Gender-role Scale Research Articles

The Effect of the Gender Inequality Sensitivity Training Program Based on Active Learning

In the study, it was aimed to test the effectiveness of the Gender Inequality Sensitivity Training Program Based on Active Learning, which was prepared to develop sensitivity to gender inequality. The research was conducted with 26 participants studying in the Guidance and Psychological Counselling department of a university in the Central Anatolia Region in the 2019-2020 academic year. This study is a mixed-method research. In the quantitative part of the research, a quasi-experimental application was conducted with a 2x2 pre-test-post-test control group. In the qualitative part, the activity products and assignments obtained during the training were evaluated. The quantitative data of the research were collected through the Attitudes towards Gender Roles Scale and Personal Information Form, and the qualitative data were collected through the activity products and assignments obtained during the training. A 12-week-long Gender Inequality Sensitivity Training Program Based on Active Learning was applied to the experimental group. The findings showed that the training program increased the gender roles total attitude scores and traditional gender role scores of the experimental group participants significantly. In addition, after the experimental procedure, it was determined that there was a significant difference in favour of the experimental group regarding the total score, female, traditional, and male gender role sub-dimensions between the experimental and control groups. Qualitative findings showed that the program increased participants’ awareness of gender issues.

Agency and communion ratings do not suggest shifting gender norms in American Society: A registered report

Gender role scales measure concepts related to agency and communion as masculine- and feminine-typed traits. However, previous findings showed that 18-to-29-year-old women and men did not differ on a scale of communion, whereas 30–40-year-old women and men did. This study attempted to replicate these findings and to expand to a lifespan sample 10 years after initial data collection to clarify whether interactions by age support developmental and/or cohort-related trends for gender and communion. Results contradict a cohort explanation, and in fact show a weaker interaction between age and gender than prior studies. We conclude that mean gender differences are broadly stable across the lifespan, though they are somewhat weaker in emerging adult years, suggesting a small developmental effect.

Relationship between gender roles, motherhood beliefs and mental health.

Gender roles, as social constructs, play a significant role in shaping individuals' beliefs and attitudes, influencing various aspects of life, including perceptions and expectations surrounding motherhood. These beliefs, acquired through culture and society, can have an impact on our mental well-being. This research consists of three independent studies conducted in the Mexican population. In the first and second studies, we extended the Attitudes Towards Gender Roles Scale and Motherhood Beliefs Scale and performed psychometric validation through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The aim of including additional items in both scales was to update these attitudes and beliefs in Mexican culture to avoid the traditionalist bias in both instruments. Finally, the third study examined the relationship between the new versions of both scales and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and Positive Psychological Functioning as indicators of mental health in women and men with and without children. Our findings revealed a significant association between higher levels of traditional attitudes towards gender roles and traditional motherhood beliefs, as well as between non-traditional attitudes towards gender roles and non-traditional beliefs about motherhood. Interestingly, we observed that traditional attitudes toward gender roles were associated with lower anxiety and depression scores, while non-traditional attitudes were associated with higher levels of depression. Furthermore, individuals who embraced non-traditional attitudes towards both gender roles and motherhood beliefs tended to exhibit better psychological well-being in all subsamples. Additionally, women generally showed lesser alignment with traditional attitudes towards both gender roles and motherhood beliefs compared to men. However, women reported higher rates of depression and anxiety, along with lower psychological well-being scores, than their male counterparts. This highlights the significant influence that traditional cultural norms about gender roles and motherhood have on women's mental health, underscoring the need for a deeper understanding and reevaluation of these traditional constructs in society.

