Genealogical Position Research Articles

Eating groups within households: Differentiation in food consumption by age, gender, and genealogical position in rural Burkina Faso

Inequalities in food access and consumption underlie the persistence of food insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa. While there has been important work documenting differences among rural households and demographic groups, there remains comparatively little work documenting differences of food consumption within rural African households. To address this gap, a novel approach was developed to monitor differences in food consumption within 120 rural households in Burkina Faso with a focus on women and children. At monthly intervals (across 11 months), 24-hour recall data were collected of the amount of grain prepared and allocated among eating groups, the groups of household members eating from separate bowls. Seven-day recall data were also collected for the instances of major food groups accompanying grain dishes and allocation of these accompaniments among eating groups. Eating groups are generally segregated by gender and age. Multi-level regression analyses (with household and month as random effect variables) were performed with grain consumption and food group bias regressed on the fixed factors of female and child fractions of eating group adult-male equivalents and the genealogical position of eating group leaders. Results show eating group composition significantly affects grain consumption as mediated by the genealogical position of eating group leaders. Depending on genealogical position, female- or children- dominated groups can display higher, or more commonly, lower consumption rates than male groups. Consumption of non-grain accompaniments shows no significant bias by gender or age except for meat, which is consumed more by male groups led by a member of the household head’s generation. These results illustrate the complex interplay of gender, age, and household structure in shaping differences in food consumption within rural households.

ENGLISH: Islamic Concept of Tribal Identity and Modern World; A Case of Pakistan

Islam is a universal religion and it educated his followers that they all are equal as human being because no one is superior on the basis of color, creed, caste or blood. They all are the son of Adam and that’s why the standard of superiority is only based on piety. Before the dispensation of Islam the Arabs were divided in different tribes and the used their genealogical position and felt pride on it. Every tribe was famous due to tribal nobility and tribal strength considered as their political power. All the tribes used sword to solve the political disputes and wanted to set their tribal supremacy. The battle of Bassos and Fujar are famous for tribal supremacy. But Islam changed this concept and turned them into civilized nation. Islam declared that tribe is not factor of supremacy or superiority rather than identity of the people. This paper highlights the role of tribes as a factor of identity under the light of Islam and modern world especially when there is a concept of authoritarian democracy.

The Documentary Lives of d.a. levy's Buddhist Third Class Junkmail Oracle

ABSTRACTThe poet, artist, and publisher d.a. levy (1942–1968) is a significant figure in the history of the underground press. levy's influence was of particular importance to Cleveland, Ohio, where he lived and worked and was devoted to developing, sustaining, and encouraging alternative publishing. levy's newspaper, The Buddhist Third Class Junkmail Oracle, was an early venue for publishing poetry, art, journalism, and critique. The Oracle also holds a unique genealogical position as Cleveland's first underground newspaper. While the literary and political values of levy's work remain, these have been complemented by archival valuations, as levy has been collected, published, and digitized.

Taxonomic position of Chinese voles of the tribe Arvicolini and the description of 2 new species from Xizang, China.

China has 26 species in the tribe Arvicolini. The taxonomic status of these voles remains controversial despite much effort. Herein, we evaluate the taxonomic position of 22 species plus 2 unidentified taxa using mitochondrial DNA gene sequences (cytb + CO1). We also evaluate 18 species and 2 unidentified taxa using morphological data. Phylogenetic analyses of cytb resolve monophyly for the genera Alexandromys, Lasiopodomys, Microtus, Neodon, Proedromys, and Volemys with strong support. Stenocranius clusters with Chionomys but with very weak support. Analyses of concatenated cytb + CO1 resolve the same genera with strong support, but the topology of the tree differs from that of cytb in that Chionomys roots at the base of the tree independent of Stenocranius, which forms the sister-group of Lasiopodomys in a more terminal position. The matrilineal genealogy excludes the type species Arvicola amphibius from the rest of the Arvicolini. This species forms the sister-group of Ondatra with high support. Neodon includes N. irene, N. linzhiensis, N. fuscus, N. leucurus, N. sikimensis, Microtus clarkei, and 2 unidentified specimens. Alexandromys includes the former species Microtus oeconomus, M. kikuchii, M. limnophilus, M. fortis, and M. maximowiczii. Finally, Microtus has the subgenera Blanfordimys, Microtus, Mynomes, Pedomys, Pitymys, and Terricola, which includes the Chinese species M. agrestis, M. arvalis, and Blanfordimys juldaschi. General mixed Yule-coalescent species delimitation modeling demarcates 6 currently recognized species and 2 new species of Neodon. A principal component analysis of the morphological data among 7 matrilines shows that all variables have positive loadings of high magnitude on the 1st component. Canonical discriminant analysis for Neodon (including M. clarkei and 2 unidentified species) correctly classifies 93.0% of specimens. Overall, our analyses support the recognition of Alexandromys, Lasiopodomys, Microtus, Neodon, Proedromys, and Volemys as genera. Stenocranius includes Microtus gregalis, and the genealogical position of Stenocranius remains uncertain. The status of Arvicola requires further study. We assign M. clarkei to Neodon and describe 2 new species of Neodon.

