Sibling Gender Research Articles

How do fathers' educational level contribute to children's school problems? Overparenting and children's gender and surgency in a moderated mediation model.

This study aims to investigate (a) the mediating role of overparenting between father's educational level and children's school problems, and (b) the joint moderating role of children's gender and surgency in the indirect relationship between father's educational level and school problems. Participants were 203 school children, 96 boys (47.3%) and 107 girls (52.7%), aged 7-8 years (M = 92.42 months, SD = 3.52). Fathers reported their educational level, age and employment status and their children's gender and number of siblings, as well as their overparenting behaviors by Anticipatory Problem Solving (APS) scale. Teachers informed children's school problems by the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC T-2). Parents together informed their children's surgency levels by a subscale of Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ). Results showed that, in girls, the father's educational level was negatively related to the child's school problems via overparenting behaviors, controlling the number of siblings and father's age and employment status. However, among boys, fathers' overparenting protect their shy sons from the risk of a low educational level for school problems. These findings highlight the relevance of considering the gender and surgency to a better understanding of the effects of contextual factors on children's outcomes.

The brother's penalty: Boy preference and girls' health in rural China.

This paper identifies the health penalty experienced by girls due to having a brother from endogenous sibling gender composition. We propose a girls-to-girls comparison strategy and rule out the confounding effect from the sibship size, birth interval, and birth order. Employing an instrumental variable approach and data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies, we find that girls with a brother are demonstrably shorter and report poorer health. This "brother's penalty" manifests even prenatally. Alternative explanations, such as birth order disadvantages, are carefully addressed and ruled out. The results hold even after excluding gender-neutral ethnic minorities. This observed penalty is likely attributed to unequal resource allocation within families and potential parental neglect. This penalty is amplified in families with lower income and maternal education, implying resource constraints contribute to gender discrimination. Our findings highlight the importance of addressing intrafamily gender bias for ensuring equal opportunities and health outcomes. Clinical trial registration: Not applicable.

Experiences of cisgender youth with a transgender and/or nonbinary sibling.

While recent research has begun to address the effects of family support on transgender and/or nonbinary youth (TNY), almost no studies have directly examined how cisgender siblings in families with TNY navigate their sibling's gender disclosure and affirmation within both their families and their larger communities. We conducted an exploratory secondary analysis of in-person, semi-structured interviews with 15 adolescent and young adult siblings (age 13-24 years) of TNY from the northeastern United States from the baseline wave of the community-based, longitudinal, mixed methods Trans Teen and Family Narratives Project. Interview transcripts were analyzed using immersion/crystallization and template organizing approaches. Analyses yielded three main themes: gender-related beliefs and knowledge, peri- and post-disclosure family dynamics, and assessing responses to their sibling. Subthemes included anticipation of their sibling's TN identity, expectations post-disclosure, participants' level of involvement in gender-related family processes, perceptions of changes in family relationships, concern for their sibling (including a high degree of attunement to gender-affirming name and pronoun usage), and concern for themselves. Findings from this study suggest the need to engage directly with siblings of TNY to further elucidate their intrapersonal, intra-familial, and extra-familial experiences related to having a TN sibling and determine their unique support needs. Implications for families, clinicians, and communities are discussed.

The Effects of Family Functioning on Gross Motor Function, Activity, and Participation in Children with Cerebral Palsy.

The present study aimed to investigate whether family functioning (FF) could impact gross motor function, activity, and participation in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Sixty-seven children with spastic diplegic CP who were admitted to the Special Education and Rehabilitation Clinic were included in the study. The guidelines of the American Academy of Neurology were followed for the diagnosis of spastic diplegia. The type of home where the family lives, the family's average income, the child's age, gender, and number of siblings, and the age and educational level of the child's primary caregiver were recorded. The gross motor function capacity of children with CP was assessed with the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). The Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) was used to evaluate activity and participation performance. The children living in detached houses had statistically higher PEDI mobility levels than those living in apartments (p < 0.05). PEDI's social function and self-care levels were higher in 12 to 18-year-old children with two siblings (p < 0.05). The age and educational status of the primary caregiver were found to have an important impact on the PEDI scores. According to the results, social function and self-care levels were higher in children whose primary caregivers were 30 to 65 years old and had high levels of education above high school (p < 0.05 The effects of family income and gender on PEDI scores were statistically non-significant (p˃ 0.05). Variables related to family functioning had no statistically significant effect on GMFCS scores (p˃ 0.05). These factors can enable healthcare providers to collaborate with the families to develop more comprehensive intervention plans emphasizing family strengths and supporting their needs.