Intergenerational transmission of parental child-rearing gender-role attitudes and its influence on gender roles in single-parent families

BackgroundThe development of children’s gender roles in single-parent families is worthy of attention. It may be affected by family members’ gender roles and parental child-rearing gender-role attitudes (PCGA). PCGA will form a consistent or inconsistent intergenerational relationship between parents and children.ObjectiveThis study examined the intergenerational similarities in gender roles and PCGA. Also, the intergenerational transmission of parental child-rearing gender-role attitudes (ITPCGA) in single-parent families, and the impact of various family factors on children’s gender roles were comprehensively considered.MethodParticipants were 550 single-parent parent-adolescent dyads. The Gender-role Scale and the Parental Child-rearing Gender-role Attitude Scale were used to evaluate participants’ gender-role and PCGA. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the intergenerational similarities in gender roles and PCGA, and the influencing family factors of ITPCGA and children’s gender roles.ResultsThe intergenerational similarities of gender role types and PCGA types existed. Both parents’ gender roles and family gender pairs affected ITPCGA, father-daughter families and parents’ undifferentiated and sex-typed gender roles significantly predicted undesirable ITPCGA. Family gender pair, parent’s gender roles and ITPCGA types affected children’s gender roles. Undesirable ITPCGA significantly predicted children’s undifferentiated gender roles; father-daughter families and mother-son families, parents’ undifferentiated and sex-typed gender roles significantly predicted children’s sex-typed gender roles, and mother-son families and parents’ reversed gender roles significantly predicted children’s reversed gender role.ConclusionsThis study highlights the effects of single-parent family gender pairs and parents’ gender roles on ITPCGA, which influences the development of children’s gender roles.

Mapping gender role stress scales utilities: a scoping review approach.

Gender role stress emerges as a concept to try to explain the health difficulties presented by men and women due to gender socialization. Thus, gender role stress arises when individuals feel stressed due to their perceived inability to fulfill the demands of their gender role, or when they believe that a particular situation necessitates behavior traditionally attributed to the opposite gender. To evaluate the presence of gender role stress in individuals, two scales were developed: the masculine gender role stress scale and the feminine gender role scale. To identify the main thematic areas studied in the behavioral sciences with the feminine gender role stress scale (FGRSS) and the masculine gender role stress scale (MGRSS) as main variables, specifically examining their contributions to the understanding of the attitudes and behaviors of individuals who are affected by gender role stress. We also aimed to analyze the difference, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in terms of scientific literature produced between the scales. We followed the preferred items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) checklist. A scoping review of the literature was conducted using systematic techniques, resulting in the inclusion of 87 articles utilizing either of the two scales. 80% (n = 72) of the articles employed the MGRSS, while 20% (n = 18) utilized the FGRSS. The MGRSS articles were also the most frequently cited in the literature. The FGRSS has been predominantly used to examine the implications for women's well-being, whereas the MGRSS has primarily been employed to predict disruptive behaviors in men. This scoping review highlights disparities in the scientific literature concerning the examination of feminine and masculine gender role stress and its consequences for people. Specifically, it points out the limited investigation into feminine gender role stress and its ramifications compared to masculine gender role stress. These findings indicates the lack of a gender perspective even in research intended to study it, and outline the importance of more research with a gender perspective where women are the aim of study.

Agency, communion, and the shifting gender norms in American society? A registered report

Agency and communion are core personality variables with relevance to narrative approaches to personality and well-being, in addition to having gendered connotations. Agency has long been associated with masculinity, and communion with femininity. In fact, gender role scales measure concepts related to agency and communion to define stereotypical masculine and feminine traits. However, previous findings showed that 18-to-29-year-old women and men did not differ on a scale of communion, whereas 30–40-year-old women and men did. This study attempts to replicate these findings 10 years after the data were initially collected and to clarify whether the findings support developmental and/or cohort-related trends for gender and communion.

