Implementation Of Gender Mainstreaming Research Articles

Gender mainstreaming in urban projects: A measurement proposal applied to Spanish Urban regeneration policies

Urban policies financed in the framework of the European Cohesion Policy are a privileged area for the study of the Gender Mainstreaming (GM) due to the gender European rules and to the importance of the European Union in urban development. The aim of this paper is to validate an instrument for the systematic measurement of the application of the GM tool, and to evaluate the implementation of GM in Spanish urban policies financed by the EU. For this purpose, based on previous measurements and analysis, a specific methodological tool has been elaborated and applied to the 89 urban intervention projects implemented in Spanish big cities in the framework of the URBAN I, URBAN II, URBANA, and ISUD (Integral and Sustainable Urban Development) calls for proposals (1994–2020). The results reflect a sectorial orientation in the application of the GM. Moreover, we observed a more significant implementation of the strategy in the direction setting dimensions and a scarcer integration in the actor-oriented dimensions. The dimensions' scores could reflect the classic difficulties for actor-oriented dimensions in urban policy design and the effect of the EU's lack of clarity about gender equality on a multi-level governance policy.

Gender communication: Gender mainstreaming and gender differences in the age of gender equality

The implementation of Gender Mainstreaming (Pengarusutamaan Gender, PUG) policies in Indonesia has had a problematic impact on the advancement of women's resources. This is due to a discrepancy between the value system from the West (secular) which is the essence of PUG policy and the value system in Indonesian society. This study was conducted to provide an explanation of the impact of PUG policy implementation in producing a transformation of women's gender identities and roles that are becoming more modern towards the phenomenon of gender communication. This study uses critical discourse analysis from Van Dijk which includes 3 (three) dimensions, namely discourse, cognition, and society, with a micro-macro and power analysis approach. This study found that there is a potential for abuse of power in the interpersonal communication practices of men and women. There are 3 things that become factors: the structure of the mind, the structure of the text (conversation), and the meaning of the message. The operation of gender differences in gender communication practices is supported by sources of legitimacy of cultural belief systems and interpretations of religious teachings. Understanding gender differences and how they operate is beneficial in equal and comfortable communication practices. Gender intelligence will form subjectivity based on the meaning of the coherence or togetherness of the relation pair.

The Relevance of Gender Mainstreaming in Indonesia to Women's Rights in Islamic Law

Gender mainstreaming is a government effort in upholding women's rights, because women's rights are an inseparable part of human rights. Protection of human rights is a state guarantee which is given to its citizens as a manifestation of the objectives of the Pancasila legal state as stated in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. In Indonesia, gender mainstreaming has been established through Presidential Instruction Number 9 of 2000 concerning the Implementation of Gender Mainstreaming (PUG) under construction. This study will focus on gender mainstreaming on the development in Indonesia and the development of justice and gender equality in Islamic studies. Protection of human rights is the main goal in the application of Islamic law, including the protection of women's rights that has always been a major topic in Islamic studies and gender. By using qualitative descriptive method, it will be easy to find Islamic ideas, social activities at the time of the Prophet about women's rights. If examined comprehensively, in pre-Islamic history, namely the period of ignorance, it was a period that greatly demeaned women. At that time, if a baby girl was born, she would be buried alive right away, or if she was allowed to live, she would suffer humiliation. The purpose of this study is to find a conclusion that emphasizes women's rights which have been neglected so far, even though the use of religious arguments often prevents women from obtaining their rights. So with this affirmation, it is hoped that it will be able to control violence against women which has often occurred. Through gender mainstreaming, development is to achieve gender equality and justice (KKG) through integrating the experiences, needs, aspirations of women and men into various policies and programs starting from the planning, budgeting, implementation, and monitoring stages.

O sister, where art thou? Assessing the limits of gender mainstreaming in preventing and countering violent extremism in Mali

ABSTRACT Where and how are women present in preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) in Mali? The article contributes to the scholarship on gender in P/CVE policies by shedding light on the misalignments between societal dynamics and the discursive framework adopted in the security strategies implemented. It investigates how the European Union as a security-oriented actor, (re)produces practices of exclusion rather than inclusion. Relying on a large set of semi-structured interviews gathered during extensive fieldwork, it aims at understanding the conceptualisation – and the gaps therein – of gender mainstreaming by asking: how does the EU translate gender mainstreaming and WPS into practice in the context of P/CVE practice? And, in turn, how do local actors perceive these efforts? The article finds that the implementation of gender mainstreaming has two main sets of limitations which overall reinforce inequalities: first, it homogenises women’s identities and fails at meaningfully reaching rural areas; second, while including some gender considerations about restrictions of women’s agency, it falls short of achieving its overarching aim, which should be truly empowering women by subverting patriarchal structures and systems of inequal power-sharing. In doing so, this study intends to contribute to feminist security studies literature by exploring centre-periphery gaps and differences in the framing of women’s empowerment within P/CVE.