The Impact of Family-Based Human Capital on Corporate Innovation: Evidence from Sibling-Chairpersons in China

We examine the impact of family-based human capital stemming from a chairperson’s having siblings vis-à-vis not having siblings on corporate innovation in Chinese family firms. Using hand-collected data, we document that when a firm has a sibling-chairperson, it holds more patents, receives more total citations to its patents, and has greater innovation efficiency and innovation quality than an otherwise equivalent firm with a chairperson having no siblings. The results are economically significant and robust to a battery of robustness checks. Specifically, the findings remain intact after using China’s one-child policy as an exogenous shock to apply a regression discontinuity research design to mitigate endogeneity. Additional analyses suggest that the mechanisms behind the impact of siblings on innovation are consistent with family-based human capital embedded in the sibling relationships such as competition, knowledge spillover, and family firm succession effect among siblings. Furthermore, we show that sibling comanagement and sibling gender diversity matter in corporate innovation. In addition, sibling effect enhances corporate investment efficiency, stock returns, and merger and acquisition performance. Overall, family-based human capital from siblings positively contributes to corporate innovation. This paper was accepted by Victoria Ivashina, finance. Funding: The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 72225005 and 72202249] and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [Grant 2022M713658]. Supplemental Material: Data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4965 .

The Effect of Siblings on the Academic Self-efficacy and Self-educational Expectations of University Students

With the introduction of Chinas one-child policy in the 1970s, much research was done to study only children on their well-being, personality, and academic achievement. However, few studies have focused on how they differ from non-only children regarding academic self-efficacy and self-educational expectations and the results have not come to an agreement. Thus, this study targeted the undergraduates in mainland China and those who come from the mainland but studying in Hong Kong. An online questionnaire was published and a total of 140 valid responses were collected. MANOVAs and multiple linear regression models were established in order to investigate the effect of singleton status, birth order, and gender of siblings on university students academic self-efficacy and self-educational expectations. The results showed that the singleton status, birth order, and gender of siblings had no significant influence on both academic self-efficacy and self-educational expectations, and a significant interaction between birth order and gender of siblings on the score of academic self-efficacy. This study adds to the recent status of the academic self-efficacy and self-educational expectations among undergraduates studying in Mainland and Hong Kong, only children and non-only children. However, due to insufficient sample size, gender and current years of study of students were not included in the comparison, which needs to be further investigated.

Family structure and entrepreneurship: Evidence from Swedish siblings

ABSTRACT Family background matters for entrepreneurship, but why do siblings differ in their propensity to become entrepreneurs and the type of ventures they pursue? I draw on family socialization and resource allocation theories to develop hypotheses about the differential effects of family structure – comprising birth order, family size, and sibling gender – on (growth-oriented) entrepreneurship. Using firm incorporation as a marker of growth orientation, I test these hypotheses in a sample of Swedish siblings. Relative to older siblings, later born children are more likely to become unincorporated entrepreneurs, partly because they occupy family niches corresponding to lower educational attainment and higher labour market frictions. Moreover, children in very large families are less likely to pursue incorporation, with stronger effects for men and earlier born children, in line with their limited ability to develop self-efficacy due to resource dilution. Growing up with an opposite-gender sibling does not influence entrepreneurship, indicating that sibling sex composition may not foster stronger gender norms or sex-typing in this domain in Sweden. This study integrates existing findings and offers novel insights, broadening our understanding of family background in entrepreneurship.