The relationshİp of socioeconomic status with sexual satisfaction through gender roles and sexual myths

IntroductionSexual life and sexual satisfaction are associated with psychological well-being. It has already been shown that sexual satisfaction is related to sexual myths or stereotypes, somesociodemographic and sociosultural variables, and gender. However, we have not met any study in which socioeconomic status, sexual myths and gender roles were taken together.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate whether socioeconomic status predicts sexual satisfaction through sexual myths and gender roles.MethodsThe Bem Gender Roles Scale (Ozkan and Lajunen Sex Roles 2005;103-110), the Sexual Myths Scale (Golbasi et al. Sex Disabil 2016; 34 75-87), the New Sexual Satisfaction Scale (Stulhofera et al. J Sex Res 2010;47 257-268), the Socio-Economic Status Measurement Tool (Kalaycioglu et al. J Soc Res 2010; 1 183-220) were applied face-to-face or online to 185 women and 74 men who had heterosexual relationships. Relationships between scale scores were examined with Pearson correlation analysis. Serial multiple mediator analysis was used to test mediator role of either masculinity or sexual myths in the relationship between socioeconomic status and sexual satisfaction.ResultsWe found significant correlations between socioeconomic status and sexual myths (r=-.22, p<.001), between socioeconomic status and sexual satisfaction (r=.13, p<.001), sexual myths and sexual satisfaction (r=.20, p>.001) and between masculinity and sexual satisfaction (r=.18, p=.004), The relationship between femininity and sexual satisfaction was not significant (r=.01, p=.845). Sexual myths (b=-.19, t(257)=-3.48, p<.01) and masculinity (b=.40, t(257)=3.26, p<.01) mediated the relationship between socioeconomic status and sexual satisfaction (b=.15, t(257)= 2.04, p<.05).ConclusionsInterventions on sexual myths will reduce the effect of socioeconomic disadvantage on sexual satisfaction.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Examination of the Marriage Expectations and Gender Role Attitudes

Family is the basic unit of society One of the prominent concepts is the marital expectation in this time when changes in urbanization life and gender roles are inevitable. Studies on marriage expectancy are limited in the literature. This is an original study that deals with the interaction between marital expectations and gender role attitudes. In this study, the relationship between gender role attitudes and marriage expectation in married and single individuals was examined. In addition, the differences of the expectations from marriage and gender role attitudes with some demographic variables (number of children, gender, marital status, age, education level and income level) were also examined. To collect data a "Questionnaire", "Marriage Expectation Scale", "Gender Roles Scale" were used. Data were collected online. T-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical techniques were used. Correlation and regression analyzes were also conducted to reveal the relationship between gender roles and marriage expectation. According to the research findings, there is a significant and positive relationship between marriage expectation and gender role attitudes. As a result, it was determined that the egalitarian gender role significantly explained a part of the marriage expectation. It has been suggested to carry out similar studies on the subject.

Developing Scales to Measure the Gender Roles of Children and Adults in Jordanian Society

Objectives: The study aims to develop two scales to measure the gender-related roles for both children and adults in the Jordanian culture, and to find indicators about the (psychometric) characteristics and the effectiveness of their items.
 Methods: The two scales of gender roles were developed using standard procedures according to the classical theory of measurement. Then the scale version of children was applied to a sample consisting of 1050 children (648 male, 402 female), aged between (4 to 18) years, while the adults’ version of the scale, was applied to a sample of 1080 individuals (517 male, 571 female), aged between (19) and (60) years. Individuals in both samples were selected by a simple random method, taking into account the representation of the gender variable, the monthly income of the child's family in the case of children, and the monthly income of the respondent.
 Results: The discrimination coefficients (correlation of performance on the item with performance on the scale on which it falls) ranged between 0.11 and 0.78 in the case of the adult version and between 0.13 and 0.83 in the case of the children version. In addition, four indicators of the reliability of the scales were found (reliability using the test-retest method, the internal consistency method / split-half, the internal consistency method /item statistics (Cronbach alpha), and reliability through the standard error of measurement, whose values were somewhat low. Three indicators of the validity of the scales were also reached (construct validity through factor analysis, prediction of the typical gender role of the respondent, and validity through the correspondence between the classification of the subject according to the scores he obtained on the Jordanian scales of roles related to sex and his gender).
 Conclusion: The gender role scales have adequate psychometric properties, which make their future use reliable and objective.