Students’ perceptions of gender mainstreaming implementation in university teaching in Greece

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore the status of gender mainstreaming implementation in university teaching in Greek higher education institutions by examining the education students receive regarding gender equality. The Sensitive Assessment of Training for Gender Equality index was used to collect data from 1,194 students from nine Greek public universities over four degrees (Teacher Education, Physical Education, Greek Philology, and Science). The students were purposely selected through an online survey. Participants were between 20 and 53 years old, mostly female (79%) and Greek (98.20%). Findings revealed that formal preparation for gender mainstreaming implementation in university teaching is practically nonexistent. While respondents rated positively the need for incorporating a gender perspective into curricula, recognizing its importance in reducing sexism, developing gender competencies and practicing a gender-sensitive pedagogy, their views differed in the emphasis that should be given to gender training. Science students were less demanding than school teaching, physical education and Greek philology students, as well as male than female students. Additionally, the participants rated institutions’ and educators’ commitment to gender equality as neutral and did not recognize existing gender inequalities. This suggests that gender mainstreaming is poorly considered in Greek higher education at institutional, curricular, and relational level.

Navigating the gender dimensions in English language teaching: perceptions of senior high school teachers in the Philippines

ABSTRACT In the Philippines, previous studies have revealed that the implementation of gender mainstreaming in education has remained vague. Also, there is a lacuna in the literature about informed accounts of teachers, particularly English language teachers, in their attempts to mainstream gender-and-development (GAD) education in Philippine schools. Through a qualitative survey among 124 Filipino senior high school teachers of English and follow-up focus group discussions, this paper explores English language teachers’ perceptions of the advantages, ways of, and challenges to incorporating gender dimensions in ELT. Findings indicate that teachers are ready to integrate a gender perspective into their teaching; however, concrete frameworks, curriculum materials, teacher education, and institutional support are crucial given the sensitive, ethical concerns that consideration of gender may generate among educators, students, and the wider community. Implications from this investigation could trigger similar accounts and experiences in teaching-learning contexts where the gender perspective may be integrated.

Local Government Efforts in Realizing Gender Responsive Regional Policies in Banyumas District

The international community has come to an agreement on the importance of gender issues to solve such problems as the gender inequality, the gap between men and women. Gender issues have become a part of the national direction and strategy in carrying out national development. Therefore, addressing these issues has to be integrated in various national policies. The central government has granted authorities to each region in Indonesia to make gender-responsive regional policies, hoping that the concept of justice and gender equality in Indonesia be realized properly. This study uses a normative legal method by examining secondary data normatively such as laws and regulations, research papers on policy gender-responsive regional development. This article was originally a research focusing on the Government of Banyumas Regency in creating a gender-responsive regional policy. Through Banyumas Regent Regulation Number 35 of 2018 concerning Guidelines for Implementation of Gender Mainstreaming, the Banyumas Regency Government has supported gender responsive regional policies.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Gender Mainstreaming Implementation in 2020 in Batu City, East Java

The study aims to identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender mainstreaming (PUG) imple­mentation in Batu City and how the local government res­ponds to it. Focus Group discussion (FDG) with local government is run to obtain data. By using seven elements commonly used to evaluate PUG implementation, this study shows that the COVID-19 pandemic has remarkably impacted PUG implementation. No specific policies have yet been made within the PUG framework. PUG institutions are also not involved in the COVID-19 task force. There have been efforts to respond to pandemics’ impact in some sectors but not all in PUG. Human resources have not been explicitly prepared in dealing with women’s problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. The budget is reallocated so that even routine activities cannot be fully carried out. Community partici­pation is also helpful in tackling the pandemic, although it has not specifically responded to the impact on PUG. The study shows the importance of integrating a disas­ter perspective in the monitoring and evaluation of PUG. It demonstrates the importance of integrating a disaster per­spective in PUG and crucial gender-disaggregated data related to disaster impacts.