Sibling Gender Effects on Test Scores

Abstract This study examines the hypothesis that having an older sister causes one to perform relatively better at reading. For the analysis, a cross-subject analysis is conducted to examine a student's relative reading test score (reading test score minus math test score) based on older sibling gender. We found that a student's relative reading test score is larger when the student has an older sister than when he or she has an older brother. Further analyses show that although conversation frequency does not vary based on older sibling gender, siblings are more likely to talk about studying, career paths, or school life when an older sibling is a sister than when an older sibling is a brother.

Self-awareness Skill among Students at Higher Secondary Level

The main purpose of this study present status of self-awareness skill among higher secondary-level students. There were four schools represented among the Higher Secondary level in the Paschim Medinipur and Kolkata districts in West Bengal. This study was conducted on total participants of 153 students between 17 and 19 years of age, studying under the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. Basic demographic variables namely gender, Social Caste and Number of Siblings were considered for their self-awareness score to be significantly affected. The Present study was carried out using a cross-sectional survey research framework. The findings indicated the presence of a satisfactory level of self-awareness skills, with gender being associated with a statistically significant variation in mean scores. The results also indicated that the gender gap in self-awareness skills existed.

Evaluation of primary teeth affected by dental trauma in patients visiting a university clinic, Part 1: Epidemiology

The retrospective study reported herein was the first of three that investigated dental trauma in primary teeth. This article discusses the study that aimed to reveal the epidemiology of trauma with data such as prevalence, risk factors, and types of injuries, and to highlight prevention. The records of 320 patients aged 0-9years who visited the ErciyesUniversity Faculty of Dentistry Pedodontics Department due to dental trauma were evaluated according to the age, gender, medical condition, season, oral habits, trauma environment/type/cause, personal characteristics, and number of siblings. The chi-square test was used to compare the categorical variables by group. Of the patients, 25.9% were aged 24-35months at the time of study, 62.8% were male, 38.1% had two siblings, 37.2% had a sucking habit, 93.4% had a healthy medical condition, 41.3% experienced the trauma in summer, and 26.3% were aged 30-34months at the time they incurred the trauma. Of the traumas, 54.1% were caused by falling, 60% occurred at home, 23% pertained to lateral luxation, and 70% were incurred when the patients were with their mother. Given the results of this study, mothers with low education levels should be informed about their children's risk of incurring injuries from falling at home, especially in summer. Parents should also be warned that their children's oral habits increase their risk of trauma. This study can help increase the knowledge level of clinicians, can raise social awareness, and can guide plan formulation for preventing risks.

Gender, nutritional disparities, and child survival in Nepal

BackgroundThis paper examines seemingly contradictory evidence from extant research that son preference is high, but male disadvantage in mortality is increasing in Nepal. To do so, we documented the timing, geographic patterning, and extent of gendered patterns in mortality and feeding practices for children under-five.MethodsWe applied pooled multilevel regression models and survival analysis to five rounds of data from Nepal’s nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys (1996–2016). We controlled for potential sociodemographic confounders, including child, maternal, household, and regional correlates, and disaggregated findings by birth order and sibling gender.ResultsWe found evidence of regional variation in mortality, with girls in wealthy urban areas faring the worst in terms of mortality rates. Girls’ comparative mortality advantage compared to boys in the neonatal period masks their mortality disadvantage in later periods. Mortality has fallen at a faster rate for boys than girls in most cases, leading to widening of gender inequalities. We also found evidence of female disadvantage in breastfeeding duration, which was linked to higher mortality risks, but no gender disparities in the consumption of other food items. Sibling gender and birth order also mattered for breastfeeding duration: Young girls with older sisters but with no brothers were most disadvantaged.ConclusionWhile we did not find evidence of postnatal discrimination in access to solid and semi-solid foods, girls in Nepal face a disadvantage in breastfeeding duration. Girls with older sisters but no older brothers facing the greatest disadvantage, with risks being particularly concentrated for girls aged 1–4 years. This disadvantage is linked to an increased risk of mortality. To address this, community-based health programs could be expanded to continue targeted healthcare for children beyond 12 months of age, with particular focus on nutrition monitoring and health service provision for girls.

