Gender Stereotypes Research Articles

ЕКОНОМІКО-ПРАВОВЕ ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ СУЧАСНОГО СТАНУ ГЕНДЕРНОГО ЗАМІЩЕННЯ ТРУДОВОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ

Modern society erases traditional gender boundaries in the professional activities of employees of different levels, statuses, and fields of employment. Professions that were previously considered purely male are now effectively performed by women. This testifies not only to their high qualification and professionalism, but also to the ability to reincarnate for their own benefit and social necessity. In the conditions of Russia’s war against Ukraine, the demand for so-called «male» professions among women has increased significantly. This is due to the need to fill the workforce in strategically important sectors – in defense, industry, transport, construction, etc. The relevance of the study lies in the analysis of the socio-economic consequences of this process and its impact on the gender replacement of labor resources. It is important to assess how the involvement of women in traditionally male professions affects labor productivity, the level of employment and social integration of women in today’s conditions. The study will also contribute to the development of recommendations to support gender equality in the labor market in times of crisis. In general, the study of this topic is a necessary factor influencing the formation of an effective economic and legal policy in Ukraine. The increasing number of cases of women taking up «male» professions has both positive and negative factors. The positives include expanding economic opportunities for women, reducing gender stereotypes, and increasing labor efficiency due to the diversity of the free labor sphere. Negative factors include potential discrimination, physical exertion that is difficult for some women, and social conflicts due to the violation of traditional gender roles. The study of these factors is important for the development of policies aimed at promoting equality in the labor market and ensuring the harmonious coexistence of all workers. This will help create an effective work environment that maximizes the labor resources of all employees, regardless of gender. Key words: profession, gender substitution, labor resources, labor potential, social integration, «male» professions.

The effect of questioning gender stereotype threat on girl's standing long jump performance.

Over the past few years, the sport psychology literature has established that gender stereotype threat (ST) is one of the factors that can impair girls' performance. However, few studies have attempted to annihilate these negative effects. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether questioning gender ST can mitigate the classical decline in girls' standing long jump (SLJ) performance. The participants were 120 girls (Mage = 10.74 ± 0.85 years), selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups: the gender ST group (n = 40), the questioning group (n = 40), and the control group (n = 40). For all groups, baseline performance (i.e., SLJ) was measured by a female researcher following a warm-up period. In the experimental phase, the control group repeated the baseline conditions; the gender ST group completed the same test but was evaluated by a male examiner (i.e., implicit stereotype induction), while participants in the questioning group were assessed after receiving questioning statements while performing the task in front of a male examiner. The results of the present study showed that the induction of a gender ST leads to a decrease in SLJ in girls. Additionally, if these inducing conditions of gender ST are accompanied by a questioning condition, the negative effects of gender ST can be reduced, and SLJ in girls does not decline. Based on our findings, this intervention is recommended as a simple, inexpensive, and quick solution for mitigating the negative effects of gender ST on girl's motor performance.

Navigating (gendered) social worlds: A qualitative exploration of Canadian young people’s social relationships and mental health

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the gendered ways that youth in Canada are navigating their social relationships, and in turn, how this may be shaping their mental health experiences. Twenty young people between the ages of 11 and 17 (nine self-identified as girls, ten self-identified as boys, and one self-identified as non-binary) were recruited from across Canada and each participated in a virtual individual semi-structured interview. Social relationships were reported as highly important by all participants, and study findings illuminated the strong, persistent, and often implicit ways that these relationships are shaped by gender. This includes the ways that youth describe gender and social relationships influencing experiences and behaviours; how youth manage conflict; and the dissatisfaction that girls express regarding gendered stereotypes, expectations, and norms that they perceive their boy and non-binary peers to experience. Study findings provide context to understanding the gendered disparities that disadvantage all young people. Along with providing new evidence, this paper is a call to action to the adult duty bearers in society to lead changes in how young people are socialized so that they are better equipped to navigate relationships and conflict in positive and healthy ways.

