Gender-related Development Index Research Articles

ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS ON THE MEANING OF A CRITICAL APPROACH TO FEMINISTIC THEORY

A critical theory of communication (or economics, or politics) needs to involve a critique of society as a whole. Critical communication theory deals with a variety of relevant topics, including language, organizational structure, interpersonal relations, and the media. Communication itself according to a critical perspective is a result of the pressure (tension) between individual creativity in providing a framework for messages and social constraints. Development in the millennium era The Millennium Development Goals (MDG's) have one of the goals of which is towards the equal partnership of men and women by increasing justice and gender equality in every development sector. However, the problem of gender inequality is indicated by the low quality of life and the role of women, the high number of acts of violence against women as measured by the Gender-related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Index (GEM). The research method used is qualitative in a literature review approach

Ukraine in International Systems for Measuring Gender Inequality

The article contains a complete list of global and regional instruments for measuring gender inequality relevant to Ukraine with global indices at the forefront, as well as international gender equality assessment systems and data portals available at the global, regional and sectoral levels.
 The structure of each of the five global complex and eight global sectoral gender indices from among those covering Ukraine was analyzed: Gender-related Development Index, GDI; Gender Gap Index, GGI; Social Institutions and Gender Index, SIGI; Gender Inequality Index, GII; The SDG Gender Index, SDGGI; Women, Business and the Law Index, WBLI; Women’s Economic Opportunity Index, WEO; Gender Budgeting Indicator, GBI; Women, Peace, and Security Index, WPSI; Gender Social Norms Index, GSNI; Women’s Power Index, WPI; The Female Opportunity Index 2021, FOI2021; Gender Parity Index, GPI.
 The sub-indicators of these indices were analyzed, in fourteen thematic areas identified in accordance with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Areas were ranked according to the level of their coverage by global data presented in the indices.
 Thematic gender data portals were analyzed and a list of nine sectoral global data was compiled, in particular for Ukraine: Gender data by DHS Program; Gender Data Portal (GenderStats) by The World Bank; Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) Gender Quotas Database; The World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE); Gender, Institutions and Development Database; Inter-Parliamentary Union’s: Women in Parliament; ILOStat Labour Statistics on Women; Digital Gender Gaps; Barro-Lee Educational Attainment Dataset.
 Based on the results of the analysis, key thematic areas of women’s rights were identified and ranked, whether or not covered by global gender data, on which the indices were built. These areas are: Employment; Political and social life (covered by nine indices out of thirteen relevant to Ukraine); Education (by eight indices, respectively); Commitment to eliminate discrimination (by seven indices); Economic and social life (by six indices); Health care and family planning (by five indices).
 Areas where the gender situation may remain unclear due to the lack of global data and the lack of international comparisons have been identified, namely: Temporary special measures; Participation at the international level; Marriage and family life. These areas are covered by only two indices out of thirteen. The thematic area “Women and girls from rural areas” is the least covered by global data and is indexed in only one index out of thirteen. It is concluded that these last thematic areas will be particularly dependent on national statistics and will be in dire need of data.

Pros and Cons of Women Empowerment Methodologies/Approches: A Review

As the concept of “empowerment” varies depending on the context or circumstances with different meanings and terminologies by different researchers the methods for systematically measuring empowerment differs. Multiple important instruments are constructed to monitor progress towards gender equality and women’s empowerment at a regional and global scale. The paper will highlight particularly on the approaches developed by UNDP like Gender-related Development Index (GDI), Women’s Empowerment Index (WEI) etc with special focus on pros and cons of each methodology. Although many studies and discussions around empowerment are commonly limited to activities like “economic”, “social” and “political” forms of empowerment. Therefore it sometimes also requires interventions that are beyond survey and are more holistic that explores other dimensions that have practical implications for to women’s empowerment. The paper also reflects on some different kinds of non-survey instruments that can be useful for measuring women’s empowerment with their pros and cons. Most of the non-survey instruments described in this paper can generate both quantitative and qualitative data and have many uses including the evaluation of a development programme. Like our survey questionnaires, we can also pretest our non-survey instruments extensively with people who are alike to respondents in our study, so that the logistic work could be easy to conduct and understandable by the researchers.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PERFORMANCE PROFILE DAN KORELASINYA DENGAN PRODUKTIVITAS TENAGA KERJA DI INDONESIA

The result of research, found out that during the period of 1990- 1996, in every province in Indonesia, Human Development Index (HDI), Gender-Related Development Index (GDI), and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) are going up and Human Poverty Index (HPI) is down significantly and human development in Indonesia is getting better. There is a significant and linear correlation between human development performance profile and labor force productivity in Indonesia in 1996 and classified into moderatelly high correlation.Then the use of composite index like HDI, GDI, GEM, and HPI reflecting the complex reality is considered very important Evaluation for improvement and development is still required. Subsequent research revise and improve the methodology of composite index and its indicators.