대학교원의 성역할 인식척도 개발과 타당화 연구

Purpose: This study developed a gender role scale for university faculty members to measure and verify how they feel and express their gender roles, and to validate the developed tool. Methods: Preliminary questions were extracted by selecting fifty-nine questions as three sub-factors after verifying the validity of the contents from one to three times with tweleve university professors and field experts. Results: An online survey was conducted with 241 university faculty members using exploratory factor analysis. The validity of this scale was verified by conducting a confirmatory factor analysis of 373 university faculty members, and the suitability of the scale was confirmed. Conclusion: Analysis confirmed that the scale was a valid test tool through the correlation between the Korean gender equality consciousness scale and the Korean multi-faceted gender consciousness scale.

The Moderation Role of Need of Social Acceptance on the Relationships between Gender Roles and Sexual Quality

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of the need for social acceptance in relation to the relationship between gender roles and sexual quality. The study was conducted with 576 participants aged 18 to 65 years who were married or in a relationship. Due to the pandemic, the scales were made available to participants through online platforms. The Personal Information Questionnaire was used to obtain participants' demographic data, the Gender Roles Scale (GRS) to measure their gender perceptions, the New Sexual Satisfaction Scale (NSS) to determine the quality of their sexuality, the Social Approval Need Scale (SANS) to determine their social approval needs. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 25.0 program. According to ANOVA and t-test results, demographic variables differed according to gender roles, sexuality quality, and social approval needs. A positive and negative correlation was found between gender roles and the sexuality quality variable with social approval. As a result of the intermediary variable analysis, it was found that the need for social approval plays an intermediary role in the relationship between gender roles and sexuality quality. The findings were discussed in the context of the results in the field.

Examination of the relationship between gender roles of mental health specialists and levels of sexual myths and homophobia

In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the approaches of mental health experts in terms of the relationship between gender roles, sexual myths and homophobia levels. For this purpose, experts working in the field of mental health; when they were evaluated in terms of their knowledge level on sexual orientation, professional experience and gender, the analysis of the detectability of a direct relationship with homophobia was made. The sample of the study consists of 300 experts working in the field of mental health. In the context of data collection tools in the research, "survey technique" was used. The form containing the voluntary consent of the participants and demographic information together, the “Gender Roles Scale” that measures the gender roles of individuals, the “Sexual Myths Scale” that detects sexual myths and the that measures the level of homophobia ''Hudson and Ricketts Homophobia Scale'' were used.

Measuring Gender Role Attitudes in Japan

What explains gender discrimination in Japan? While Japan ranks near the worst among advanced democracies in nearly all cross-national gender equality rankings, we know little about the attitudes that drive disparate outcomes between men and women. To address this need, we develop, introduce, and validate the first measure of gender role attitudes in Japan, the Gender Role Scale. Using data from a large, national, quota-based sample of 2,389 Japanese conducted in March 2020, we visualize the sub-components of GRS, showing cross-gender differences in attitudes. Our findings extend the large literature on politics and gender and provide a measure for reuse in Japan and for extension in other countries that lag behind in women empowerment.

Measuring Gender Role Attitudes in Japan

What explains gender discrimination in Japan? While Japan ranks near the worst among advanced democracies in nearly all cross-national gender equality rankings, we know little about the attitudes that drive disparate outcomes between men and women. To address this need, the authors develop, introduce, and validate the first measure of gender role attitudes in Japan, the Gender Role Scale. Using data from a large, national, quota-based sample of 2,389 Japanese conducted in March 2020, the authors visualize the subcomponents of Gender Role Scale, showing cross-gender differences in attitudes. The findings extend the large literature on politics and gender and provide a measure for reuse in Japan and for extension to other countries that lag behind in women’s empowerment.