TRANSTORNO DE DÉFICIT DE ATENÇÃO E HIPERATIVIDADE: A MEDICALIZAÇÃO E A COAÇÃO NO DESENVOLVIMENTO MORAL

O presente texto aborda criticamente o diagnóstico de Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH), o qual preocupa pelo crescente número de encaminhamentos. Respaldado por uma visão hegemônica e medicalizante, o diagnóstico de tal patologia conquistou espaço na atualidade e atinge diretamente a educação, pois transfere para o campo da saúde questões provenientes do campo educacional. Na busca por solucionar a indisciplina e os problemas de aprendizagem, desloca-se de uma discussão político-pedagógica e utiliza-se a administração de medicamentos conhecidos como “drogas da obediência”. Desta forma, este texto pretende disparar uma reflexão sobre a patologização e a medicalização da infância como, também, ressaltar brevemente alguns mecanismos de controle que foram instaurados ao longo do tempo e suas implicações ao desenvolvimento moral da criança. Para tanto, emprega-se nesta discussão peculiaridades da posição genealógica de Foucault e da teoria construtivista de Piaget.http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v25i1.2724

Genealogical Position of Ugaritic: the Lexical Dimension. Lexical Isoglosses between Ugaritic and other Semitic Languages. Conclusions

This article is the concluding part of a series of publications by the author dealing with the lexical factor in the genealogical subgrouping of Semitic. In the focus of the discussion are the exclusive lexical isoglosses between Ugaritic and Semitic languages other than Canaanite: Arabic, Aramaic and Akkadian. In both former cases, such isoglosses are few in number, which almost certainly excludes any particularly close association between Ugaritic and Arabic or Aramaic. Conversely, Ugaritic- Akkadian isoglosses are comparatively numerous, which can be explained in several possible ways. In the concluding section, the Canaanite affiliation of Ugaritic as reflected in the basic vocabulary is reaffirmed, with a special emphasis on the hypothetic Ugaritic-Phoenician connection.

Genealogical Position of Ugaritic: the Lexical Dimension Lexical Isoglosses Between Ugaritic and Canaanite

The present contribution continues a series of publications by the author dealing with the lexical evidence for some of the much-discussed problems of the genealogical subgrouping of Semitic. In the present article, specific isoglosses between Ugaritic and the Canaanite languages (notably, Hebrew and Phoenician) are accumulated and discussed, their total number amounting to ca. 80 lexical items. In the second, concluding article (scheduled for publication in the forthcoming issue of Sefarad), this evidence will be compared with specific lexical isoglosses shared by Ugaritic with Semitic languages other than Canaanite.

A reconsideration of relationships among Japanese Trillium species based on karyology and AFLP data

To reexamine the relationships among the Japanese Trillium species that form a polyploid series, we performed principal-coordinates analysis (PCOA) based on proposed karyotypic compositions and on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. A hexaploid species, T. smallii, whose karyotypic composition had been hypothesized as K2K2SSUU, with hybridization between tetraploid T. apetalon (SSUU) and a presumed K2K2 diploid species, showed a genotype corresponding to T. yezoense (K1SU). Accordingly, T. smallii appears to be an allopolyploid of T. yezoense, with the karyotypic composition K1K1SSUU. Trillium channellii, a recently described tetraploid species whose origin and genealogical position remains unclear, showed a genotype corresponding to K1K1K2T. We conclude that T. channellii may be derived from hybridization of T. camschatcense (K1K1) as the seed parent and T. tschonoskii (K2K2TT) or hexaploid T. hagae (K1K1K2K2TT) as the pollen parent.

Une espèce nouvelle de Pseudosinella provenant du Portugal (Insecta: Collembola). XVIIe contribution

Pseudosinella angelae sp. n. is described from a typical Mediterranean landscape dominated by Quercus suber L. in the surroundings of Lisbon. Morphological comparison with similar species is made, in order to establish the genealogical position of the new species.