Original

Literacy is an important indicator of human resource development. It is crucial for the overall development of society as it has the potential to increase human capital, removes inequality from society, affects the growth of employment opportunities, and above all liberates them from social evil. As in the development process, both men and women play an equally crucial role but the fruits of development are not equally shared among them. Therefore the study of literacy and its differential on the gender of an area is indispensable. According to Census (2011), literacy rate of India is 74.04% out of which the male literacy rate is 82.14% and female literacy rate is 65.46% and has a huge gender gap of 16.60% while at the state level in Uttar Pradesh this gender gap figure amounts to 20.10%. From a population point of view Uttar Pradesh is a very important state of the country as 16.17% of India's population lives in the state and as literacy is one of the important measures of any region's human resource development. This paper is an attempt to evaluate the Gender disparity present in the literacy level of Uttar Pradesh. For this Gender-Related Educational Development Index (GEDI) has been used on the lines of Human Development Index of UNDPto measure the disparity level. The paper uses the data of two consecutive census i.e. 2001-2011 to measure the GEDI both in a spatial and temporal context. It is found that the state has improved as the GEDI value increased from 0.530 in 2001 to 0.662 in 2011, showing that there still exists a disparity which needs to be reduced.

Early adolescent childbearing in low- and middle-income countries: associations with income inequity, human development and gender equality.

Reducing unwanted adolescent childbearing is a global priority. Little is known about how national-level economic and human development indicators relate to early adolescent childbearing. This ecological study evaluates associations of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), GINI index, Human Development Index (HDI) and Gender-related Development Index (GDI; i.e. the HDI adjusted for gender disparities) with early adolescent childbearing in 27 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) across three time periods. Among women ages 18–24, prevalence estimates for early birth (<16 years) were calculated by nation, and weighted linear regressions evaluated associations between national indicators and early childbearing. To examine temporal trends, analyses were stratified by year groupings. Early adolescent childbearing declined over time, with the greatest change observed in Bangladesh (31.49% in 1996/7 to 19.69% in 2011). In adjusted models, GDI was negatively associated with early childbearing, i.e. early childbearing prevalence decreased as GDI increased. In the most recent time period, relative to the lowest GDI group, the average prevalence of early childbearing was significantly lower in the middle (-12.40, P < 0.00) and upper (-10.96, P = 0.03) tertiles after adjustment for the other indicators. These other indicators showed no consistent association with early childbearing. As national-level GDI increased, early adolescent childbearing declined. The GDI, which reflects human development adjusted for gender disparities in educational and economic prospects, was more consistently related to early adolescent childbearing than the absolute development prospects as given by the HDI. While creating gender equality is an important goal in and of itself, the findings emphasize the potential for improved national-level gender equitable development as a means to improve adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health.

Gender-Role Portrayals in Television Advertising Across the Globe.

Although there are numerous studies on gender-role portrayals in television advertising, comparative designs are clearly lacking. With content analytical data from a total of 13 Asian, American, and European countries, we study the stereotypical depiction of men and women in television advertisements. Our sample consists of 1755 ads collected in May 2014. Analyzing the gender of the primary character and voiceover, as well as the age, associated product categories, home- or work setting, and the working role of the primary character, we concluded that gender stereotypes in TV advertising can be found around the world. A multilevel model further showed that gender stereotypes were independent of a country’s gender indices, including Hofstede’s Masculinity Index, GLOBE’s Gender Egalitarianism Index, the Gender-related Development Index, the Gender Inequality Index, and the Global Gender Gap Index. These findings suggest that gender stereotyping in television advertising does not depend on the gender equality prevalent in a country. The role of a specific culture in shaping gender stereotypes in television advertising is thus smaller than commonly thought.

