Gender Identity Scale Research Articles

Evaluation of ambivalent sexism in Colombia and validation of the ASI and AMI brief scales.

Sexism has implications for people's physical and mental health. Thus, understanding sexism and its prevalence is key to understanding the phenomenon. In the current study, 717 Colombian men and women completed the brief scales of Ambivalent Sexism toward women and men and the Gender Identity Scale. The assessment was conducted using a web-based method. Both scales, as expected, were two-dimensional. Reliability ranged from .83 to .88. Moderate and high correlations were observed with the Gender Identity Scale. Men showed higher levels of hostile and benevolent sexism toward women and benevolent sexism toward men. It was also found that the higher the level of education, the lower the rates of sexism toward men and women. The brief scales were valid and reliable for measuring hostile and benevolent sexism in Colombia.

Pre- and Post-Surgery Attitudes on Gender Identity and Expression

Introduction: Transgender and gender non-binary (TGNB) patients may choose to receive gender-affirming surgery (GAS) in order to better align their bodies with their gender identities. In this study, we examined the change in patients’ comfort, both with their physical appearance and interpersonal interactions, before and after transfeminine GAS through a validated survey tool. Methods: The study was performed at an academic medical institution’s center for transgender medicine and surgery, assessing the outcomes of patients who had undergone GAS. This included vaginoplasty, facial feminization, or chest feminization surgery. The survey included binary questions related to gender identity and Likert scale interpersonal questions. The pre-surgery mean response to each of the 14 survey questions was compared with the mean response 12 months post-surgery using a two-sample t-test assuming equal variances. Results: Patients receiving transfeminine GAS were administered the survey pre-surgery (398 respondents), 2 weeks post-surgery (263 respondents), 6 months post-surgery (94 respondents), and 12 months post-surgery (68 respondents). The mean responses post-surgery for a majority of the survey questions were significantly closer to 0, meaning that patients disagreed significantly more strongly with the survey questions after receiving gender-affirming surgery, while also showing improvement in patients’ sense of how others perceived them. Conclusion: Patients choose to undergo GAS in order to better align their physical appearance with their gender identity. Our findings indicate that patient’s comfort with others’ perceptions of their gender continues to improve over time after GAS. These findings should contribute to better public understanding of GAS and its medical necessity.

Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Gender Identity Scale for Transgender Women in China.

Transgender women are an important subgroup of the transgender umbrella and have their own unique gender identity. This article aimed to understand and measure the latent concept of gender identity among Chinese transgender women from a multi-dimensional perspective. Through a two-phase, iterative scale development process, we developed the Gender Identity Scale for Transgender Women (GIS-TW) in Chinese. Literature reviews, expert consultations, and focus groups constitute phrase 1 of the study, which resulted in the first version of GIS-TW with 30 items. In phrase 2, exploratory factor analysis on a sample of 244 Chinese transgender women revealed a six-factor solution across the 22 items. The Bem Sex Role Inventory was included to test for convergent validity, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to test discriminant validity. Then we conducted the confirmatory factor analysis with an independent sample of 420 Chinese transgender women, which produced the final version of GIS-TW with 21 items. The internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.71–0.87) and test-retest stability (r = 0.73–0.87) of each factor was good. In conclusion, the GIS-TW is a reliable and valid psychometric tool for the assessment of Chinese transgender women’s gender identity. Future application of the scale will help transgender women obtain better gender confirmative interventions.

Counselor Competence Gender Identity Scale: Measuring Bias, Knowledge, and Skills Among School Counselors

The measures presently available to examine the effectiveness of school counselors to provide counseling services to youth and emerging adults who identify as gender diverse are limited. This mixed-methods research study aimed to validate the psychometric properties of the Counselor Competence Gender Identity Scale (CCGIS) with a sample of school counselors. The CCGIS is a competency-based assessment that measures the effectiveness of counselors who provide services to gender diverse individuals in schools. We also examined school counselors’ levels of gender identity counselor competence in relation to region of practice. Considering requests by many gender diverse individuals to have gender-inclusive curriculum in the schools and the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender minority youth, we recruited school counselors in the United States to take the CCGIS so its factor structure and validity could be examined. Exploratory factor analysis retained 25 items that formed four subscales with good internal consistency. Criterion and concurrent validity tests indicated that the CCGIS is psychometrically sound. The CCGIS was able to discriminate between groups of school counselors based on region. The CCGIS is a valid tool that can be self-administered by school counselors to assess their effectiveness with gender diverse students.