Penerapan Kebijakan Pengarusutamaan Gender dalam Program Pendidikan

This article was written with the aim of the implementation of gender mainstreaming is an important government program, this study aims to examine how the implementation of gender mainstreaming policies (PUG) in education programs. The problem is focused on the implementation of gender mainstreaming policies in education programs by the Education and Culture Office of Buru Regency because the initial data encountered in the implementation of gender mainstreaming is still limited to socialization and discourse but has not progressed to policy implementation. This research is a qualitative research, the source of data is obtained from purposively selected informants such as the Head of Service, Head of Division at the Education and Culture Office of Buru Regency, and the Head of SMP 9 Buru, and SMK 7 Buru who are considered to have knowledge that is in accordance with the research objectives. Data collection techniques using interviews and documentation. Analysis of the data using the interactive model of Miles and Huberman which includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The data validity technique was carried out by source triangulation and technical triangulation. This study concludes that the District Education Office of Buru has not yet made or initiated legal regulations that support gender mainstreaming. On the other hand, the education office, which should be an institution that carries out mandatory affairs in the field of education, has not fully implemented or implemented gender-based policies so that it will affect directly related institutions or institutions such as schools and other supporting institutions in the education sector.

Challenges in Gender Mainstreaming in the Department of Education: Basis for Proposed Intervention Program for Secondary Teachers in the Division of Zambales

The study aimed to determine the challenges in gender mainstreaming in the Department of Education. The study made use of descriptive research design with the aid of questionnaires the main instrument in gathering the data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The study revealed that a typical respondent was in their middle adulthood aged thirty-one to forty, majority were female, most have rendered zero to four years in service, more than half of the public secondary teachers are Teacher I, and most of the public secondary teachers attended three to five numbers of relevant training on gender mainstreaming. The public secondary teachers identified that the security, health and other student services was moderately serious problem while facilities, administration, instruction and curriculum was not a problem. There was a statistically significant difference on the problems encountered by the public secondary teachers on the gender mainstreaming implementation in terms of administration and curriculum when grouped according to age and number of relevant training attended on gender mainstreaming. There was a statistically significant difference on the problems encountered by the public secondary teachers on the gender mainstreaming implementation in terms of instruction when grouped according to number of relevant training attended on gender mainstreaming. There was a significant difference on the problems encountered by the public secondary teachers on the gender mainstreaming implementation in terms of facilities when grouped according to sex, length of service and number of relevant training attended on gender mainstreaming. There was a significant difference on the problems encountered by the public secondary teachers on the gender mainstreaming implementation in terms of security, health and other student services when grouped according to sex and number of relevant training attended on gender mainstreaming. The proposed intervention program addresses the gender mainstreaming implementation for public secondary teachers in the Division of Zambales

Invarianza de la medición en el índice de Evaluación Sensible para la Igualdad de Género (SAGE) en distintos grados: Hallazgos correspondientes a dos grados de Educación en España

Western European countries have made impressive gender equality (GE) progress in education during the last few decades. Unfortunately, the implementation of gender mainstreaming (GM) in higher education has not been satisfactory. This paper describes a survey-based research study designed to explore student teachers’ perceptions of training for GE in teacher education (TE) using the Sensitive Assessment for Gender Equality (SAGE) index. The study firstly aims to analyse the factor invariance across degree of the SAGE and secondly tries to describe the status of GM implementation in teacher education programmes from students’ perspectives. Data were collected from 398 student teachers (84% female) aged 21.44, enrolled on two TE programmes from a public higher education institution in the Autonomous Region of Valencia (Spain). Using single and multi-group CFA the study revealed that the proposed three-factor structure of the SAGE fitted well to early childhood and elementary school student teachers’ data, thus suggesting equivalence between its components in both samples. Early childhood students scored significantly higher than elementary school student teachers in their reported perceptions of gender equality training and awareness of gender inequalities. Results will be displayed in terms of identifying institutional and curricular needs for GE education practices as findings reveal a clear demand for change.

Gender Knowledge and Gender Expertise: The Implementation of Gender Mainstreaming in Swedish State Agencies

Abstract Through an analysis of the Swedish government development program for gender mainstreaming in state agencies—the JIM (Jämställdhet i myndigheter)program—this article analyzes how gender equality is constructed (gender knowledge) and what role specialized knowledge (gender expertise) has in policy implementation. The article claims that even in best-case scenarios, such as Sweden, where intensive efforts to integrate a gender perspective have been undertaken, gender knowledge is based on visions and strategies that do not question prevailing policy paradigms. However, cross-cutting and intersectional conceptualizations of gender equality have created epistemic space for transformative interventions on the part of gender experts.