The Impact of Family-Based Human Capital on Corporate Innovation: Evidence from Sibling-Chairpersons in China

We examine the impact of family-based human capital stemming from a chairperson’s having siblings vis-a-vis not having siblings on corporate innovation in Chinese family firms. Using hand-collected data, we document that when a firm has a sibling-chairperson, it holds more patents, receives more total citations to their patents, and has greater innovation efficiency and innovation quality than an otherwise equivalent firm with a chairperson with no siblings. The results are economically significant and robust to a battery of alternative methods. Specifically, the findings remain intact after using China’s one-child policy as an exogenous shock to apply a regression discontinuity research design to mitigate endogeneity. Additional analysis suggests that the mechanisms behind the impact of siblings on innovation are consistent with family-based human capital embedded in the sibling relationships such as competition and knowledge spillover among siblings. Furthermore, we show that sibling co-management, sibling gender diversity, and siblings’ collaborative behavior matter in corporate innovation. Overall, family-based human capital from siblings impacts corporate innovation.

Influence of siblings on adaptive behavior trajectories in autism spectrum disorder.

Siblings have the potential to shape the developmental trajectories of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Having siblings has been associated with better social communication skills, less severe non-verbal communication deficits, and improved theory of mind abilities in autism spectrum disorder. This study examined the influence of the presence of a sibling, participant's position in the birth order, gender of the closest-age sibling, and gender match of the sibling dyad on the rate of growth in adaptive skills from ages 9 to 26 years among individuals with autism spectrum disorder and individuals with a history of non-spectrum developmental disorders. While all participants showed consistent gains in adaptive skill development as a function of age, there was variability in rates of growth based on sibling constellation group membership. Participants with at least one sibling, regardless of other sibling constellation factors, experienced greater rates of growth in adaptive behavior trajectories from childhood to adulthood than participants with no siblings across both Black and White participants, although differences were magnified in Black participants. Furthermore, among participants with siblings, those with male closest-age siblings and those with gender-matched siblings, irrespective of birth order position, demonstrated the steepest growth patterns in adaptive functioning within their respective groups over the 17-year period. Results suggest that siblings may serve an important role in improving the adaptive functioning trajectories and overall outcomes of individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

The seroprevalence of rubella virus in children between 0-15 years old in a hospital in Ankara province before expanded immunization program

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to determine the seroprevalence of rubella in children aged 0-15, who was admitted to Ankara Training and Research Hospital Pediatric outpatient clinic for various reasons between December 2001 and July 2002. In this descriptive study, it is thought that knowing the seroprevalence before the national vaccination program will be important for the evaluation of the future data. Material and Method: In this descriptive study; the seroprevalence of rubella in 1170 children aged 0-15 years was investigated. The age, gender, socio-economic level and number of siblings of the 954 cases included in the study were recorded on the prepared forms, and the history of infection was taken from their families. Rubella specific IgG levels from serum samples of the cases were measured by using the RADIM rubella IgG EIA kit with Micro-ELISA technique. Results: The average age of the children included in the study was found to be 76 } 49 months. Considering their gender, 56.9% (n=543) were male and 43.1% (n=411) were female. Considering their socio-economic levels; 550 children were in the low-income group; 393 children were in the middle-income group and 11 children were in the high-income group. When the distributions are evaluated according to the number of siblings; 14% (n=134) of the cases were a single child, 45% (n=426) had one sibling, 28% (n=267) had two siblings, and 13% (n=127) of the cases had ≥ 3 siblings. When evaluated in terms of rubella seroprevalence, 47.2% (n=450) of the cases had negative rubella IgG and 52.8% (n=504) of them had positive rubella IgG. According to the age the seropositivity showed a significant increase with the increasing age and remained constant at around 91% in the 13-15 age range (p &lt;0.05). Conclusion: This study, conducted before the National Immunization Program in 2003, showed that a large part of our population is vulnerable to the risk of rubella infection. Considering that the seroprevalence increases with age in order to prevent rubella infection, which affects women of reproductive age and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) seen in newborns in particular, it is important to vaccinate all children who have completed their 12th month and have entered the 48th month within the scope of the national vaccination program. The data of this study will guide us in evaluating the success of the program in the population, we provide healthcare services in the following years, as it reflects the situation before the Expanded Immunization Program (EIP).

