Sex Test Research Articles

여자 축구선수들의 특별한 의학적 문제들과 고려 사항

Football is a sports that the most attention and love from many countries and people regardless of gender around the world. Recently, FIFA (Fédération internationale de football association) has been actively helping female football players around the world with economic and technical support. In addition, FIFA has been making great efforts to revitalize the women's league. In this article, the medical issues that should be considered and examined by team doctors and medical teams and what problems should be particularly concerned in female football players will be divided into three categories to be gone through: sports injury, RED-s(relative energy deficiency in sports) and gender verification. First of all, it is known that the overall percentage of injury for female football players is lower than that of male players, however the rate of serious damage is higher in female football players due to the more frequent the knee anterior cruciate ligament injury and traumatic brain injury. It is important to know that RED-s starts with low energy availability as it progresses it can be a serious problem that deteriorates the health and performance of individual athletes. The issue of gender verification is needed to determine whether this player can participate in the women's competition, and it should be check whether this violates the spirit of fair play.

SpeakerNet for Cross-lingual Text-Independent Speaker Verification

Biometrics provide an alternative to passwords and pins for authentication. The emergence of machine learning algorithms provides an easy and economical solution to authentication problems. The phases of speaker verification protocol are training, enrollment of speakers and evaluation of unknown voice. In this paper, we addressed text independent speaker verification using Siamese convolutional network. Siamese networks are twin networks with shared weights. Feature space can be learnt easily by training these networks even if similar observations are placed in proximity. Extracted features from Siamese then can be classified using difference or correlation measures. We have implemented a customized scoring scheme that utilizes Siamese’ capability of applying distance measures with the convolutional learning. Experiments made on cross language audios of multi-lingual speakers confirm the capability of our architecture to handle gender, age and language independent speaker verification. Moreover, our designed Siamese network, SpeakerNet, provided better results than the existing speaker verification approaches by decreasing the equal error rate to 0.02.

Regulatory Policy and Women’s Sports: The Nexus of Gender Verification, Title IX, and Trans Inclusion

Title IX specifies that “no person” shall be subjected to discrimination on the basis of sex. Yet, advocacy groups and state legislators have debated transgender girls’ and women’s right to participate in sports teams consistent with their gender identity. Such entities employ misguided research about testosterone’s role in sports, assert that transgender girls displace cisgender girls in sports, and weaponize gender verification against transgender girls. Title IX’s original intent catalyzes access for all young people in sports, regardless of gender identity. A review of the historical underpinnings of the regulatory policy driving Title IX’s implementation, leading up to the Biden administration’s current efforts to assess Title IX’s application to sports, underscores the path to the truest implementation of Title IX. The regulatory mechanisms establishing Title IX implementation compel maximization of sport opportunities for all girls and women, which includes trans girls and women.

Measurement of Foramen Magnum Dimensions in Computed Tomography of Head

Introduction: Dimensions of the foramen magnum are clinically important because of the vital structures passing through it and for sex determination of the skull. The objective of this study was to measure various dimensions of the foramen magnum in Computed Tomography (CT) and correlate them with sex. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was done on 120 CT head images in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, from July to October 2019. The shape of the foramen magnum (FM), anteroposterior diameter (APD), transverse diameter (TD), FM area and FM index were calculated. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS 25 and Excel 2016. Discriminant function analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were used for gender verification. RESULTS: The mean values of the APD, TD, area and FM index in males and females were 33.56 ± 4.30 mm, 29.76 ± 4.10 mm, 792.94 ± 191.60 mm2, 85.01 ± 8.67 and 30.01 ± 2.04 mm, 25.33 ± 4.6 mm, 599.63± 128.13 mm2, 83.17 ± 7.78 respectively. All dimensions were significantly greater in males (r = 0.906, P<0.001). The most common shape of the foramen magnum was oval (40.8%). The accuracy of sex identification was 68.3% using dimensions of the foramen magnum. Conclusion: There was sexual dimorphism in the diameter and area of the foramen magnum which can be used for sex determination.

Standardization and normative data of the 48-item Yoni short version for the assessment of theory of mind in typical and atypical conditions.