Social capital and feminist power: promoting gender mainstreaming in Taiwan

ABSTRACT Feminist researchers have used social movement concepts such as the “velvet triangle,” mobilizing structures, and political opportunity to explain why national governments and international organizations adopt gender mainstreaming. However, these theories are unable to explain patriarchy’s profound influence on bureaucrats or to propose strategies to reduce bureaucratic resistance. This study suggests that Putnam’s social capital theory allows us to see that, in the political process of gender mainstreaming, feminist activists need social relations to strengthen their mobilizing solidarity, potential allies, legitimacy, and power. We examined how and why the Taiwanese feminist activists who participated in women’s policy machineries from 2005 to 2009 successfully institutionalized gender mainstreaming throughout the central government, including the installation of individual gender equality committees in all ministries. We found that their success lay in their ability to utilize political opportunities, emotion work, and confrontational tactics to enhance their social capital. They also created and established important social capital with and among politicians and civil servants. Their experience shows that gender equality mechanisms that allow civil society groups to engage in decision-making processes and that provide regular opportunities for dialogue between feminists and state actors can improve gender mainstreaming implementation and reduce bureaucratic resistance.

Gender mainstreaming and attainment of sustainable development goals: does Nigeria have the political will to successfully work the talk?

Since the 1995 Beijing conference, gender mainstreaming has become a topical issue internationally. The philosophy entails bringing gender issues at the centre of societal endeavors to ensure gender equality. Nigeria, among other nations, ratified the convention that gave rise to gender mainstreaming as a veritable strategy in societal development. At the end of 2015, the UN scored Nigeria low in the attainment of the eight core Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Attainment of gender equality was one of the core goals of the MDG which supposed to make women beneficiaries of the policies of the Federal Government of Nigeria to the same extent as men. Successive governments in Nigeria have articulated excellent programmes such as Better Life for Rural Women and Family Economic Advancement Programme (FEAP) to drive the process, yet none has significantly addressed the yawning gap of inequality between men and women in every sphere of life in the country. Women, compared to men, are significantly underrepresented in decision-making positions, access to education and economic resources. The paper is concerned that no sustainable development stride can be achieved in the face of the enormous gender challenge in the country. Using secondary data, the authors observe that strong political will, monitoring and evaluation, among other factors, are lacking in the implementation of gender mainstreaming in Nigeria.

Practical and Theoretical Limitations of Inclusion of Gender Mainstreaming Strategy in Development Activities of Agencies

Abstract The paper examines some practical and theoretical constraints accompanying the inclusion of gender mainstreaming as a gendered strategy of equality in development by agencies. The paper employs the documentary method of research with reliance on the secondary sources of data collection. The thrust of the paper is that as a transformative strategy, gender mainstreaming transcends focus on women concerns only and embraces women and men equality matters. The incorporation of the concerns and experiences of both women and men into policy-making, planning and decision-making of organisations and governments as envisaged with the gender mainstreaming strategy holds the potential for huge success for development and society. Yet, the paper argues that the implementation of gender mainstreaming by agencies largely seems to lack proper coordination due to conceptual, institutional, operational, and political problems, making it difficult for the strategy to achieve the expected outcome. The paper recommends that reaching a consensus on the concept of mainstreaming and its approaches among stakeholders and a radical reorganisation of the institutional and political structures of organisations are central to achieving the gender equality goal of mainstreaming.

PENGARUSUTAMAAN GENDER DALAM KEGIATAN BELAJAR DAN PEMBELAJARAN PADA SEKOLAH DASAR DI DKI JAKARTA

The purpose of this study is to find out the implementation of gender mainstreaming in teaching learning process at elementary schools in Jakarta. This research used survey method for 30 respondents conducted at 30 elementary schools in Jakarta. Indicators of gender mainstreaming in teaching learning process were related to punishment given to the students, roles played by the students, teaching method for the students, opportunities given to the students, rewards given to the students, evaluation, and students’ participations. The result of study shows that mean score of gender mainstreaming in teaching learning process reached 21.17 or 88.19 % from theoretically maximum score. It means that implementation of gender mainstreaming in teaching learning process at 88.19 % from 30 elementary school has already been effective. Gender mainstreaming in teaching learning process at 30 elementary schools achieved 43.33 % higher than average score whereas 26.66 % lower than average score. It can be concluded that implementation of gender mainstreaming in teaching learning process at 43.33 % from 30 elementary schools has already been effective. In other words, gender mainstreaming in teaching learning process at 13 elementary schools has already been effective. On the other hand, implementation of gender mainstreaming in teaching learning process has not been optimal.

KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH DALAM PEMBERDAYAAN PEREMPUAN DI KABUPATEN DEMAK

The general explanation of Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government explains that thegranting of the broadest autonomy to the regions is directed to accelerate the realization of thewelfare of the community through the improvement of services, empowerment, and communityparticipation. This research is related to community empowerment, especially local government policyin women empowerment. The method used in normative juridical research is by reviewing variouslaws related to women empowerment, especially the policy of local government of Demak regency,and to examine the programs conducted by the government Regions through the Office of Women’sEmpowerment. To analyze the research results used qualitative analysis by giving interpretationof local government policy related to empowering woman to answer problem in this research. Theresults showed that the policy of Demak Regency Government in the empowerment of women is:a) Empowerment of women entered in one of the Head of District Mission in 2011-2016, BupatiRegulation No. 07 of 2012 on General Guidelines Implementation of Gender Mainstreaming in DemakDistrict, 401/0057/2016 on Gender Responsive Planning and Budgeting SKPD.b) Work programsimplemented by KP2PA include: 1) improvement of women’s quality of life and child protection, 2)institutional strengthening of gender mainstreaming, 3) harmony of policies to improve the qualityof children and women,4) enhancement of participation and gender equality in development

Organizational perspective to gender mainstreaming in the Finnish state administration

ABSTRACTGender mainstreaming has been celebrated as a new policy strategy for change in gender relations. However, its transformative potential seems to be lost in the process of implementation. The aim of this article is to evaluate the policy effectiveness of gender mainstreaming and its ability to bring about change in gendered social structures and practices. Previous research has focused on gender mainstreaming as a policy strategy. This article provides a new perspective on the problems of implementation by approaching gender mainstreaming from an organizational perspective. Gender mainstreaming takes place in certain organizational contexts, implemented by local actors. This article reveals the practices of implementation in the Finnish state administration, specifically in the Ministry of Defence. The analysis is based on a discursive reading of thirteen group and individual interviews collected in the Ministry of Defence in 2012. The article pinpoints two interlinking problems concerning implementation of gender mainstreaming on the organizational level. First, the state officials, who should implement gender mainstreaming, do not have enough information to do so successfully. Second, there is resistance toward gender mainstreaming on the organizational level. This article suggests that negotiations about gender, gender equality and gender mainstreaming as complex issues concerned with social power relations should be included in the process of implementing gender mainstreaming.

The Interrogative Approach to Gender Mainstreaming as a Vehicle to Women Development in Africa

The gap between policy development and implementation is often wide. Governments and organizations develop policies which are attractive on paper and which are often not well implemented; one of such policies is on gender mainstreaming. Gender mainstreaming is an important strategy which can bring about the up-liftment of women if well implemented and monitored. However, systems in various organizations make it difficult for the successful implementation thereof. Laws in developing economies are not yet favourable to women. Women are still living in hard conditions and are often overlooked when employment opportunities arise. Fewer women have the privilege of moving up the economic and political ladders. Most women still face challenges in accessing education, credit, ownership of land and businesses. Therefore this compels one to interrogate the policies and strategies that are in place, and which were meant to uplift women, as to whether they are effective or not. The discourse in this article focuses on the implementation of gender mainstreaming as a means of achieving women emancipation and economic development in Africa. The arguments are presented under the precis that development and economic freedom are embedded in equal opportunities and access. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n27p1431

Género y gestión de riesgos: una propuesta desde la experiencia clínica en la coadyuvancia de la acción popular de la micro cuenca la Picacha de Medellín

From the popular action brought by events generated by the watershed La Picacha in Medellin, the Public Interest Law Clinic of American University (UNAULA) discusses the clinical experience with gender perspective presented in the judicial process. Initially, the article refers to clinical legal education as a pedagogical and methodological framework hosting experience; makes a contextualization of the phenomenon judicialized addresses gender as a category of analysis to realize the rule of law, prevention and disaster gendered, risks and damages that women face in a natural disaster, culminating in the implementation of gender mainstreaming in the intervention of La Picacha case, and some conclusions.