Evaluation of Gender Disparities from the Balkan Countries

Social gaps caused by gender differences were evaluated fot the first time by PNUD (UNDP) using two composite indicators: Gender-Related Development Index and Gender Empowerment Measure. Among the criticisms these indicators have been subjected to, we note their inability to adapt its territorial context of the phenomenon. This paper aims the adjustment of an indicator for gender disparity in the particular context of Balkan countries by testing several dimensions of inequalities: cultural stereotypes, reproductive health, unemployment, longevity. The final results extracted by the factor analysis will attempt to identify how certain gender attitudes are dependent or not of the territorial architecture.

Gender representations in East Asian advertising: Hong Kong, Japan, and South Korea

Gender representations in television advertisements have been a subject of academic research for many years. However, comparatively few studies have looked into television advertising’s gender representations in Confucian societies, particularly from a comparative perspective. This study compares the representation of males and females in 1,694 television advertisements from Hong Kong, Japan, and South Korea. It uncovers stereotypical gender representations related to age (females were predominantly young, males were middleaged), clothing/nudity (females were more suggestively dressed, males were fully clothed), work (females were depicted more often at home, males were typically depicted in the workplace), authority (males were used for voiceovers more than females, with males being the so-called “voice of authority”), and beauty (more females than males advertised for the cosmetics/toiletries product category). Overall, gender representations were highly stereotypical in all three cultures, which may be due to a shared common cultural background based on Confucianism. In terms of the degree of gender stereotyping, Hong Kong was more gender-egalitarian than Japan and South Korea; this finding is consistent with results from Project Globe’s gender egalitarianism index and the Gender-related Development Index (GDI) by the United Nations, but not with Hofstede’s masculinity index. These results suggest a relationship between gender representations and some gender indices. Finally, this article discusses the possible effects of stereotypical gender representations on audiences in relation to social cognitive and cultivation theories.

No association between gender inequality and peak HIV prevalence in developing countries – an ecological study

The prevalence of both gender inequality and HIV prevalence vary considerably both within all developing countries and within those in sub-Saharan Africa. We test the hypothesis that the extent of gender inequality is associated with national peak HIV prevalence. Linear regression was used to test the association between national peak HIV prevalence and three markers of gender equality – the gender-related development index (GDI), the gender empowerment measure (GEM), and the gender inequality index (GII). No evidence was found of a positive relationship between gender inequality and HIV prevalence, either in the analyses of all developing countries or those limited to Africa. In the bivariate analyses limited to Africa, there was a positive association between the two measures of gender “equality” and peak HIV prevalence (GDI: coefficient 28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 9.1–46.8; GEM: coefficient 54.8, 95% CI 20.5–89.1). There was also a negative association between the marker of gender “inequality” and peak HIV prevalence (GII: coefficient −66.9, 95% CI −112.8 to −21.0). These associations all disappeared on multivariate analyses. We could not find any evidence to support the hypothesis that variations in the extent of gender inequality explain variations in HIV prevalence in developing countries.

A Stochastic Model for Population and Well-Being Dynamics

This article presents a stochastic dynamic model to study the demographic evolution per sexes and the corresponding well-being of a general human population. The main model variables are population per sexes and well-being. The considered well-being variable is the Gender-Related Development Index (GDI), a United Nations index. The model's objectives are to improve future well-being and to reach a stable population in a country. The application case consists of adapting, validating, and using the model for Spain in the 2000–2006 period. Some instance strategies have been tested in different scenarios for the 2006–2015 period to meet these objectives by calculating the reliability of the results. The optimal strategy is “government invests more in education and maintains the present health investment tendency.”

Multidimensional Measurement of Poverty Among Women in Sub-Saharan Africa

Since the seminal work of Sen, poverty has been recognized as a multidimensional phenomenon. The recent availability of relevant databases renewed the interest in this approach. This paper estimates multidimensional poverty among women in fourteen Sub-Saharan African countries using the Alkire and Foster multidimensional poverty measures, whose identification method is based on a counting approach. Four dimensions are considered: assets, health, schooling and empowerment. The results show important differences in poverty among the countries of the sample. The multidimensional poverty estimates are compared with some alternative measures such as the Human Development Index, income poverty, asset poverty and the Gender-related Development Index. It is found that including additional dimensions into the analysis leads to country rankings different from those obtained with the mentioned four measures. Decompositions by geographical area and dimension indicate that rural areas are significantly poorer than urban ones and that a lack of schooling is, in general, the highest contributor to poverty. The paper also conducts robustness and sensitivity analyses of the multidimensional estimates with respect to the number of dimensions in which deprivation is required in order to be considered poor, as well as to the poverty lines within each dimension. Several cases of dominance between countries are found in the first robustness test.