Preliminary investigation of gender assignment in 46,XY disorders of sex development with severe male undermasculinisation

Objective: To explore the feasibility of gender assignment in 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) with severe undermasculinisation mainly based on molecular diagnosis. Methods: A retrospective study of 45 patients of 46, XY DSD with severe undermasculinisation were admitted between November 2015 and October 2018 at Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. The initial social gender were all female, of whom the external genital manifestations were Prader 0 to 2; the degree of masculinity was scored using external masculinisation score (EMS); the position and development of the gonads were examined by ultrasound, cystoscopy and laparoscopy, also including assessing the development of the Wolffian tube and the Müllerian tube. The level and ratio of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone before and after hCG stimulation were evaluated for the function of Leydig cell and 5α-reductase-2. Gender role scales and sandbox games were used to assess gender role behavior. Genital sensitivity to androgen stimulation was assessed; A panel including 163 genes related to gender development were determined by second-generation sequencing in all 45 patients. Finally, a multidisciplinary team (MDT) makes a gender assignment after a comprehensive analysis mainly based on the molecular etiological diagnosis. Results: Thirty-nine out of 45 patients (87%) had an identifiable genetic etiology, and the remaining 6 (13%) were negative for genetic testing. Forty-five patients had EMS less than or equal to 3 points. Sexual psychological assessment was performed in 39 patients, with male dominance in 24 (62%) and female dominance in 15 (38%). The gender assignment was 23 cases (51%) for male and 19 cases (42%) for female, and 3 cases (7%) were not completely determined. Conclusions: Molecular diagnosis provides a strong basis for appropriate gender assignment of 46, XY DSD children with severe undermasculinisation. Based on molecular diagnosis, each DSD should be analyzed by professional MDT to analyze the clinical symptoms/signs, gonadal development, gonad tumor risk, external genital morphology, sexual psychological assessment, potential fertility opportunities, parental views, Social and cultural factors, etc. make appropriate gender assignment.

ПОВЕЗАНОСТ СТАВА ПРЕМА РОДНИМ УЛОГАМА И РОДНИХ ПРЕДРАСУДА КОД СТУДЕНАТА У СРБИЈИ

The idea of ambivalence in gender prejudice, as one of the modern forms of prejudice, has been in the spotlight of social psychologists for the last two decades, sometimes even more than most of the well-explored, traditional forms of prejudice such as ethnic or race prejudices. The central problem of this paper is the level of ambivalent gender prejudice toward men and women in students, as well as what the relation of attitudes towards gender roles is, as well as some other variables, and the level of gender prejudice. For research purposes, several scales were applied: Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), the Ambivalence toward Men Inventory (AMI), and Attitudes towards Gender Roles scale (ATGR). The sample consisted of 715 students of 34 faculties of the Universities in Novi Sad and Belgrade, as well as students of the Academy of Criminalistics and Police Studies and Military Academy in Belgrade. The results show that gender prejudices (although there are smaller differences with respect to the type of prejudice) are most strongly predicted by the attitudes towards gender roles, the respondents’ gender and the type of faculty (almost consistently students of social and human sciences expressed less prejudices). Also, the most prominent were the benevolent prejudices toward women, confirming that in our culture, this kind of behaviour is still not considered as a problematic treatment of the opposite (but also own) gender.

Internal and External Resources as Determinants of Health and Quality of Life.

BackgroundThe salutogenic model has been established as a health promoting resource that is related to a strong sense of coherence (SOC), positive subjective health and quality of life (QoL). The aim of the study was to compare internal and external resources, life style factors, perceived health and QoL in Japan and Austria and to determine associations among these factors.Methodology and Principal FindingsA survey was conducted in a Japanese (N = 460) and an Austrian (N = 421) student sample using the following self-report health questionnaires: Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-13), Social and Gender Role Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ), SF-12 Health Survey, and the Cross-cultural Health Survey. Analyses of data showed that age (ß -0.12), and stress (ß -0.21) were negatively related and SOC (ß 0.47), family support are (ß -0.35) positively related to mental QoL. Significant predictors for emotional strain, were female gender (ß -0.24), older age (ß-0.14), lower SOC (ß 0.28), less traditional gender and social role patterns (ß 0.10), more restrained eating (ß -0.20), more alcohol intake (ß -0.16), and more stress (ß -0.25) explaining 42% of the variance in Austrian students. In Japan stress (ß -0.38) was negatively related and SOC (ß 0.37) positively related to mental QoL. Older age (ß -0.20), lower SOC (ß 0.29) and more stress (ß -0.33) were identified as significant predictors explaining 35% of the variance in Japanese students.Conclusions and SignificanceSOC and stress are strongly associated with QoL and perceived health in Austria as well as in Japan. SOC seems to be a crucial predictor for stress, and emotional health independent of the cultural context. A major challenge of cross-cultural research is to understand perceived health and QoL and the extent in which it is individually, socially, or culturally determined.