Segmentation in Annelids: Cellular and Molecular Basis for Metameric Body Plan

Annelids are segmented animals that display a high degree of metamerism in their body plan. This review describes the segmentation of clitellate annelids (i.e., oligochaetes and leeches) and polychaetes with special reference to cellular and molecular mechanisms elaborating the metameric body plan. In clitellate embryos, segments arise from five bilateral pairs of longitudinal coherent columns (bandlets) of primary blast cells that are generated by five bilateral pairs of embryonic stem cells called teloblasts (M, N, O, P and Q). Recent cell-ablation experiments have suggested that ectodermal segmentation in clitellates consists of two stages, autonomous morphogenesis of each bandlet leading to generation of distinct cell clumps (i.e., segmental elements; SEs) and the ensuing mesoderm-dependent alignment of separated SEs. In the N and Q lineages, SEs are each comprised of clones of two consecutive primary blast cells. In contrast, in the O and P lineages, individual blast cell clones are distributed across SE boundaries; each SE is a mixture of a part of a more-anterior clone and a part of the next more-posterior clone. In contrast, the metameric segmentation in the mesoderm (M lineage) is a one-step process in that it arises from an initially simple organization (i.e., a linear series) of primary blast cells, which individually serve as a founder cell of each segment; the boundary between mesodermal segments is determined autonomously. Cell-autonomous properties of primary blast cells have also been suggested in two fundamental aspects of segmentation, viz., specification of segment polarity and determination of segmental identities. Recent cell-ablation and -transplantation studies have suggested that segmental identities in primary blast cells derived from M teloblasts are determined according to the genealogical position in the M lineage and that the M teloblast possesses a developmental program through which the sequence of blast cell identities is determined. It is unlikely that either a segment polarity gene engrailed or Hox genes are involved in specifying polarity or identities of segments of clitellates, since these genes (in leeches) are reportedly expressed long after the establishment of these segmental properties. As in clitellates, segments in polychaetes arise from descendants of teloblasts located in a posterior growth zone, but it is only during trochophore larval stages that overt segmental organization becomes recognizable. At present, it is not known how the posterior growth zone generates trunk segments either during larval stages or after metamorphosis. However, the recent finding that Hox genes are expressed in the growth zone (probably in teloblasts) suggests that segmentation mechanisms in polychaetes are distinct from those in clitellates.

The Italian kin of the Tocco despot: Some notes about the relatives of Carlo I Tocco

This paper deals with a familial strategy of "using" kinsmen in keeping power and prominence as seen from the case of the family of the Tocco, the rulers of the Ionian islands (XIV-XV c). A widely-known family narrative and some less-known documentary evidence reveal details on several Italian Tocco who were close to Carlo I (b. c. 1375-1429) in spatial terms, and who, more importantly, played a considerable role in securing useful political alliances for their mighty kinsman of the "Greek" family branch. In addition, regarding new information about one Italian Tocco (Gioanella, the daughter of Carluccio), the paper suggests some more definite conclusions about her genealogical position and conjugal affiliation.

Analyses of Segment-Specific Expression of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in the Mesoderm of the Oligochaete Annelid Tubifex: Implications for Specification of Segmental Identity

In the embryos of the oligochaete annelid Tubifex, segments VII and VIII specifically express mesodermal alkaline phophatase (ALP) activity in the ventrolateral region. In this study, we examined whether this segment-specific expression of ALP activity depends on external cues. Cell lineage analyses show that the ALP-expressing cells originate from M teloblasts. Furthermore, a set of teloblast-ablation experiments demonstrated that the seventh and eighth primary m blast cells (m7 and m8) produced from M teloblasts give rise to ALP-expressing cells in segments VII and VIII, respectively, and that primary m blast cells other than m7 and m8 lack the ability to generate ALP-expressing progeny cells. The results of another set of blastomere-ablation experiments suggest that ALP-expressing cells emerge independently of interactions with surrounding tissues. Teloblast-transplantation experiments demonstrated that m8 can generate ALP-expressing cells in an ectopical position, suggesting that it is unlikely that ALP activity emerges in response to the positional cues residing in the embryo. These results suggest that m7 and m8 are exclusively specified as precursors of ALP-expressing cells at the time of their birth from M teloblasts. We propose that segmental identities in primary m blast cells of the Tubifex embryo are determined according to the genealogical position in the M lineage and that the M teloblast possesses a developmental program through which the sequence of blast cell identities is determined.

Characterization of Two Chitinase Genes and One Chitosanase Gene Encoded by Chlorella Virus PBCV-1

Chlorella virus PBCV-1 encodes two putative chitinase genes, a181/182r and a260r, and one chitosanase gene, a292l. The three genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant A181/182R protein has endochitinase activity, recombinant A260R has both endochitinase and exochitinase activities, and recombinant A292L has chitosanase activity. Transcription of a181/182r, a260r, and a292l genes begins at 30, 60, and 60 min p.i., respectively; transcription of all three genes continues until the cells lyse. A181/182R, A260R, and A292L proteins are first detected by Western blots at 60, 90, and 120 min p.i., respectively. Therefore, a181/182r is an early gene and a260r and a292l are late genes. All three genes are widespread in chlorella viruses. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the ancestral condition of the a181/182r gene arose from the most recent common ancestor of a gene found in tobacco, whereas the genealogical position of the a260r gene could not be unambiguously resolved.