Sibling Inequalities in Overweight and the Role of Mother’s Education: Evidence From the Indonesian Family Life Survey

Background:Previous studies have shown that sibling inequalities in overweight vary across contexts. Furthermore, research on the extent to which parental factors such as mother’s education can compensate for or reinforce such disparities is considerably rare.Objective:This study analyzes to what extent and how the chances of overweight among children (0-19 years of age) vary systematically by gender, birth order, and number of siblings. We also look at whether mother’s education buffers or aggravates sibling inequalities in overweight.Methods:Data were from the fifth wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey-5 2014/2015, which comprised 6723 children born in 4784 families. We applied within-family centered birth order dummies to disentangle the effects of birth order from those of number of siblings. Cluster-robust logistic regressions were conducted.Results:Overweight occurred more in eldest and youngest children, and in children of smaller families. Mother’s education amplified sibling inequalities. Odds of overweight in children increased along with more years of education the mothers had. This was greater for boys and eldest children. Further analyses indicated that boys whose mothers spent more years in school consumed high-calorie foods more often.Conclusion:The overall results indicate that mother’s education aggravates sibling inequalities in overweight. Nutrition interventions to reduce overweight in children should target the eldest and the youngest children and children of smaller families. Mothers who had more school years, and particularly their sons, should also be in the target group. Boys should be advised to consume high-calorie foods less often.

Mechanisms Underlying Familial Influence on Elite Political Behavior: Evidence from the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals

Abstract This article contributes to the literature addressing family influences on elite political behavior. By empirically assessing the influence of sibling gender on judicial decision-making, we are able to present evidence on the mechanism by which child, sibling and other relatives’ gender may influence elite political behavior. We build on a published dataset by mining various archival sources to compile data on the gender of judges’ siblings. We find no evidence that male judges’ votes on so-called “women’s issues” (employment discrimination based on gender or pregnancy, reproductive rights/abortion, and Title IX) are affected by whether they have a sister, and we are able to rule out large effects of a sibling’s gender on male and female judges’ votes. Our results imply that the relationship between family member gender and elite political behavior is driven by the desire to avoid costs of discrimination, rather than learning from family members.

Under the influence of our older brother and sister: The association between sibling gender configuration and STEM degrees

This study examines the association between sibling gender configuration and second-born siblings’ choice of so-called STEM educational fields (i.e., science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) in Swedish two-child families. Using population data from administrative registers in Sweden, the findings show that younger siblings, net of parental characteristics, are more likely to choose a STEM field if their older sibling has attended or is already attending a STEM program. Moreover, a gender difference is clear concerning the choice of a STEM field among younger siblings: Girls are more likely to choose a STEM field if they have an older sister who has attended a STEM program, than if they have an older brother in a similar program. However, the corresponding results are not found for boys. Given that STEM fields are markedly male-dominated at tertiary level, this indicates an importance of a same-sex role model for young girls contemplating gender-atypical educational choices.