Presión Social de Familia y Amistades en la Conformación de la Identidad de Género en Adolescentes de la Ciudad de México

México ha desarrollado diversas acciones que buscan cambiar el sistema tradicional binario de los géneros para promover la equidad entre estos (CONAPRED, 2018, 2018). Se ha identificado que, a través de las amistades del mismo sexo, se socializan los patrones de género típicos socialmente para mujeres y hombres (Winstead, Derlega, & Rose, 1997). El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la asociación entre la presión social de amistades y familiares en la conformación de la identidad de género (Córdoba & Sapién, 2011). Para lo cual, se conformó una muestra de 313 adolescentes quienes contestaron la escala de identidad de género (Eagan & Perry, 2001). Los hallazgos muestran que los hombres tienen mayor presión social por la familia y amistades que las mujeres, además se encontró que la presión social por parte de las amistades predice la identidad de género durante la adolescencia en hombres y mujeres. Particularmente, en hombres se observa que la presión de amistades del mismo sexo conlleva a tener mayor autopercepción de las conductas no típicas al género asignado. Finalmente, existen percepciones que apuntan a que los esfuerzos por la equidad de los géneros tienen incidencia en la conformación de la identidad de género en las mujeres.

Psychometric Properties of the Multifaceted Gender-Related Attributes Survey (GERAS).

Since the 1920s, psychologists have sought to assess the sex- and gender-related attributes of men and women, including primarily aspects of personality and focusing on positive characteristics. In this paper, we introduce a new questionnaire for assessing gender-related attributes with a broader approach than provided by previous ones. Therefore, the questionnaire includes (a) not only personality traits but also cognitions and interests and (b) not only positive but also negative and neutral characteristics. Two independent datasets were acquired (Study 1: N = 1,466; Study 2: N = 471) for development and psychometric analyses. Factor analysis confirmed a hierarchical structure with two separate dimensions of masculinity and femininity overarching the multiple first-order domains of personality, cognition, and interests. Analyses of reliability and convergence with other gender identity and personality scales revealed sufficient values. The new instrument discriminated between the biological sexes and was related to the gender quotas in participants' occupations and social environments, thus providing evidence for criterion-related validity. Therefore, we propose the Gender-Related Attributes Survey (GERAS) as a useful tool for objectively assessing gender-related attributes across multiple facets in gender and sex-difference research.

The Gender Identity Scale: Adapting the Gender Unicorn to measure gender identity.

The Gender Identity Scale: Adapting the Gender Unicorn to measure gender identity.

Contextual variance and invariance in self-perceived gender typicality and pressure to conform to gender role expectations

Evidence of cultural comparisons of gender-identity-measurement scales is scarce. The present study aims to assess the scalar invariance of two dimensions of a widely used gender identity scale (Egan and Perry’s Multidimensional Gender Identity Inventory) across two cultural contexts. Fourth, sixth, and fifth graders from Barranquilla (Colombia) and Montréal (Canada) (n = 351) completed an abbreviated, self-report revised version of Egan and Perry’s scale. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis demonstrated that typicality and pressure to conform to traditional gender roles are distinct factors and tend to be stable over time. Furthermore, a multi-group comparison analysis showed that the measurement model did not vary significantly as a function of cultural context. Our study adds evidence to support the use of a reliable and valid measurement instrument that is invariant across cultural settings, to allow comparisons that do not depend on contextual variations in the assessment of gender identity during childhood.

Child abuse victimization among transgender and gender nonconforming people: A systematic review.

Conduct a systematic review of abuse of transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) people in childhood. Scopus, PubMed, PsychInfo databases were searched. Articles included in final analysis were those with respondents who reported childhood abuse and were either transgender adults or described gender nonconforming traits in childhood. Of 186 articles originally identified, 14 are included in the final review. Research on TGNC individuals and child abuse varied in how populations were identified and methodology used. Those who are transgender and those who display gender nonconforming traits in childhood are at risk for child abuse and sequelae. Research should use the two-step methodology of identifying transgender people. Recalled Childhood Gender Identity Scale should be used. Providers should screen for child abuse.

PS-07-010 Psychological survey and medical form to establish objective evaluation criteria of outcome about phalloplasty in pediatric age

The problem of objective assessment about aesthetic/functional Results and psychological implication after male external genitalia reconstructive surgery is yet known in the literature. To establish objective evaluation criteria of outcome about De Castro’s neo-phalloplasty in children, we created a psychological survey submitted to patients/parents and a form with medical parameters evaluated from the surgeon Medical form is divided in subjective and objective parameters. Subjective (surgeons’, parents’ and patients’ estimations) parameters are: overall appearance of external genitalia, look of penis - scrotum - penile scars - abdominal scars and look/position of the umbilicus; scored as extremely-poor, poor, acceptable, good, excellent or better in a ranking from 0 to 10. Objective parameters are: Tanner scale, Faisal external and internal masculinization score, sex hormones attitude, length of the ventral and dorsal aspect of penis and difference between the two, penile diameter, location of the urethral ending, urinary continence/voiding, patient’s position during micturition, presence of penile erection – masturbation - erogenous areas - sexual intercourse – insertion of penile prosthesis. The survey evaluate patients and parents psychological/sexual aspects and quality of life post-phalloplasty. Tests used: Child Behaviour Checklist, Parenting Stress Index, Children Global Assessment Scale, Body Uneasiness Test, Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Multi-Attitude Suicide Tendency Scale, Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire, Duss Tales, Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale, Body Image Scale, Recalled Childhood Gender Identity Scale