Israel and the Nations: A Structuralist Survey

Structuralist analysis of genealogies in Genesis demonstrates that ideological closeness is indirectly proportional to genealogical closeness. Thus, those nations which are most closely related to Israel are portrayed as being the most ideologically negative. This article examines how these nations are portrayed in Talmudic texts. Structuralist theory suggests that while there may be transformations in ideological content due to changes in cultural context, the basic underlying structure of relations and categorization should remain constant. It is demonstrated here that the ideological understanding of other nations found in the Talmud reflects the same underlying structure. The most strongly negative nations in the Talmud are Edom and Amalek who are genealogically closest to Israel (being brother and brother's son, respectively). These terms, however, are no longer attached to their original peoples. Edom is used to represent Rome and Amalek represents archetypal evil. Other more genealogically distant nations are progressively less ideologically negative. One additional point is the transformation of the attitude toward Ishmael. Ishmael becomes more ideologically negative, in line with his additional cultural significance. It is suggested that with this transformation in ideology there is a concurrent transformation in genealogical position.

A Pistil - Specific PR-1 Like Protein of Camellia, Its Expression, Sequence and Genealogical Position.

A major protein endogenously expressed in Camellia pistils with a high level of expression at the period of anthesis was detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Their N-terminal amino acid sequences showed a high level of honrology with pathogenesis-related (PR)-1 proteins from plants. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the protein was expressed specifically in pistils. The gene coding the PR-1-Iike protein was cloned from tea (Camellia sinensis), and compared with those of other PR-1 and PR-1-Iike proteins. Based on sequence homology and induction, the protein was designated as Camellia PR-1-Iike (PRL-1) protein. The deduced PRL-1 protein sequence displayed the highest homology with STS14, which was earlier described as a PR-1-Iike protein expressed in pistils of potato. With the addition of this PRL-1 protein, we discussed the possibility of a new class of PR-1-Iike proteins, which are specifically induced in pistils of many plaut families. The sequence of PRL-1 gene is registered as Accession: AB015047.

Genealogical position of native Taiwanese(Bunun Tribe) in East Asian populations based on tooth crown morphology.

Genealogical position of native Taiwanese(Bunun Tribe) in East Asian populations based on tooth crown morphology.

Force and Fission in Northern Somali Lineage Structure1

AS IS well-known, the term lineage is applied to those societies whose politics are cast in a genealogical idiom and whose dominant political ideology is that political relations are a function of genealogical distance. In such communities political relations diverge or converge according to the genealogical proximity of the persons or groups concerned. Structural relations thus depend upon genealogical position, and groups which through descent from a common ancestor are genealogically equivalent are also, in principle, politically equal. As such a community, divided into a system of descent groups, expands over time all its segments do not necessarily develop in man power or wealth at the same pace. At every point of ramification in the lineage system natural growth does not result in the production of an array of lineages exactly balanced in population, wealth, or in other respects. Thus, two or more segments descended from a common ancestor are not necessarily equivalent in size or resources. And, in societies where such differences are of direct political significance, this means that, as lineages develop historically, discrepancies tend to arise between their genealogical position and their actual political power. The resolution of such discrepancies by genealogical manipulation and by fictions of clanship (in terms of the dominant political ideology) is a well-known feature of segmentary lineage systems and, indeed, has been taken as a general, if not necessary, characteristic of this type of political system (Fortes 1953: 28). This, however, is not true of the segmentary lineage system of the northern Somali where inconsistencies between the genealogical positions of groups and their actual political power are generally not resolved by genealogical manipulation or fictions, but by contractual alliances which leave their genealogies unaltered. In discussing some of the morphological and functional characteristics of northern Somali lineages in this paper, I argue that this feature is consistent with the fact that clanship is not the sole idiom of Somali politics. For in northern Somali society all political units owe their solidarity to explicit contracts of government which define the specific legal and political obligations of their members (see Lewis 1959a). Thus, although society as a whole is structured agnatically, agnation itself is not the sole basis of political unity, and it is through contract that the implicit values of agnation are given effect in the constitution of political groups. And while working generally within the framework of agnation, contract enables agnates (and sometimes non-agnates) to unite in corporate political groups sometimes irrespective of their genealogical proximity.