But They Still Lived Happily Ever After – or at Least, Happily

Abstract This paper examines three films that mark Disney’s foray into postmodern fairy-tale narratives to determine if these attempts to move beyond or complicate Disney princess or fairy-tale narratives are successful. Drawing from fairy-tale studies and age studies, it particularly examines how gendered narratives and stereotypes operate within these narrative spaces, looking at the figures of the princess, the godmother, and the stepmother in Enchanted (2007), Godmothered (2020), and Disenchanted (2022). Through this study I aim to discover if Disney’s contemporary postmodern fairy-tale narratives open up more potential for women in various roles as they age, or if they reiterate various age-related gender stereotypes.

The Weight of It All

Abstract Sociologists often interpret racial differences in help-seeking behavior in the United States as stemming from differences in cultural capital, an implication being that those who hesitate to seek help lack understanding of how important it is for success. In this paper, we draw on the work of W. E. B Du Bois and research on gender and racial stereotypes to show that it is not a lack of understanding about the importance of help-seeking, but rather, Black women’s double consciousness that underlies their reluctance to seek help relative to White women. Through twenty-nine in-depth interviews with Black and White college-aged women, we investigate how they make meaning of two competing ideals: the need to be seen as a strong woman and the need for help and social support. We identify a discourse around gender stereotypes for White participants and intersectional stereotypes for Black participants. Where Black and White women experience a consciousness born out of their marginalization relative to men, comparing how they differently navigate stereotypes about strong women reveals the analytic power of Du Bois’s concept of double consciousness. First, the “veil” reveals the racialized gender stereotypes Black women worry they might confirm by seeking help. Second, Black women’s sense of “twoness” means they more often than White women saw their help-seeking behaviors as reflecting negatively on their broader community. Finally, consistent with Du Bois’s point that “second sight” brings awareness but not liberation, we find that even though Black women were hyperaware of the disadvantages of not seeking help, they tended more often than White women to reach a breaking point before seeking it.

Gender Perspective in the Recent Case Law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights

Abstract For more than a dozen years, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) has paid special attention to cases involving gender-based violence and gender stereotypes. These two phenomena are closely linked, as prejudices, beliefs, cultural values and discriminatory stereotypes can be one of the factors that legitimise violence. Gender-based violence is directed against individuals because of their gender, particularly women and girls, and takes many forms. The purpose of this article is to provide an analysis of the evolution of the practice of the IACtHR from a gender perspective, based on selected judgments and advisory opinions. Each of these decisions addresses different aspects of the lives of individuals and concerns the groups that are most vulnerable to human rights violations. The common denominator is that the Court’s work contains, to a greater or lesser extent, an element of novelty or indication of new trends.

FEMINISM IN SUZANNE COLLINS’ NOVEL THE HUNGER GAMES

This study explores the feminist themes embedded within Suzanne Collins' The Hunger Games, focusing on the character of Katniss Everdeen as a symbol of resistance and empowerment. The research aims to analyze the different types of feminism manifested in the novel, examining how Collins challenges traditional gender roles and societal expectations through her protagonist. The study applies sociology of literature approach, which considers the social context and implications of literary works, and utilizes feminist theories, including liberal and radical feminism, to interpret Katniss’s journey. The findings suggest that Katniss embodies both liberal and radical feminist ideals, using her defiance of oppressive authority to fight for personal freedom and gender equality. Katniss’s actions, from assuming the role of family provider to resisting the Capitol’s control, exemplify the themes of self-determination, independence, and the rejection of traditional gender norms. The portrayal of Katniss as a resourceful and brave figure, often adopting traits typically associated with masculinity, reveals the novel's critique of gender stereotypes and its call for a more inclusive understanding of strength and leadership. Ultimately, The Hunger Games serves as a powerful narrative for discussing feminism, challenging the boundaries of gender roles, and highlighting the potential for individual actions to spark social change.