An Application of the Minority Stress Model in a Non-Western Context: Discrimination and Mental Health Among Sexual and Gender Minorities in Macedonia

We examined an application of the minority stress model to the experiences of sexual and gender minorities in Macedonia. We conducted a cross-sectional online national survey among 18–30-year-old participants in Macedonia. We facilitated two focus groups with a subset of sexual and gender minority participants to gain an additional context about their everyday lives and experiences of discrimination. We performed unadjusted and adjusted linear regression models between sexual and gender identity and discrimination scales, as well as rumination and social anxiety. We calculated indirect effects using the Judd and Kenny difference of coefficients approach and used framework analysis to analyze the focus groups. Overall, 396 persons completed the survey, 178 identified as cisgender male and 200 identified as cisgender female. Sexual and gender minorities had higher scores on the rumination scale, 48.6 vs. 45.6 (p = 0.039), as compared to non-sexual and gender minorities. Sexual and gender minority persons had scores on the social anxiety that were higher than those of non-sexual and gender minority persons, 17.7 vs. 12.9 (p = 0.000). Experiences of discrimination due to one’s sexual orientation and gender identity accounted for a substantial portion of the increased anxiety and rumination. Focus groups confirmed the quantitative findings. Sexual and gender minority persons in Macedonia have poorer mental health outcomes as compared to non-sexual and gender minority persons, with discrimination being a major factor. Policies are needed to safeguard their rights, and interventions are also needed to provide mental health support and services to the population in an identity-friendly and affirming manner.

The Development of Gender Identity Scale in Sports Participants

The Development of Gender Identity Scale in Sports Participants

The Development of Gender Identity Scale in Sports Participants

The Development of Gender Identity Scale in Sports Participants

Recalled Gendered Behavior in Childhood: A Comparison of Androphilic Men, Gynephilic Men, and Androphilic Women in Japan.

The current study tested the hypothesis that men who are androphilic (sexually attracted to adult men) in a non-Western, developed country-Japan-would recall engaging in more female-typical behavior, and less male-typical behavior, in childhood, compared to men who are gynephilic (sexually attracted to adult women). Androphilic men, androphilic women, and gynephilic men (N=302) responded to the Female-Typical Behavior Subscale and the Male-Typical Behavior Subscale of the Childhood Gender Identity Scale, which asked participants to recall their childhood behavior. Results indicated that gynephilic men scored highest on the Male-Typical Behavior Subscale and lowest on the Female-Typical Behavior Subscale. Androphilic women scored the highest on the Female-Typical Behavior Subscale and lowest on the Male-Typical Behavior Subscale. Androphilic men scored intermediately for both the Male- and Female-Typical Behavior Subscales. The results supported the hypothesis that Japanese androphilic men would recall greater gender-nonconforming childhood behavior compared to gynephilic men. These results further reinforce the conclusion that childhood gender-nonconforming behavior is a cross-culturally universal aspect of psychosexual life course development in androphilic men. We discuss why this may be the case, as well as why cross-cultural variation occurs in the magnitude with which recalled childhood gender nonconformity is reported by androphilic males.

Prevalence of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender among Japanese university students: a single institution survey.

To elucidate the prevalence of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) among Japanese youth, we conducted a survey research that targeted university students. Participants were first-year students (n=1597) at Ibaraki University, Japan (Phase 1 study) or second- to fourth-year students (n=944) at the university who were randomly preferred in the survey (Phase 2 study). Surveys measured gender identity and sexual orientation, partly using the gender identity scale (GIS). The prevalence of LGBT youth among university students were 2.7%, 0.5%, 5.3%, and 0.8% (Phase 1 study) or 1.4% (Phase 2 study), respectively. The GIS scores of the transgender group were significantly lower than those of the female, male, and LGB groups (p<0.01). This is the first to clarify the prevalence of LGBT among youth in Japan. It has been suggested that such individuals in Japan, as in other countries, are at risk for physical and mental health concerns, thereby necessitating social and medical intervention. Further investigation in these areas will be needed.

Female mate retention, sexual orientation, and gender identity.

