Gender Identity Formation Research Articles

Gender Identity Formation of Single Parent Children in Pinang Sebatang Barat Village, Tualang District, Siak Regency (Study Case: Single Parent Families and Gender Identity Formation)

This study was conducted in Pinang Sebatang Barat Village, Tualang District, Siak Regency. This study aims to identify how single mothers and fathers shape the gender identity of children aged 3-7 years through their roles as caregivers, educators, and breadwinners. This study involved 6 subjects, consisting of 5 single mothers and 1 single father, selected using purposive sampling techniques. The theory used in this study is Albert Bandura's social learning theory, which looks at the process of forming children's gender identity through observation, imitation, and behavioral reinforcement. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, as well as a case study research type. Data collection techniques are carried out through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. To ensure data validity, researchers also use triangulation methods to compare results from different methods and sources. The results of this study indicate that single mothers and fathers have challenges in shaping children's gender identity, especially in modeling masculine or feminine gender roles. Limited time and economic resources are often obstacles for single parents in carrying out parenting and education functions, so that some children are cared for more by other family members, such as siblings or grandparents. Nevertheless, the role of single mothers in providing positive reinforcement for children's behavior still seems important in the social learning process. Based on these findings, researchers suggest that single parents need social and economic support to help them shape their children's gender identity in the most effective way.

Tracing the Integration Journey: A Qualitative Study of Conflict Between Gender/Sexuality Identity and Religiosity Among LGBTQ Individuals in Indonesia

The mainstream religious perspective that opposes homosexuality and cross-gender expression creates a dilemma for LGBTQ individuals, especially those who grew up with a specific religious affiliation. This can result in internal conflict between gender and religiosity. The present study aims to explore how individuals perceive and cope with the conflict between their religious status and gender and sexual identity over time. We used qualitative methods, specifically the grounded theory approach, which allowed for a focus on the process of theory formation and development. Six participants were selected using purposive and snowball sampling criteria: 1) they identified as part of the LGBTQ community; 2) they had practiced or were currently practicing a particular religion, and; 3) they were at least 18 years old. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. We developed an “Integration Model of Conflict Between Gender/Sexuality Identity and Religiosity” derived from Cass’s Gender Identity Formation Model [6]. This model consists of the following stages: nonconform, questioning, conflict, exploration, self-identify, compromise, self-integration, and spiritual integration. Additionally, we observed how cognitive appraisal and attachment to religion as a community can play a role in preventing gender-religiosity conflict. This study provides insight into the experiences of LGBTQ individuals who also have a religious affiliation and may be struggling with conflicting identities. The model developed in this study can be used as a framework for understanding and supporting individuals going through this process. Keywords: LGBTQ+, gender, Indonesia

A - 62 Sexual Trauma in the Autistic LGBTQ+ Community

Abstract Objective Individuals with neurodevelopmental disabilities are more than twice as likely to be sexually abused than individuals without neurodevelopmental disabilities. Similarly, LGBTQ+ individuals experience greater instances of sexual assault than their heterosexual, cisgender counterparts. Using a qualitative approach, this study explored reports of sexual trauma in a sample of LGBTQ+ individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method Participants were recruited electronically, by word of mouth, and using handouts disseminated throughout the Chicagoland community. In addition to reporting a diagnosis of ASD and identifying as part of the LGBTQ+ community, participants had to be at least 18 years of age, independent of a legal guardian, and English-speaking. Sixty-four participants completed electronically-administered surveys with forced-choice and open-ended questions about their experiences of sexuality and gender identity formation. A secondary analysis was completed to identify participants who reported histories of sexual trauma. Results Five participants (7%) reported histories of sexual abuse. Two participants referenced learning about sex as a result of their abuse. One participant referenced their sexual abuse as a contribution to their identity formation as a queer, non-binary individual. Participants noted current personal struggles as a result of their trauma (e.g., sexual and relationship difficulties, loneliness, isolation). Conclusions Participant responses demonstrate the lasting, pervasive impact sexual assault has on social and emotional wellbeing. Findings from this analysis indicate a need for early educational opportunities for children regarding consent, boundaries, and sexual safety. Future research to address abuse and trauma prevention in sex education curriculum is warranted.