The Yoni task is a computerized tool assessing first-and second-order affective and cognitive Theory of Mind (ToM), accounting for the multidimensional and multi-level mentalizing features. The Italian Yoni task has been validated and standardized in its 98-item version, and a 48-item short version has been proposed for a quick digital evaluation of ToM in clinical contexts. The present study aimed to test the Yoni-48's convergent validity, correlating the tool score with the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (ET) and Gender Test (GT), its items discrimination ability through the Classical Test Theory, and Rash model, its reliability by evaluating the internal consistency (McDonald's ω, Cronbach's α, Guttman's λ 2, and Guttman's λ 6) and Spearman-Brown ϱSP split-half analysis, and to provide standardization and normative data in the Italian population. Results suggested a good convergent validity with a statistically significant association with ET (p < 0.001), while a null correlation was observed with GT (p = 0.947). The Classical Test Theory and Rash model confirmed a good discrimination ability of the Yoni-48's second-order affective and cognitive ToM items, while weaker discrimination capacity was registered for the first-order ToM items. The inter-item reliability was optimal for clinical purposes (ω, α, λ 2, λ 6 ≥ 0.90). Also, the split-half reliability was high (Spearman-Brown ϱSP = 0.90). For standardization, age and education were revealed as significant predictors of Yoni accuracy scores, except for the first-order ToM score. Instead, age was the only predictor of Yoni's response speed score. The Italian normative data showed a high Yoni accuracy in healthy adults (mean accuracy = 0.85) and speed (mean response time = 0.92). Finally, both accuracy and response time level was balanced between the affective and cognitive components of ToM. This study supports the psychometric properties of the Yoni-48 and provides normative data for the Italian population. Further studies are needed to test the suitability of this short version for profiling the social cognition neurocognitive phenotype.

A Novel Approach on Speaker Gender Identification and Verification Using DWT First Level Energy and Zero Crossing

The aim of this work is to find a new criterion for determining a range of values in order to determine the gender of a speaker. The use of the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) of the Daubechies db7 parent wavelet and the computation of the zero crossing energy from the first level of the DWT was followed by computation of the values of the criterion for both genders and comparison with the value of the speech basic frequency for both genders for the same sign or sentence. The standard has a limited range of values close to the basic frequency range of the same speaker through which we can determine gender. This criterion has been tested on several men and women databases with different repeated sentences for the same person or for both genders and it gives acceptable results that can be worked on.

Analyzing the intricacies of transgender athletes’ representation in competitive sports

This paper demonstrates an attempt at a conceptual examination of gender identity difficulties in professional sports, emphasizing the origins of policy issues concerning transgender athletes. The study investigates the theme of inter-relational dynamics between transgender athletes' involvement in sports and medico-legal information about transgender athletes, as transgender athletes' inclusion is one of the most recent and prominent equality challenges around the world. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has taken up the subject of sex-reassigned transsexuals participating in sports, resulting in a heated controversy and a shifting understanding of gender verification. The topic at hand has many different interpretations, all of which revolve around a desire to 'deconstruct' the current structure of sex and gender language acceptance. As a result, a worldview of equality, respect for the "other," and competitive fairness is being developed. The paper's most recent endeavor is to deconstruct the dichotomy of inequality in sports in order to provide a vibrational push for achieving equality ideals in sports. The shift in views appears to be a common occurrence in the comprehension of the subject at hand, bringing the theme of unity between the two to life.

Sex and gender in sport categorization: aiming for terminological clarity

ABSTRACT It is difficult to develop good arguments when the central terms of the discussion are unclear – as with the current confused state of sex and gender terminology. Sports organisations and sports researchers often talk in gender terms when they mean sex; or use the sex and gender vocabularies interchangeably. We propose the use of terminology that distinguishes sex from gender. Historically, sport has been based on sex, as seen in various sex verification procedures specifying female eligibility, based on the determination of sex by biological criteria. We think that this should be reflected in the vocabulary used for the two sport categories (‘male’ and ‘female’, not ‘women’ and ‘men’); and for referring to the binary as the sex binary (not the gender binary); and for calling the procedures sex verification (not gender verification).

The End of Compulsory Gender Verification: Is It Progress for Inclusion of Women in Sports?