Female Educational Empowerment: Case Study from the Collective Life Stories of the Children's Stage in Rural Communities

Objective: Understand the meaning that a group of adult women gives to personal experiences in the process of educational empowerment, when studying a degree within their living conditions, to identify the driving and inhibiting factors that emerge from their collective life stories focused on the stage of childhood in rural communities. Theoretical Framework: This topic presents the main concepts and theories that support the research, among which the following stand out: factors of female empowerment, personal dimension, dimension of close relationships, collective dimension, theories of female empowerment. Method: The research was carried out from the qualitative paradigm under the approach of life stories, within biographical-narrative studies. It was carried out with women from San Antonio Acahualco, a town in the Municipality of Zinacantepec, State of Mexico. To select the participants, a type of convenience sampling was used, selecting the most accessible cases and due to the proximity of the subjects to the researchers. Seven women whose ages ranged between 32 and 40 years collaborated. To select the informants, the following inclusion criteria were considered: being a woman, having finished high school, living in the town of San Antonio Acahualco, being enrolled in the Women Building the Future program and being available to be interviewed in various occasions. Furthermore, to protect the anonymity of the participants, established keys for qualitative research were used: S (Subject); F (Feminine); 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 (assigned number). To collect the information, two fundamental techniques were used, the in-depth interview and natural semantic networks. As part of the in-depth interview, the interview script and the stimulus word were generated with the consequent activities to follow in the case of the natural semantic network. A letter of informed consent was also signed by the participating women, and, regarding the interviews and natural semantic network, they were carried out in an appropriate place and with full respect for the privacy of the informants. Results and Discussion: Driving and inhibiting factors of female empowerment were identified, highlighting among the former happiness, affection, study and play, among the latter insecurity, economic and educational problems. In this context, there is a need to investigate proposals to transform adverse situations from the family, socioeconomic and school conditions in which the women lived. The limitation to the childhood stage to collect information from life stories must be recognized, so it is suggested to build the proposals based on the analysis of other life paths. Research Implications: Research like this favors the commitment of women's studies institutes and social management observatories, to generate well-founded proposals for cultural changes and improvements to rural environments. It involves the efforts of those who promote a balanced image of women and promote strategies aimed at eliminating sexism and gender stereotypes. Originality/Value: Research based on life stories is of great theoretical-practical value, since in them the dialectical relationship is discovered, the daily negotiation between aspiration and possibility, between utopia and reality, between creation and acceptance; without forgetting that its information comes from everyday life, common sense, the explanations and reconstructions that as an individual make to live and survive daily. It is an original way of becoming interested in understanding the social phenomenon, from the actor's point of view. In addition, it considers the emotional meaning of the things, situations, experiences and relationships that affect people. Investigating from this vision is relevant to investigate the human factor of women, considering the internal source of empowerment to also incorporate its community scope.

Strategies to optimise the health equity impact of digital pain self-reporting tools: a series of multi-stakeholder focus groups.

There are avoidable differences (i.e., inequities) in the prevalence and distribution of chronic pain across diverse populations, as well as in access to and outcomes of pain management services. Digital pain self-reporting tools have the potential to reduce or exacerbate these inequities. This study aimed to better understand how to optimise the health equity impact of digital pain self-reporting tools on people who are experiencing (or are at risk of) digital pain inequities. This was a qualitative study, guided by the Health Equity Impact Assessment tool-digital health supplement (HEIA-DH). We conducted three scoping focus groups with multiple stakeholders to identify the potential impacts of digital pain self-reporting tools and strategies to manage these impacts. Each group focused on one priority group experiencing digital pain inequities, including older adults, ethnic minorities, and people living in socio-economically deprived areas. A fourth consensus focus group was organised to discuss and select impact management strategies. Focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using a framework approach. We derived codes, grouped them under four pre-defined categories from the HEIA-DH, and illustrated them with participants' quotes. A total of fifteen people living with musculoskeletal pain conditions and thirteen professionals took part. Participants described how digital pain self-reports can have a positive health equity impact by better capturing pain fluctuations and enriching patient-provider communication, which in turn can enhance clinical decisions and self-management practices. Conversely, participants identified that incorrect interpretation of pain reports, lack of knowledge of pain terminologies, and digital (e.g., no access to technology) and social (e.g., gender stereotyping) exclusions may negatively impact on people's health equity. The participants identified 32 strategies, of which 20 were selected as being likely to mitigate these negative health equity impacts. Example strategies included, e.g., option to customise self-reporting tools in line with users' personal preferences, or resources to better explain how self-reported pain data will be used to build trust. Linked to people's personal and social characteristics, there are equity-based considerations for developing accessible digital pain self-reporting tools, as well as resources and skills to enable the adoption and use of these tools among priority groups. Future research should focus on implementing these equity-based considerations or strategies identified by our study and monitoring their impact on the health equity of people living with chronic pain.