The "Female-to-Male" Phenomenon in Short Videos: A Feminist Media Analysis

Feminist media analysis is a set of critical analytical tools used to understand how different kinds of media contribute to the molding of gender and identity, which has played a crucial part in the development of feminism and the media-driven society. This paper conducts a feminist media analysis to investigate the phenomenon of "female-to-male" presentations in TikTok short videos. This paper aims to challenge some traditional notions of "performing gender," as conceptualized by digital media theories, which disrupt established performance standards and promote broader acceptance of diverse practices. Focusing on TikTok users Dayao Tongxue, Chen Lijun, Lapmoby, and Northeast Rain Sister, this research analyzes the content and influence of those influencers to understand how their performances challenge conventional norms and cultivate inclusiveness. The research concludes by examining the impact of social media on the formation of gender identity, specifically in the transition from language-sex to the identification as male or female.

Inclusive education in the language classroom: an investigation into the portrait of gender in language textbooks

ABSTRACT This research aims to investigate gender representation in China’s most popular English language textbooks used in secondary schools. The study examines potential gender biases and stereotypes presented in the materials and investigates their impact on students’ gender identity formation, particularly how they affect female under-representation or sexism in the classroom. To accomplish this, we conducted content analysis of the top ten versions of English language textbooks used in Chinese secondary schools. Our analysis focused on various aspects such as titles, family relationships, physical surroundings, appearance, professions, social engagements, and order of mention. We created a Textbook Gender Bias Index (TGBI) to assess the presence and severity of gender bias in these areas. Our findings reveal that potential gender bias in textbooks correlates significantly with the economic status of the area using that version. Based on our results, we recommend ensuring fair gender representation in educational materials and instructional approaches to prevent biassed gender portrayal, which is crucial for promoting inclusive education in the language classroom. This study provides valuable insights into how gender representation in language textbooks can influence gender identity formation and offers practical recommendations for educators and textbook publishers to make language learning more inclusive.

Visualising the post-2000s Inland Tibet Class generation: female authorship and renegotiation of ethnicity

ABSTRACT This study investigates the first films made by a female director, Kangdrun (T: Gangs sgron, གངས་ྒྲསྒྲོན་, Gangzhen, 岗珍, b. 1995) belonging to the Post-2000s Inland Tibet Class (ITC) generation. Following the experience of the Sinophone-Tibetan filmmaker Kangdrun in a Chinese language education environment, her films, and Tibetan cultural communities, this study discusses Kangdrun’s visual strategies for telling stories from the perspectives of children and youth through a feminine camera eye. The Chinese language education and Tibetan cultural community relations have reshaped the ethnic awareness of the post-2000s ITC generation regarding what can be called ‘a safe Chinese Tibetan citizenship’. This study contributes to a new understanding of modern Tibetan authors’ generational relationships, the expressive styles of the female Sinophone-Tibetan filmmaker, and how affective visuality mediates the cultural, political, and gender identity formation of female artists of the post-2000s ITC generation.

Феномен гендерного беспокойства и его роль в процессе становления гендерной идентичности

Nowadays, society is undergoing a shift in its perception of individuals within a changing world. Accelerating globalization, the transformation of social institutions and the increasing importance of non-traditional values in Western society are becoming not only a matter of personal perception, but also a topic of public discourse. In these conditions, the formation of gender identity is not merely a biological process but also significantly influenced by societal understanding, as the definition of gender roles in society undergoes shifts. The phenomenon of gender dysphoria emerges, characterized by a contradiction between personal perception of gender identity and societal perceptions. The study is devoted to identifying the role of this phenomenon in modern discourse, considering an analysis of its interpretation. The author concludes that the phenomenon of gender dysphoria in the formation of gender identity is associated with understanding gender as a sociocultural category. By recognizing gender as a complex interplay of biology, culture, and personal identity, society can move towards more inclusive and understanding frameworks for gender expression.