Recently, the so-called Semenya case has brought the problem of gender in sports competitions back into the spotlight. But the fact is that it is not a unique case; rather, it seems a recurrent and inconclusive problem in the history of sports. In this context, the Spanish athlete Martínez-Patiño is an important figure in the history of sport and gender verification, as well as the Indian sprinter Dutee Chand. Martínez-Patiño’s story thus serves as an important case study of the gender-based anxieties that hampered women’s advancement in track and field. Martínez-Patiño’s experience in Spanish athletics demonstrates the difficulties women faced when attempting to compete in track and field, both in Spain and internationally. Moreover, her experience with gender policies shows the inadequacies of the chromosomal check as a sex marker, as well as the harms caused by the technique. Finally, Martínez-Patiño’s protest of the International Association of Athletics Federations’ policy started to dismantle compulsory sex verification used as a criterion for gender eligibility. The publicity surrounding her case pushed the track and field federation to abandon mandatory, on-site testing in 1992. Seven years later, the International Olympic Committee also dropped its compulsory control. Martínez-Patiño became the face of the fight against sex/gender verification in sport and helped dismantle the practice. The case of Martinez-Patiño remains in the collective memory of elite sports and serves as an argument for national and international sporting institutions to reconsider discriminating policies in the context of progress being made for women’s rights.

‘We Are Equal but Different’: Challenging Compulsory Heterosexuality by Intersexual Female Athletes in the World of Sport

By using the method of Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (FCDA), this article examines how sport is a conservative institution so far as sexuality and gender identity of female athletes are concerned. The article enquires to know what it means for a sportswoman to be physically strong and active like a man. It explores how the process of binary sex segregation in competitive sports affects the non-heterosexual female athletes and how their sexuality and physicality are considered as a foil in the patriarchal domain of sports. It highlights how the ‘gender verification test’ as a discriminatory tool is used by the sports regulatory bodies to prove female athletes’ sexuality, especially heterosexuality and to maintain the system of patriarchal hegemony in the world of sport. The article looks into how the hegemonic masculinity within sport works to uphold male power, while subjugating the female athletes. It unveils the incidents, how the non-heterosexual female athletes fall victims of homophobia and go through mental stress to confirm to the societal norms of compulsory heterosexuality. More specifically, through in-depth analysis of two contemporary cases of intersexual hyper-androgenic female athletes, this article examines the status and challenges being faced by the non-heterosexual female athletes in sport and focuses upon how their sexuality are addressed in the field of competitive sports. The article also focuses on the agony as well as resilience of intersexual female athletes to break the gender stereotype in sport in postmodern era unlike before.

Gender Verification Issues in Sports: The UK Experience

In the context of the increased attention to the rights of the LGBTQ community representatives, the problem of allowing transgender people to participate in sports competitions cannot but arise, which is the subject of discussion at the level of the IOC and international sports federations. In these circumstances, the legislator and the sports community face a difficult task to balance the idea of universal equality in the context of access to sports regardless of gender and fair competition, which is reasonably questioned in cases of admission of transgender people to women's competitions.The analysis of the UK legislation shows that the statutory regulation of these issues is carried out at various levels: the basic provisions are prescribed in the laws, while the detailed procedures for the admission of these persons to competitions are carried out in the relevant guidelines for sports federations. Content analysis reveals that attempts to implement a pragmatic approach to the question of access of persons not meeting the classic ideas of gender identity to sports competitions. This approach develops different strategies depending on the level of competition, type of sport (contact/noncontact), physiological characteristics of athletes, divided for these purposes into several categories. The UK reserves the right to allow transgender athletes to participate in national competitions, ensuring a more inclusive approach on the part of national governing bodies, and develops rules for their admission to international competitions, taking into account the existing requirements.

On the Eurocentric nature of sex testing: the case of Caster Semenya

ABSTRACT Black masculinity and femininity have been read outside the normative gender sphere since plantation slavery. The construction of Black femininity, is apparent in the treatment of Caster Semenya, whose treatment is reminiscent to that of ‘the so-called’ Hottentot Venus, Sarah Bartmann. This comparison has been made due to the voyeurism they have been subjected to and the spectacle that has been made of their bodies. Semenya’s treatment is reflective of the legacy of plantation slavery which created material conditions that were used to dominate and dehumanize African men and women. In this paper, we will examine how Caster Semenya’s femininity has been constructed through a racist, Western lens and the different ways in which race has been used to construct Black femininity, and the divergent discourses of Black women’s sexuality and femininity. Furthermore, we will show how the process of gender verification testing is a means of forcing Semenya to assimilate to a white, Western standard of beauty and ensure the continued exclusion of racialized, particularly, Black (female) athletes in sport.

