunoniaceae or Brunelliaceae. In turn, the lower rosid families are nested within the lower hamamelid families, as a sister group of a lineage including modern Hamamelidaceae. To address these hypotheses and provide

Fossil Evidence Regarding the Evolution of Nothofagus Blume

Information on fossil Nothofagus, and related genera, is reviewed based on pollen grains, leaves, woods, and flowers and fruits. The available data suggest that ancestors of Nothofagus and related families probably originated in West Gondwanaland. By the Santonian, Nothofagus was the only living genus already differentiated in the southern Hemisphere. Northern counterparts included several species in living genera of the Betulaceae, Myricaceae, and Ulmaceae. Rapid evolution and speciation of Nothofagus took place in the Eocene. After the pollen types and the main leaf forms were established in the Cretaceous and Eocene, respectively, the rate of morphological change was slow. More speciation was possible after the Miocene in New Guinea and also in other areas during the Plio-Pleistocene. Several lines of evidence support former suggestions of giving Nothofagus a higher taxonomic rank. Nothofagus Blume has frequently captured the interest of botanists and paleobotanists. It plays a dominant role in the temperate forests of the Southern Hemisphere, has economic importance as a timber source, and has an intriguing distribution as a vicariant of the other genera in Fagaceae. It comprises 34 species living in South America, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and New Guinea. It certainly lived in Antarctica, but perhaps never in South Africa. The Fagaceae are usually associated with the Betulaceae in the order Fagales (Thorne, 1983; Takhtajan, 1980), sometimes including also the Balanopaceae (Cronquist, 1968). Other related orders are Didymelales, Casuarinales, Myricales, and Hamamelidales, all included in the subclass Hamamelidae. Although this subclass has been subjected to considerable systematic rearrangement (Thorne, 1973), the taxa mentioned above were not very much affected. The Fagaceae have been segregated into three subfamilies since De Candolle (1864), and this classification has been supported by modern studies such as those of Forman (1966) and Hjelmqvist (1948) on the female cupule. The only objection has been the proposal to segregateNothofagus as a new family, made by Kuprianova (1965), on the basis of the pollen grains. More recent support for some kind of segregation was advanced by Crepet and Daghlian (1980), Smiley and Huggins (1981), Thorne (1983), Nixon (1984), and Jones (1984b). The classification of the species of Nothofagus into two sections and four series was suggested by van Steenis (1953) and Soepadmo (1972) on the basis of the female cupule and vegetative morphology. Recent information does not support fully such an arrangement (Elias, 1971; Philipson & Philipson, 1979; Hill, 1983), but no alternative system has been proposed. In recent years a growing body of information has accumulated about fossil materials of Nothofagus and related genera, shedding some light on its history and phylogenetical development. This information has not been fully used, and speculation about the evolution and paleobiogeography of the genera has been based mainly on the evidence of living plants (van Steenis, 1971; Darlington, 1965; Melville, 1973, 1981; Cracraft, 1975; Humphries, 1981, 1985; Heads, 1985). Therefore, it seems reasonable to review information concerning fossil forms. Modern and fossil data are reviewed first in this paper, followed by a discussion. The review of fossil data is arranged by type of fossil (pollen, leaves, woods, and flowers and fruits). In each case, a brief statement about their morphology in living plants is given. The discussion starts with the Cretaceous history of the genus, and also deals with the fossil record of related families. Then, the Paleogene account comprises the differentiation of species within the genera, so the morphology of the living ones is also considered. Finally, the Neogene part deals mainly with biogeography, and the information concerns primarily living plants. The fossil evidence was compiled by Wolfe (1973) and Muller (1981). When some information is given without menI Departamento de Ciencias Biol6gicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Guiraldes 2620, 1428 Buenos Aires, Repfiblica Argentina. Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas (CONICET). ANN. MISSOURI BOT. GARD. 73: 276-283. 1986. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.211 on Tue, 09 Aug 2016 05:15:09 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1986] ROMERO-NOTHOFAGUS EVOLUTION 277 tioning the source, it may be found in these reviews. However, in important cases the original publication is given. Other more recent papers, or ones not considered by Wolfe or Muller, are quoted as well. The references to paleogeography are based on Smith et al. (1981) and those to age are based on Harland et al. (1982).

PSEUDOFAGUS IDAHOENSIS, N. GEN. ET SP. (FAGACEAE) FROM THE MIOCENE CLARKIA FLORA OF IDAHO

A new genus and species of Fagaceae are established for compressed leaves and attached fruits which represent one of the dominant taxa in the rich Miocene Clarkia flora of northern Idaho. The leaf and fruit morphology, cuticular and pericarp anatomy, and leaf phytoliths fall within the range of variation of the subfamily Fagoideae. The unique fruit consists of a large, exposed, distinctly keeled, trigonous nut and a diminutive basal cupule. The cupule has an apical frill of free, petiolate, leaflike appendages but lacks other ornamentation, and there is no evidence of a distinct Valvation. As no other genus of the Fagaceae has fruits with this combination of characters, a new genus is established and is referred to the subfamily Fagoideae. The Miocene genus seems most closely related to the extant genus Fagus.

The genera of Fagaceae in the southeastern United States

The genera of Fagaceae in the southeastern United States

Trigonobalanus and its importance in the taxonomy of the Fagaceae

(The contents of this contribution are treated more fully in Kew Bulletin 17, 381-396 (1964) and in a further paper to be published in that journal. A summary only, therefore, is presented in this present account.) A new genus of Fagaceae, Trigonobalanus Forman, was discovered on Mt Kinabalu by the 1961 Royal Society Expedition to North Borneo. Tr. verticillata Forman, now also known to occur in Malaya and Celebes, is most remarkable in having leaves in whorls of three with connate inter-petiolar stipules—characters hitherto unknown in the family. A second species from northern Thailand, Tr. doichangensis (A. Camus) Forman ( = Quercus doichangensis A. Camus), has been added to the genus.

Trigonobalanus, a New Genus of Fagaceae, with Notes on the Classification of the Family

Trigonobalanus, a New Genus of Fagaceae, with Notes on the Classification of the Family