Феномен гендера в научном дискурсе

The concept of gender has become increasingly prominent in scientific discourse, reflecting society’s growing recognition of the complexities of human identity and social relations. In this article, the author delves into the multifaceted nature of gender and gender culture, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of these concepts within the framework of scientific inquiry. Gender research spans various academic disciplines, each offering unique insights into the complexities of gender dynamics. Linguistic studies explore the language and discourse surrounding gender, revealing how linguistic practices both reflect and shape gender norms and identities. Psychological research investigates the cognitive processes and social factors that influence gender identity formation and expression. Sociological inquiries examine the social structures and power dynamics that perpetuate gender inequality and discrimination. Philosophical analyzes interrogate the underlying assumptions and conceptual frameworks that underpin our understanding of gender. Cultural studies explore the diverse representations and practices that constitute gender culture within different societies and historical contexts. Gender culture in society is understood as a system of organizing intersexual relations that has developed within the social structure, encompassing a multitude of individual gender cultures and serving as a macroconstruct for them. The concepts of gender and gender culture as sociocultural phenomena serve as methodological tools for studying the specificity and dynamics of specific gender cultures that develop within various sociocultural societal systems. In conclusion, the study of gender and gender culture is essential for advancing our understanding of human diversity and social inequality. By critically examining the conceptual foundations and methodological approaches to gender research, we can contribute to the development of more inclusive and equitable societies that recognize and respect the full spectrum of gender identities and expressions.

Gender diversity in autistic and neurotypical youth over adolescence and puberty: A longitudinal study.

Recent research in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has suggested a higher prevalence of gender diversity in individuals diagnosed with ASD. Adolescence is a critical period for the consolidation of gender identity, yet the extent to which the experience of gender diversity is stable over adolescence and puberty in autistic youth is poorly understood. The aim of the study was to examine the consistency of gender diversity using the gender diversity screening questionnaire for self- and parent-report of youth (GDSQ-S, GDSQ-P) over a four-year longitudinal study of pubertal development in youth with ASD (N = 140, 36 assigned-female-at birth (AFAB)) and typical development (TD, N = 104, 58 assigned-male-at-birth [AMAB]) and their parents. The extent to which diagnosis (ASD vs. TD), assigned sex (AFAB vs. AMAB) and developmental level (age, puberty) predict GDSQ trajectory over time was explored. There was a significant diagnosis by sex-assigned-at-birth by age interaction for GDSQ-S Gender Diversity, p = 0.002, showing higher scores in autistic AFAB youth over adolescence, and TD AFAB showing initially lower, then increasing levels over adolescence. For GDSQ-P, Gender Incongruence was significantly different between the groups, p = 0.032, showing higher incongruence for autistic AFAB around age 10, decreasing between age 12-14 before increasing again, while TD AFAB evidence the inverse trend. AMAB trends were stable. The significant diagnostic, developmental and sex-based differences indicate AFAB youth experience greater gender diversity that evolves over development. Findings suggest gender identity formation is nuanced and may be influenced by pubertal progression, hormonal patterns, and psychosocial factors. Results underscore the need for enhanced understanding of the unique, dynamic profiles of females-assigned-at-birth.

Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dinamiklerinin Açığa Çıkarılması: İran Sineması Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Analiz

The main purpose of this research is to examine the portrayal of gender in Iranian cinema and the subsequent effects on today ‘society, gender dynamics, and individual identity as a result of those impacts. The historical foundation of Iranian cinema, the key films in the industry, and the impact that political and cultural forces have played are all extensively discussed throughout study. Moreover, the paper delves into the portrayal of men and women in Iranian cinema, as well as the impact of the media on the formation of cultural standards and gender identities. It also analyzes the loosening of traditional gender standards, while calling attention to the predominance of destructive female characters in contemporary Iranian cinema and emphasizing the significance of sensitive male characters in that cinema. Furthermore, the study looks at how family connections are shown in Iranian films across time, as well as the delicate interplay of distinct sex, gender, and cultural features.
 As a result, women in Iranian cinema take on more prominent roles, but gender equality remains a challenge, and women continue to create meaningful films that resonate with audiences. The representation of masculinity in Iranian cinema is complex and varied, reflecting changing social and cultural norms in Iranian society. It is portrayed as heroic and honorable in some films, but violent and aggressive in others. This sparks a discussion about cinema’s role in shaping social norms and values, as well as the need for more diverse and nuanced portrayals of masculinity.

GENDER EDUCATION OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN AS A PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEM

The article reveals the relevance of the problem of gender education and the development of this problem in modern Ukrainian research; gender education of older preschool children is considered as a problem of modern pedagogy. It is noted that the problem of gender education of children of older preschool age in the conditions of a preschool education institution is closely related to other types of education: national, moral, family, legal, labor, intellectual, and others; an analysis of the problem of gender education in pedagogical theory was carried out. It is shown that the preschool age is a decisive period of sex-role development, because it is in this period that the formation of gender identity is laid, which in turn connects the consciousness with the child's behavior and shapes his entire subsequent adult life. Attention is focused on the fact that in the process of gender education of older preschool children in the conditions of preschool education institutions, factors that can negatively affect the formation of gender-role identity of preschool children are singled out. A scientific analysis of the pedagogical aspects of the study of gender education of older preschool children is presented. It is noted that the complexity and multifacetedness of the problem of gender education, the high quality of gender education of older preschool children can be ensured by the joint efforts of management and methodical services, scientific institutions, practitioners and parents. It is emphasized that the prospects for further research of the problem are related to overcoming the low level of awareness of gender issues among older preschool children and leveling gender approaches to the program of training educators to work in educational institutions.

Children's Socialization to Gender Identity: A Study of Laurie Frankel’s This Is How It Always Is

The actions and behaviors exhibited by parents play a significant role in shaping the development of gender identity in their children. Several previous studies about gender identity formation in the family context have been published (Bandura & Bussey, 1999; Berenbaum et al., 2006; Boe & Woods, 2018; Friedman et al., 2007; Huston, 1983; Leaper, 2002; Martin & Ruble, 1998; McHale et al., 2003). However, though this study maintains this emphasis, it also broadens it in significant ways using an ecological perspective that focuses on the interaction between individual characteristics and ecological surroundings (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1998). Moreover, this topic's application to literary works appears to be uncommon. There have yet to be any comprehensive investigations into the same subject. The objective of the current study is to examine the impact of parental influence and its consequences on the development of gender identity in a fictional child protagonist named Claude as depicted in Laurie Frankel's literary work titled This Is How It Always Is. The present investigation involves the analysis of data obtained from the novel to examine the topics of family socialization influences and its consequences of societal exclusion and marginalization through the lens of a sociocultural perspective in psychology. The analytical frameworks employed in this study are the Cognitive-developmental theory developed by Martin et al. (2002), and the Gender schema theory proposed by Bem (1981). Additionally, the study examines Claude's social failure to fit.