Gender Stereotyping in Robot Service Failures

AI agents, such as service robots, could encompass gender cues. However, little is known regarding whether and how customers apply gender stereotyping to service failures in gendered service tasks performed by robots. Drawing on gender stereotype theory, we investigate the joint effects of robot gender (feminine vs. masculine) and task type (female-dominated vs. male-dominated) on customer dissatisfaction following service failures. Study 1 reveals that feminine service robots are perceived as more communal but as equally agentic as their masculine counterparts. Study 2 demonstrates that feminine (vs. masculine) service robots generate lower customer dissatisfaction when failing a female-dominated task. However, this discrepancy diminishes when failures occur in a male-dominated task. Perceived communion and tolerance serially mediate such robot gender effects. Our findings suggest that using feminine robots across all service categories may be a cost-effective strategy for hospitality organizations, eliminating the need to vary robot gender by task type.

Neurolinguistic Priming and Gender Stereotype Effects in the Ratings of Justice vs. Authority Moral Violations: Republicans and Democrats

ABSTRACT An experimental method for assessing gender biases was used to compare Republicans’ and Democrats’ ratings of moral violations in the domains of justice vs. respect for authority. Four experimental conditions of a text-based survey instrument manipulated the gender of the protagonist and the location of the first instance of gender information in single-sentence moral violation vignettes. Results were consistent with the theoretical time course of neurolinguistic gender priming and the hypothesized influence of implicit stereotypes on moral judgments. Republicans demonstrated a gender bias in ratings of authority violations by rating violations committed by girls and women as worse when compared to a pronoun only condition. Democrats demonstrated the opposite bias by rating authority violations committed by boys and men as worse when compared to violations committed by girls and women. No significant bias was found for any of the justice violation conditions for either Republicans or Democrats.

Addressing Gender Stereotyping in the Emergent World of Block-Chain and Cryptocurrency Administration

The study seeks to address the gender gap in the crypto world by exploring strategies for promoting financial literacy, creating opportunities for women in the industry and addressing the “bro culture”. Several empirical evidence has been done by researchers which indicates that men are more interested in crypto currencies than women. This work will show how crypto currency-based approaches to development interact with gender, which are part of neoliberal beliefs about entrepreneurialism, financial inclusion, and gender roles. Block-chain technology has the potential to address gender inequality. The research methodology borders around the use of descriptive methods of analysis and content analysis. The work attempts to look into the rise of decentralized finance, specifically block chain-based applications and calls for a more feminine-friendly analysis. Findings by Gemini’s State of US Crypto report showed that women make up only 26% of the investors in the space. Forex analyzed the top 50 crypto company founders to find only 6% of these have female CEOs. The World Bank explores how block chain can be leveraged to advance gender equality, particularly in the context of humanitarian response and financial services. As such, the gender gap in the cryptocurrency world is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach to address. The study recommended that blockchain technology holds promise for promoting gender equality

Resistance Capital as a Cultural Asset That Supports Latina Leadership Development & Address Environmental Leadership Challenges in K-12 Schools

ABSTRACT This study delves into the leadership experiences of Latinx women in their professional work contexts who serve as K-12 school principals in public schools located in New Jersey. It accentuates the obstacles faced by these Latina administrators in their roles as school principals to deconstruct negative perceptions and biases toward Latina principals rooted in social identity stereotypes of gender and ethnicity. The study’s findings reveal how their leadership challenges have empowered them to confront microaggressions from intersecting social identity stereotypes related to gender and ethnicity. The primary objective of the research is to dispel misconceptions about Latina school principals and advocate for inclusive leadership practices. The findings indicate that the sustained career success of the Latina school principals in this study was driven by resistant capital (CCW, Yosso & Yosso, 2005; Yosso & Escobedo, 2022), a form of cultural asset that presents an alternative narrative about Latina educational leaders. This study underscores the significance of recruiting and retaining Latina school principals in urban districts and proposes a framework for preparing Latina leaders from K-12 through college.