Predictors of breastfeeding exclusivity among migrant and Canadian‐born women: results from a multi‐centre study

The objective of this study was to examine and compare predictors of breastfeeding exclusivity among migrant and Canadian-born women. As part of a longitudinal study, a sample of 1184 mothers were recruited from 12 hospitals in Canada and completed questionnaires at 1 and 16 weeks post-partum that included diverse questions from the following domains: demographic, social, migration, obstetrical, breastfeeding and maternal mood. After bivariate analysis, multivariate logistic regression analysis was completed to examine and compare predictors of exclusive breastfeeding at 16 weeks post-partum. Among migrant women, factors predictive of breastfeeding exclusivity included non-refugee immigrant or asylum-seeking status, residence in Toronto or Vancouver, maternal age of ≥35 years, feels most comfortable in the country of origin or nowhere and higher Gender-related Development Index of the country of origin. Factors predictive of not exclusively breastfeeding included maternal age of <20 years, not planning to exclusively breastfeed, not making the decision to breastfeed before pregnancy and not exclusively breastfeeding at 1 week post-partum. Among Canadian-born women, factors predictive of a lower likelihood of breastfeeding exclusivity included not living with father of infant, infant neonatal intensive care unit admission, planned duration of exclusive breastfeeding for <6 months, not exclusively breastfeeding at 1 week post-partum and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score of ≥10. The only similar risk factor predicting a lower likelihood of breastfeeding exclusivity between migrant and Canadian-born women was not exclusively breastfeeding at 1 week post-partum; all other risk factors were dissimilar, suggesting that these groups might benefit from different strategies to optimise breastfeeding outcomes.

Prediction of Duration of Breastfeeding among Migrant and Canadian-Born Women: Results from a Multi-Center Study

To examine and compare predictors of breastfeeding duration among migrant and Canadian-born women. As part of a longitudinal study, a sample of 1503 mothers was recruited from 12 hospitals in Canada who completed questionnaires at 1 and 16 weeks postpartum. Following bivariate analysis, multivariate logistic regression analyses were completed to examine and compare predictors of continued breastfeeding at 16 weeks postpartum among migrant and Canadian-born women. Among migrant women, factors predictive of breastfeeding duration included maternal age ≥ 35 years, primiparity, and breast engorgement pain at 1 week postpartum. Factors predictive of discontinued breastfeeding in this group included maternal age <20 years, higher gender-related development index of country of origin, no previous breastfeeding experience, breastfeeding duration of peers <6 months, planned duration of exclusive breastfeeding <6 months, and not exclusively breastfeeding at 1 week postpartum. Among Canadian-born women, factors predictive of breastfeeding duration included residence in Vancouver and maternal age ≥ 35 years. Factors predictive of discontinued breastfeeding included residence in Toronto, maternal age <20 years, smoking at 16 weeks postpartum, primiparity, planned duration of exclusive breastfeeding <6 months, and not exclusively breastfeeding at 1 week postpartum. Although certain predictors for breastfeeding duration were similar between migrant and Canadian-born women, several were dissimilar, suggesting that these groups might benefit from different strategies to optimize breastfeeding outcomes.

The gender gap in mobility: A global cross-sectional study

BackgroundSeveral studies have demonstrated that women have greater mobility disability than men. The goals of this research were: 1) to assess the gender gap in mobility difficulty in 70 countries; 2) to determine whether the gender gap is explained by sociodemographic and health factors; 3) to determine whether the gender gap differs across 6 regions of the world with different degrees of gender equality according to United Nations data.MethodsPopulation-based data were used from the World Health Survey (WHS) conducted in 70 countries throughout the world. 276,647 adults aged 18 years and over were recruited from 6 world regions. Mobility was measured by asking the level of difficulty people had moving around in the last 30 days and then creating a dichotomous measure (no difficulty, difficulty). The human development index and the gender-related development index for each country were obtained from the United Nations Development Program website. Poisson regression with Taylor series linearized variance estimation was used.ResultsWomen were more likely than men to report mobility difficulty (38% versus 27%, P < 0.0001). The age-adjusted prevalence rate ratio for female gender was 1.35 (95% CI 1.31–1.38). The addition of education, marital status, and urban versus rural setting reduced the prevalence rate ratio to 1.30 (95% CI 1.26–1.33). The addition of the presence of back pain, arthritis, angina, depressive symptoms, and cognitive difficulties further reduced the prevalence rate ratio to 1.12 (95% CI 1.09–1.15). There was statistical interaction on the multiplicative scale between female gender and region (P < 0.01). The Eastern Mediterranean region, which had the greatest loss of human development due to gender inequality, showed the largest gender gap in mobility difficulty, while the Western Pacific region, with the smallest loss of human development due to gender inequality, had the smallest gender gap in mobility difficulty.ConclusionsThese are the first world-wide data to examine the gender gap in mobility. Differences in chronic diseases are the main reasons for this gender gap. The gender gap seems to be greater in regions with the largest loss of human development due to gender inequality.