Family Quality of Life and its relationship to Negative Emotions as an indicator of Social Work Intervention with Siblings of Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between family quality of life and negative emotions among siblings of individuals with intellectual disabilities. This study was conducted in (12) Schools of Individuals of intellectual disabilities based in Sharkia Governorate. The study sample was 162 of siblings of individuals with intellectual disabilities in those schools. Data were collected by using Family Quality of Life Scale that was developed by the Beach Center at the University of Kansas (2012) and Negative Emotions Scale that was designed by the researcher. The study results indicated that there is low family quality of life and high negative emotions among siblings of individuals of intellectual disabilities. Also family quality of life was affected by the disabled age and the type of intellectual disability and negative emotions among siblings of individuals of intellectual disabilities differ only according to sibling gender. Moreover, there is a statistically significant negative correlation at level (p=0.05) between family quality of life and negative emotions among the participants. Based on those results we can determine a number of general indicators that helped in identifying the primary factors of Social Work Intervention by which we can improve family quality of life and decrease negative emotions in this group in terms of their adjustment with individuals of intellectual disabilities. KEYWORDS: Family Quality of life – Negative Emotions - intellectual Disabilities - social work intervention جودة الحياة الاسرية وعلاقتها بالانفعالات السلبية کمؤشر للتدخل المهني للخدمة الاجتماعية مع أخوة المعاقين ذهنيا ملخص الدراسة سعت الدراسة الحالية إلى التعرف على طبيعة العلاقة بين جودة الحياة الاسرية والانفعالات السلبية لدى أخوة الأفراد المعاقين ذهنيا ، ، وقد طبقت في (12) مدرسة من مدارس التربية الفکرية الکائنة بمحافظة الشرقية ، وذلک على عينة قوامها (162) مفردة من أخوة الأفراد المعاقين عقليا ، واعتمدت في جمع البيانات من المبحوثين على مقياس جودة الحياة الأسرية الذي تم تطويره من قبل مرکز الشاطئ للإعاقة بجامعة کانساس (2012) ، ومقياس الانفعالات السلبية والذى تم اعداده بمعرفة الباحث . وتوصلت نتائج الدراسة إلى انخفاض مستوى جودة الحياة الاسرية لدى أخوة الأفراد المعاقين ذهنيا وارتفاع مستوى انفعالاتهم السلبية، کما اسفرت النتائج عن تأثر جودة الحياة الاسرية بمتغيري سن المعاق ونمط الإعاقة الذهنية، وتبين ايضا أن الانفعالات السلبية لدى أخوة الأفراد المعاقين ذهنيا تختلف فقط باختلاف جنس الأخ، کما أسفرت نتائج الدراسة عن وجود علاقة سلبية ذات دلالة احصائية عند مستوى معنوية (p=0.05) بين جودة الحياة الاسرية والانفعالات السلبية لدى المبحوثين. وفى ضوء تلک النتائج أمکن الخروج بمجموعة من المؤشرات الع[امة والتي ساهمت في وضع وتحديد العناصر الأساسية للتدخل المهني للخدمة الاجتماعية والتي يمکن من خلالها تحسين جودة الحياة الاسرية لدى هذه الفئة من العملاء ومن ثم التخفيف من حدة انفعالاتهم السلبية التي يعانون منها في ظل تعايشهم مع الإعاقة الذهنية الکلمات المفتاحية: جودة الحياة الاسرية – الانفعالات السلبية – الإعاقة الذهنية - التدخل المهني للخدمة الاجتماعية

Mexican-origin youth's ethnic-racial identity development: The role of siblings.

Ethnic-racial identity (ERI) formation is an important developmental task. Although families are a primary context for ERI socialization, little is known about siblings' role. Accordingly, we applied the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model to longitudinal data from 2 siblings to examine the links between siblings' ERI exploration, resolution, and affirmation. Participants were Mexican-origin mothers, fathers, and 2 siblings (older siblings Mage = 20.65 years; younger siblings Mage = 17.72 years) from 246 families in Arizona who were interviewed on 2 occasions across 2 years. Siblings' ERI exploration in late adolescence positively predicted young adult ERI, accounting for mothers' and fathers' ERIs. For resolution, the sibling (i.e., partner) effect was moderated by sibling gender constellation, such that the sibling effect emerged only for same-sex dyads. For affirmation, the sibling effect emerged for older but not younger siblings. These findings highlight the need to understand siblings' role in ERI and to expand research on family socialization of ERI beyond parents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

An Investigation of Secondary School Students' Motivation and Addiction towards Digital Gaming by Age, Gender and Number of Siblings

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of gender, the number of siblings, and grade level on digital game playing motivation and addiction levels in secondary school students and to reveal the relationship between digital game motivation and addiction. A total of 394 students, 168 boys and 226 girls, participated in the study voluntarily. Personal Information Form, Digital Game Playing Motivation Scale, and Digital Play Addiction Scale for Children were used as data collection tools. Digital game playing situation (yes/no) was associated with gender and number of siblings (p&lt; .05) but not with grade level (p&gt; .05). The motivation and addiction levels for playing digital games are related to gender and grade level (p&lt; .05) but not to the number of siblings (p&gt; .05). There is a positive relationship between motivation and addiction to playing digital games (p&lt; .05). In light of these findings, more effort should be made to prevent digital addiction in males according to gender and in 8th graders according to grade level.