Gender-Based Challenges in Women's Leadership Careers: A Literature Synthesis

The international community's initiatives to promote sustainable development, with a particular emphasis on gender equality under SDG 5, have garnered substantial recognition for women leadership. Women who hold leadership positions offer distinctive viewpoints that contribute to workplace positivity, innovation, and decision-making. Nevertheless, they encounter significantobstacles, such as underrepresentation, bias, and restricted opportunities for advancement. This study examines the challenges faced by women in their leadership careers and the influence of organizational practices. This investigation employs a library research methodology to investigate a variety of reference sources, such as books and prior research, in order to establish a theoretical framework regarding women's leadership. Content analysis is employed to synthesize and interpret pertinent data from sources published within the past decade, thereby guaranteeing the reliability of the information through expert commentary and inter-library checks. The article's objective is to investigate the internal and external challenges that women encounter in their pursuit of professional advancement, as well as the impact of organizational biases and stereotypes on their leadership roles. It suggests that these factors create barriers and imply implications for increasing the number of women leaders by reviewing literature on management and career studies. The results indicate that women's career advancement is substantially hindered by gender biases, stereotypes, and structural obstacles. Women's leadership aspirations are impeded by societal and organizational expectations, despite the progress made in gender equality. The study underscores the necessity of comprehensive strategies to eliminate these biases and foster inclusive leadership environments.

Bilinguals in social and emotional contexts: How positive and negative moods shape stereotype judgements in bilingual women

Purpose: The study offers insights into the interplay between mood and the language of operation in the context of stereotype judgements in female bilinguals. Methodology: Participants were presented with gender stereotypically congruent and incongruent sentences in their L1 (Polish) and L2 (English). They performed a stereotype congruency judgement task while their behavioural responses were being recorded. Data and analysis: The speed and accuracy of participants’ responses were measured and analysed using linear and generalised mixed-effect modelling, respectively. Findings: Our results indicated that bilinguals’ positive and negative mood states may interact with the language of operation, irrespective of stereotype congruency. We observed a facilitatory effect on response times of a positive relative to negative mood in L2 as opposed to L1. Such findings point to strong internalisation of gender stereotype in L1, with the behavioural responses remaining unaffected by mood changes, as well as decreased internalisation of gender stereotypes and their weaker accessibility in L2 compared to L1. Originality: The study is the first to illuminate the complex interplay among mood, language of operation, and stereotype activation, enhancing our understanding of the cognitive processes underpinning social judgements in bilingual speakers. Significance: The reduced accessibility of gender stereotypes in L2 might carry important consequences for various domains such as social interactions, politics, and employment situations, where L2 may serve as a tool for encouraging gender equality and diminishing gender-based stereotypes and biases.

CONFLICT-GENERATING POTENTIAL OF GENDER NEOLOGISMS OF ENGLISH-LANGUAGE DISCOURSE

The current stage of development of society is characterised by high dynamism due to cultural transformation and the complication of social relations. At the top of the value space is the desire to equalise gender roles and the promotion of polygender affiliation. The vocabulary of a language undoubtedly responds to the rapid development of society. Continuous social contradictions have increased the level of tension in society. Due to a complete change in the culture of gender interactions and the construction of a new picture of the existence of men and women, the severity of gender contradictions began to be seen with particular clarity. This work is aimed at examining “risky” neologisms, analysing their conflict potential with the identification of evaluative semes and studying the features of gender stereotyping. Studying the conflict-generating potential of gender neologisms allows us to trace the sociocultural rhythm of transformations and study the essential features of the interaction between men and women in a specific historical and cultural space. Our research analysis allows us to conclude that gender neological nominations arise as a result of social demand, which acts as the main driving force of neologisation in language. The constant broadcast of gender-based sociocultural images, the visualisation of masculine and feminine identities in linguistic consciousness, and the ascription of stereotypical social roles act as a conflict-generating factor that can activate a mostly negative emotional reaction.