Adaptation and Factorial Validation of the Attitudes Toward Gender Roles Scale

Abstract Attitudes toward gender roles result from a social construction process that has implications for the accepted gender role models for men and women. This study aims at the adaptation and factorial validation of a measurement scale for attitudes toward gender roles. The sample consisted of 746 college students and young professionals. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to check the scale's structure. A two-factor structure was found for the Attitudes toward Gender Roles Scale: the first factor reflects a traditional division of gender roles, and the second factor reflects an egalitarian division of gender roles. A preliminary study using the scale was conducted on 101 families with adult children (each family included a father, a mother, and an adult child with a university degree). The results revealed the importance of the scale in assessing the attitudes of different generations toward gender roles.

Development and Psychometric Assessment of the Measure of Globalization Influence on Health Risk (MGIHR) Among Mexican Women with Breast Cancer.

Lacking in the literature are data addressing the extent to which changes in reproductive and lifestyle factors predispose women in developing nations to higher breast cancer rates, and the degree to which these are due to globalization influences. This article describes the development and psychometric assessment of an instrument intended to measure global, predominantly U.S., influences on breast cancer risk profile among women residing in Mexico. Using investigator consensus and a focus group methodology, the Measure of Globalization Influence on Health Risk (MGIHR) was developed and completed by 341 women. Psychometric analysis support the use of an 11-item Consumerism and Modernity scale and 7-item Reproductive Control and Gender Role scale. The MGIHR is a valid and reliable instrument for understanding changing lifestyle and reproductive factors for breast cancer risk and may provide a more complete understanding of breast cancer development and needed interventions.

Influence of gender role attitudes on smoking and drinking among girls from Jujuy, Argentina

ObjectiveEvaluate effect of gender role attitudes on tobacco and alcohol use among Argentinean girls. MethodCross-sectional survey of 10th grade students attending 27 randomly selected schools in Jujuy, Argentina. Questions about tobacco and alcohol use were adapted from global youth surveys. Five items with 5-point response options of agreement–disagreement assessed attitude towards egalitarian (higher score) gender roles. Results2133 girls, aged 13–18years, 71% Indigenous, 22% mixed Indigenous/European, and 7% European responded. Of these, 60% had ever smoked, 32% were current smokers, 58% ever drinkers, 27% drank in previous month, and 13% had ≥5 drinks on one occasion. Mean response to the gender role scale was 3.49 (95% Confidence Intervals=3.41–3.57) out of 5 tending toward egalitarian attitudes. Logistic regression models using the gender role scale score as the main predictor and adjusting for demographic and social confounders showed that egalitarian gender role was associated with ever smoking (Odds Ratio=1.25; 95% Confidence Intervals 1.09–1.44), ever drinking (Odds Ratio=1.24; 95% Confidence Intervals 1.10–1.40), drinking in prior month (Odds Ratio=1.21; 95% Confidence Intervals 1.07–1.37) and ≥5 drinks on one occasion (Odds Ratio=1.15; 95% Confidence Intervals 1.00–1.33), but was not significant for current smoking. ConclusionGirls in Jujuy who reported more egalitarian gender role attitudes had higher odds of smoking or drinking.