The current study investigated the influence of sexual orientation on mate retention behavior while controlling for the potentially confounding effects of gender identity. Heterosexual (n 70), bisexual (n 55), and homosexual (n 73) women (aged 18‐53, M 21.75, SD 5.44) completed the Mate Retention Inventory and Masculine Gender Identity Scale for females. When controlling for gender identity, women of heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual orientation differed in their use of four mate retention acts (resource display, verbal possession signals, physical possession signals, and possessive ornamentation). Retention behaviors were most and least frequently used by homosexual and heterosexual women, respectively. The results suggest that gender identity does not explain the sexual orientation differences in female mate retention.

The Relationship Between Second‐to‐Fourth Digit Ratio and Female Gender Identity

Gender identity and the second-to-fourth finger length ratio (2D : 4D) are discriminative between the sexes. However, the relationship between 2D : 4D and gender identity disorder (GID) is still controversial. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between 2D : 4D and score on the Gender Identity Scale (GIS) in female-to-male (FtM) GID subjects. Thirty-seven GID-FtM with testosterone replacement therapy from our clinic were included in this study. As controls, 20 male and 20 female volunteers participated from our institution (medical doctors and nurses). We photocopied left and right hands of the participants and measured the second and fourth finger lengths. Gender identity was measured with the GIS. 2D : 4D digit ratio and GIS in male, female, and GID-FtM subjects. The 2D : 4D (mean ± standard deviation) in male, female, and GID-FtM were 0.945 ± 0.029, 0.999 ± 0.035, and 0.955 ± 0.029 in right hand and 0.941 ± 0.024, 0.979 ± 0.040, and 0.954 ± 0.036 in left hand, respectively. The 2D : 4D was significantly lower in male controls in both hands and GID-FtM in the right hand than in female controls (P < 0.05, analysis of variance). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that "consistent gender identity" score in the higher domain in GIS and "persistent gender identity" score in the lower domain are statistically significant variables correlating with 2D : 4D in the right hands among biological females. The finger length ratio 2D : 4D in GID-FtM was significantly lower than in female controls in the right hand in this study. 2D : 4D showed a positive correlation with GIS score. Because 2D : 4D influences are assumed to be established in early life and to reflect testosterone exposure, our results suggest a relationship between GID-FtM and perinatal testosterone.

Factor Structure of a Multidimensional Gender Identity Scale in a Sample of Chinese Elementary School Children

This study examined the factor structure of a scale based on the four-dimensional gender identity model (Egan and Perry, 2001) in 726 Chinese elementary school students. Exploratory factor analyses suggested a three-factor model, two of which corresponded to “Felt Pressure” and “Intergroup Bias” in the original model. The third factor “Gender Compatibility” appeared to be a combination of “Gender Typicality” and “Gender Contentment” in the original model. Follow-up confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated that, relative to the initial four-factor structure, the three-factor model fits the current Chinese sample better. These results are discussed in light of cross-cultural similarities and differences in development of gender identity.

Enhancing Masculinity by Slandering Homosexuals

The current studies investigate the effects of homophobic labels on the self-perception of heterosexual males, hypothesizing that when exposed to homophobic epithets, they are motivated to underline their masculinity and claim a distinctly heterosexual identity by taking distance from homosexuals and, to a lesser degree, from women. Heterosexual male participants were subliminally (Study 1) and supraliminally (Study 2) primed either by a homophobic epithet or by a category label, and completed the Traditional Beliefs About Gender and Gender Identity scale. Participants stressed their heterosexual identity, but not their gender distinctiveness, when exposed to homophobic epithets, compared to category labels. Study 2 demonstrated that the relation between the homophobic label and the participants' heterosexual identity was mediated by how negatively they reacted to the antigay label. Heterosexual identity was enhanced in reaction to homophobic labels but not to an equally derogatory label referring to regional identity. Results are discussed within an intergroup framework.

Continuity in Sex-Typed Behavior from Preschool to Adolescence: A Longitudinal Population Study of Boys and Girls Aged 3–13 Years

Sex-typed behavior was assessed at age 3 using the Pre-School Activities Inventory, and at age 13 using the Multidimensional Gender Identity Scale, in 54 masculine boys, 57 masculine girls, 75 feminine boys, 65 feminine girls, 61 control boys, and 65 control girls. At age 13, girls who had been masculine at age 3 felt less similar to other girls, were less content being a girl, and had greater self-efficacy for male-typed activities than control girls, and girls who had been feminine at age 3 had greater self-efficacy for female-typed activities. Boys who had been feminine at age 3 felt less similar to other boys and had lower self-efficacy for male-typed activities than control boys at age 13, and boys who had been masculine at age 3 felt more competent in agentic roles. Thus, sex-typed behavior at age 3 predicted sex-typed behavior at age 13. It was concluded that the degree of sex-typed behavior shown by preschool children is a good indicator of their degree of sex-typed behavior following the transition to adolescence.