Mitigating Gender Stereotypes Toward AI Agents Through an eXplainable AI (XAI) Approach

People often apply gender stereotypes toward computerized agents. Rather than challenging these stereotypes, modern AI technologies controversially use them in creating AI agents that underline stereotypical gendered roles. This approach thus further reinforces the often male-dominated societal gender norms and disenfranchises women and gender non-binary individuals. While this issue has raised concerns in the HCI and CSCW communities, still little is known regarding how to mitigate the negative impacts of embedding gender stereotypes in AI agents. In this paper, we propose an eXplainable AI (XAI) approach to mitigating individuals' gender stereotypes toward AI agents. We conducted an online video vignette experiment with 350 participants randomly assigned to one of the eighteen conditions of a 3 (gender of the agent: woman, man, gender-neutral) x 3 (task gender: feminine, masculine, neutral) x 2 (presence or absence of AI explanation) between-subjects design. Our findings indeed suggest that XAI helped participants avoid applying gender stereotypes toward gendered AI agents, by increasing their understanding of how the agent came to its decision and decreasing their rating of the agent's humanlikeness. We contribute to CSCW research by providing a timely investigation into individuals' gender stereotypes toward the state-of-the-art AI agents and by advancing the empirical understanding of the cognitive processes and mechanisms underlying these gender stereotypes. We also demonstrate how eXplainable AI can effectively suppress the application of social characteristics (i.e., gender stereotypes) toward AI agents by disrupting the said cognitive processes. Insights from this study can inform how future AI technologies should be designed to create a progressive gender reality that will gradually reshape humans' experience and ingrained gender ideologies.

Do girls have a (moral) right to compete in sporting contests that exclude boys?

This paper explores the moral right of girls to compete in sporting contests that exclude boys, examining the ethical implications of gender segregation in sports. It argues that boys-only competitions are morally problematic, reinforcing gender stereotypes and perpetuating structural injustices. The paper also critiques open-division competitions, which can disadvantage girls due to inherent physiological differences. Through a review of historical and contemporary cases, the study highlights the necessity of girls-only competitions to ensure fairness and to challenge societal norms that undermine female athletes. The conclusion advocates for a dual system of girls-only categories alongside open divisions, allowing girls the choice to compete independently or alongside boys, depending on their preferences and aspirations.

Targeted for being women and reporting on the presidency: gendered-based violence against female journalists by populists in office

ABSTRACT This study examines the relationship between gender-based violence and the safety of journalists during the age of the populist zeitgeist. It includes an exploratory analysis of the discourses used by Jair Bolsonaro against Brazilian female journalists throughout his presidency. The findings provide evidence of the persistent misogynistic and patriarchal norms and attitudes of right-wing populists, who often target women based on their gender or perceived status to undermine them. The study concludes that Bolsonaro combined derogatory comments about gender and sexuality with attacks on the reputation and morals of female journalists. By leveraging ideologically motivated and culturally entrenched gender stereotypes, he constructed discursive strategies that shaped different identities for Brazilian women journalists. This approach aimed to damage their credibility and obstruct their ability to perform their journalistic duties effectively, especially in the politically complex reporting environment. Additionally, it served as a warning to all journalists—both female and male—who might consider publishing critical or negative coverage of his administration.

Gender occupational segregation: a new approach to quantifying the effect of educational segregation

ABSTRACT This article analyses the impact of educational segregation on the gender gap in the probability of working in a gendered or gender-balanced occupation, which is our measure of occupational segregation. Specifically, our methodology allows quantifying two different effects of education on this gap: one due to girls and boys choosing different educational options (presorting), and the other due to men and women with the same education entering the same or different occupations (postsorting). Using a sample of university graduates from Spain, a country with a highly segregated labour market, we conclude that the gender composition of education and occupation are strongly related. However, the greater presence of women in female-dominated jobs is not only due to them choosing female-dominated degrees, but also due to many women from gender-balanced, and even some from male-dominated programmes, working in female-dominated occupations. Thus, reducing educational segregation does not seem to be enough to fight against occupational segregation. It is also necessary to guarantee that men and women enjoy the same opportunities in the labour market, removing discrimination practices, and to ensure that both, workers and employers, do not make decisions based on gender role expectations or stereotypes.