Gender Verification in Sports: Controversial U.S.Experience

Uncertainty concerning admission to various levels of sports competitions that remains at the level of international organizations results in the situation when law-makers in a number of States express their view of the matter. To this end, experience of the USA in this sense is of particular interest as in the USA the conflict between the principle of equality, particularly with respect to national minorities, and fair competition in sports is resolved in differnt ways. On the one hand, the problem is politicized. On the other hand, states exercise unprecedented powers in the field of rulemaking, which creates prerequisites for the formation of diametrically opposed approaches that sometimes do not comply with the approach applied at the federal level. While a broad interpretation of gender that includes sexual orientation and gender identity, has been adopted at the federal level, in some states, e.g. Idaho, in deciding the question of admission to competitions it is prescribed to focus on the biological sex formed at birth. Opponents of the Idaho law can be divided into two groups: 1) individuals focusing on the ethical side of the issue arguing that under the new law anyone can question the gender of an athlete, which would lead to additional examinations; and 2) individuals who advocate rights of transgenders. Thus, law-makers pay more attention to substantiating the need for a legislative decision that appeals not only to jurisprudence and doctrinal approaches, but also to the results of medical research. A number of states have followed this approach and, while not everywhere, the idea of gender verification in sports has been brought to a logical conclusion that the very possibility of deviating from federally enshrined non-discrimination standards based on the broad interpretation of gender has created a unique opportunity for derogation from falsely understood ideas of tolerance and political correctness.

Educación física y deporte trans-formado

El siguiente documento presenta un acercamiento inicial a conceptos de diversidad sexual y su relación con la educación física y el deporte, enfatizando en la contribución de este campo a la reproducción de algunos estereotipos relacionados con el sexo-género de las personas. Se aborda la historia de las pruebas de verificación de género, así mismo, las disposiciones del Comité Olímpico Internacional sobre la normativa para la participación de personas Trans e Intersex en competencias olímpicas. Finalmente se plantean reflexiones sobre la clasificación deportiva basada en la categoría género, de igual forma, la necesidad de proponer nuevas interacciones desde la educación físico-deportiva que reconozcan la diversidad física, biológica, fisiológica, neurológica y social inherente a las personas, teniendo en cuenta el contexto local y nacional de Colombia.

‘Gender Verification Issues in Women’s Competitive Sports: An Ethical Critique of the IAAF DSD Regulation’

ABSTRACT In 2018 the World Heath Organization decided to re-examine the classification of gender identity disorder and exclude it from being defined as a mental illness. This re-examination means that sex and gender do not have a single meaning It can be argued that the WHO decision presents an ethical dilemma for competitive sports, since a more concrete definition of gender is required to determine the category in which an athlete will compete without the violation of basic human rights or the violation of fair play in sport. The example of Caster Semenya illustrates the ethical dilemma that arises in this situation. In what follows, I will discuss: 1) the circumstances and background of Semenya’s eligibility; 2) the conflict between moral values that arises here; 3) an ethical interpretation of the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF)’s claim regarding Semenya’s case; and lastly 4) the acceptable level of injustice in competitive sports. From these perspectives, I will offer a practical philosophical discussion of the IAAF’s new regulations using Semenya’s case as an illustrative example and clarifying the difference between ‘discrimination’ and ‘distinction’. This paper partially affirms the Differences of Sexual Development (DSD) regulations issued by the IAAF in 2018. Its intention is not to completely support the IAAF’s regulations, however, but rather to show that the paradigm of modern sports itself can be a target of criticism.