The Position of Women in Social and Economic Life: A Comparison between the EU and Turkey

In this study, the participation of women in social life and their position in economic activity in Turkey was examined in comparison with EU countries. To examine women’s participation in social life we used the Gender Related Development Index (GDI), which was developed by the UNDP politic, and for economic life we employed the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). According to our results, the inequality between men and women in terms health, education, and welfare standards, which are considered in the establishment of the subject index, increased in Turkey. However, Turkey remains well behind EU countries including EU candidates in terms of the social participation of women. Results also indicate that, the same inequalities are still present in terms of the position of women vis-a-vis economic activity.

Reforming the Gender-Related Development Index and the Gender Empowerment Measure: Implementing Some Specific Proposals

Since their inception in 1995, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)'s Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) have been criticized on conceptual and empirical grounds. In 2005–6, the UNDP's Human Development Report Office undertook a review of these indicators and suggested some modifications. This study extends this work by adjusting the recommendations, making concrete proposals for two gender-related indicators, and presenting illustrative results for these proposed measures. These new measures include the calculation of a male and female Human Development Index (HDI), as well as a gender gap measure (GGM) to replace the GDI as a measure of gender inequality. The study also proposes and implements several modifications and simplifications to the GEM. With these adjustments, a number of Sub-Saharan countries now rank much higher, countries in the Middle East have lower scores in both measures, and some European countries fare notably worse in the revised GEM.

Human development report 2010: Changes in parameters and perspectives

Human Development Report (HDR) 2010 in its 20 th year contains several significant changes. Indicators to measure the three dimensions of Human Development Index (HDI) have been changed: Gender-related Development Index (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Index have been replaced by Gender Inequality Index (GII) and Human Poverty Index has been replaced by Multi-dimensional Poverty Index. Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) has been introduced for the first time. Between 1980 and 2010, India's HDI rose by 1.6% annually from 0.320 to 0.519. While India's HDI value has improved over time, the rank has not improved as much as compared to other developing countries. On GII, India ranked at 122 with a GII value of 0.748 (ranges between 0 and 1) in 2010 HDR (based on data of 2008), revealing considerable loss in achievements in three dimensions of human development - reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market - due to inequality between genders. Multi-dimensional Poverty Index was 0.296 (2000-2008) and IHDI was 0.365 (2000-2007).

Gender Roles, Gender (In)equality and Fertility: An Empirical Test of Five Gender Equity Indices

The division of gender roles in the household and societal level gender (in)equality have been situated as one of the most powerful factors underlying fertility behaviour. Despite continued theoretical attention to this issue by demographers, empirical research integrating gender roles and equity in relation to fertility remains surprisingly sparse. This paper first provides a brief review of previous research that has examined gender roles and fertility followed by a comparison of six prominent gender equality indices: Gender-related Development Index (GDI), Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), Gender Gap Index (GGI), Gender Equality Index (GEI), the European Union Gender Equality Index (EU-GEI) and the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI). The paper then tests how five of these indices impact fertility intentions and behaviour using a series of multilevel (random-coefficient) logistic regression models, applying the European Social Survey (2004/5). The GDI, with its emphasis on human development, adjusted for gender, has the strongest and significant effect on fertility intentions. The EU-GEI, which focuses on the universal caregiver model, uncovers that more equity significantly lowers fertility intentions, but only for women. The remaining indicators show no significant impact. The paper concludes with a reflection and suggestions for future research.

Trilingual Glossary of Demographic Terminology: English-Japanese-German/Japanese-English-German German-Japanese-English

Trilingual Glossary of Demographic Terminology: English-Japanese-German/Japanese-English-German German-Japanese-English