Outrunning Bias: Unmasking the Justifications for Excluding Non-Binary Athletes in Elite Sport

The inclusion of intersex and transgender athletes in sport has long been the subject of vigorous debate. Elite sport governing bodies like the International Association of Athletics Federations have attempted to articulate policies limiting the extent to which such athletes can compete in the female category. The most common reasons given to prevent their participation include: (1) the presence of testosterone and attendant physiological advantages, (2) the unfairness of competing against athletes with typically male-attributed qualities, and (3) the need to protect women’s sport from those who may destroy it. This Article looks to the historical use of gender verification tests as a starting point to question these justifications. It then shows that the lack of scientific evidence connecting testosterone to increased athleticism and sports’ tolerance of other physiological differences both fail to support the dominant “unfair advantage” claims. This Article suggests that current regulations are instead grounded in the reification of traditional gender norms and circumscribed notions of femininity. Rather than protecting the fairness of women’s sports, the ongoing exclusion of non-binary athletes polices gender norms in ways that extend far beyond the arena.

ГЕНДЕРНАЯ ВЕРИФИКАЦИЯ В СПОРТЕ: ОПЫТ АВСТРАЛИИ

The issue of non-discrimination of persons with different gender identities in sports is increasingly discussed both at the international and national level, influencing decisions on the possibility of allowing transgender and intersex people to participate in sports competitions held at the Amateur and professional levels. In Australia, with enough close attention to this issue, an unambiguous position of sports federations has not been formed, which is facilitated by its not sufficiently clear legislative regulation. On the one hand, this is due to the Federal structure of the state, which means that only General approaches are formulated at the Federal level, and the States are given the opportunity to make their own adjustments, which they successfully use. On the other, wide enough discrete authority was given by the sports federations which do not put in front of sports clubs and educational institutions, providing competition with the task of using the results of genetic or hormonal studies for gender verification, given the inevitable in this case, difficulties in organizing and conducting competitions, as well as shared the idea on creation of necessary conditions for inclusion of transgender and intersex persons in full sporting life. This issue is raised only in the case of claims of these persons to participate in international sports competitions, but even in this case it is assumed to be limited to giving them the necessary consultations. The position of the Australian football League in this sense is an exception to the rule, which is the subject of criticism from the standpoint of implementing the principle of equal rights of citizens

Gender V erification B ased on G enetic R esearch: H istory and P rospects for I mplementation

Sporting achievements are traditionally assessed in terms of the gender and age categories, based on the ideas of the fundamental differences in skeletal, physiological and hormonal characteristics of a person of certain sex and age. Modern ideas about the genetics of sex, medical advances that allow changing gender, along with active lobbying of interests of people who do not meet the binary gender norm or identify themselves with the opposite sex compared to the one of which they were born, require increased attention to the problem of gender identification in high-performance sports. In this context, there are a number of issues that require the implementation of an integrated approach by medical professionals, sports officials, and lawyers. The main one is related to the feasibility of genetic testing of athletes, which is questioned due to the lack of a statistically significant cause-and-effect relationship between abnormalities in sexual development and achieved sports results. This simultaneously raises the issue of the effect of identifying such deviations on admission to competitions, depending on sport activity, the “direction” of mutation (from man to woman or from woman to man), and the possibility of resolving the situation in a medical way. When writing the article, methods of collecting and studying isolated facts; generalization methods; scientific abstraction methods; methods of learning patterns have been used. Upon the results of the study, it is concluded that mass genetic testing is not appropriate for gender verification and that there is a need for an integrated approach to the assessment of an athlete’s sex, which cannot be limited by his/her chromosomal characteristics, which follows from the practice of international sports organizations and existing medical approaches to solving this problem.

Global injustice in sport: The Caster Semenya ordeal - prejudice, discrimination and racial bias.

The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) requires the blood testosterone level of female athletes with differences of sex development to be reduced to below 5 nmol/L for a continuous period of at least 6 months, and thereafter to be maintained to below 5 nmol/L continuously for as long as the athlete wishes to remain eligible. Its ruling is based on questionable research findings. Medical decisions and interventions should be based on evidencefrom well-designed and well-conductedresearch and confirmatory studies. Caster Semenya, the reigning 800-meter Olympic champion since 2015, has challenged this ruling. Gender verification was instituted with women's participation in the Olympics in 1900, and female athletes were subjected to invasive, embarrassing and humiliating procedures. In its many decades of harsh scrutiny of successful female athletes, especially those from backgrounds similar to Semenya's, the IAAF has disrespected human rights and medical ethics and allowed prejudice, discrimination and injustice to infringe on their dignity and relentlessly obstruct their international sporting careers.

Caster Semenya – the questionable practice of gender verification

Caster Semenya – the questionable practice of gender verification