Sustaining Queer Joy and Potentiality

What possibilities and challenges does the podcast form afford for historically marginalized counterculture music communities? As a complex social phenomenon, music is surrounded by a network of fashion, film, radio, social media, and more that shape its significance and understanding. In the study of queer music, these networked media are central to unpacking the experience and production of queer ‘world-making’ in LGBTQ+ music cultures. Podcasts, too, are an increasingly significant part of this intricate cultural network to provide a space for gender and sexuality identity formation and activism against a history of oppression and misrepresentation. This article asks, how might we approach music podcasting as a tool for sustaining ‘queer joy’ and ‘potentiality’ for LGBTQ+ communities? Established in 2011, Homoground is one of the longest-running English-language music podcasts featuring music by queer (LGBTQ & allied) artists. As a podcast working to showcase queer voices and sounds for over a decade, the show also provides a case of study to reflect on what impact the shifting affordances of the podcast form have had on LGBTQ+ music podcasters prior to and following the 2014 podcast boom into the next decade with increasing concern of discoverability, algorithmic biases, and digital content saturation. With Lynn Casper, co-founder of LGBTQ+ music podcast Homoground, this article explores the role of podcasting in music’s queer world-making conversation and the particular evocations of queer joy and potentiality found in the show’s ability to sustain within an increasingly oversaturated podcast landscape.

The Nature-Nurture Controversy: The Nucleo-genre Paradigm as a Means of Understanding Gender

The relation between the sexes has long been founded on the basis of masculine domination. Interpreting biological differences as evidence of male superiority, social institutions - the family, religious and educational institutions as well as the state - have succeeded in grounding this culture in the collective unconscious so that it has come to be viewed as natural. As a result, dominated women internalized this vision and believed in their unworthiness and inability to compete with the dominating male gender. Even the changes in the condition of women brought about by feminist movements obeyed the logic of the traditional sexual division. Such a division, Pierre Bourdieu notes, extends to homosexuals who emulate the relations of domination among heterosexuals. Biological studies, on the other hand, proved that sexual orientations are based on genetic or hormonal differences. The tendency to naturalize the social and socialize the natural has thus created a gender dilemma, reinforcing the binary division of gender and masculine domination. In this context, Alaa Abd al-Hadi’s Nucleo-genre Paradigm (2008), a world poetics paradigm for the study of literary genres, offers a new way of understanding gender that helps resolve the age-old nature-nurture controversy through its distinction between the “Homogeneous Medium” without which gender does not ontologically exist, the “Isomers" or epistemological structural elements that are shared by various genders, and the “Isotopes” or infinite number of aesthetic characteristics that differ from one individual to another. Moreover, it predicts the formation of new gender identities through its notion of the “Arch-isomer,” which results from the union of two different isomers.

Transformation: From (Trans-)Gender Roles to Profiles.

Combining a philosophical approach with empirical psychology, this essay investigates the relationship between "profilicity," the formation of identity in orientation to profiles, and gender identity. We discuss empirical research that indicates a significant difference between transgender identity in traditional (collectivist) and modern (individualist) societies. We suggest that this difference is due to a shift in the formation of gender identity away from gender roles and toward gender profiles. To substantiate this claim, we first outline a basic theoretical terminology of identity and gender. Then, we critically analyze the representation of gender, including transgender, in contemporary popular culture. Finally-with a descriptive, but not therapeutic intention-we discuss several case studies of identity formation of transgender people. We conclude that theoretical problems arising from historical shifts in gender identity formation, including transgender identity formation, are best conceptualized in terms of profilicity rather than in the still prevailing semantics of authenticity.

On the problem of gender and gender identity in various linguocultures

This article discusses the problems of gender and gender identity. Theoretical and practical aspects of gender identity formation are considered in particular such directions as sociolinguistic, linguoculturological, com- municative-discursive and psycholinguistic. The necessity of a detailed study of the problems of masculinity and femininity from the perspective of person and language is revealed and justified. The article provides ex- amples from various linguistic cultures that clearly demonstrate the differences and similarities in the cognitive perception of a person, taking into account his/her sex. It is revealed that the problem of gender and gender identity originates from ancient times, vividly reflected in oral folk art, in particular in proverbs and sayings. Gender identity in this perspective is a portrait of the person himself, his stereotypical ideas about his/her sex, taking into account culture, language and society. Based on the analysis carried out by the authors, it is shown that language does not just fix gender identity, characteristics or personality qualities related to gender, it constructs and creates them.

Coming Into Identity: How Gender Minorities Experience Identity Formation

Previous studies have found that trans people claim to have consistent gender identities over their lifetimes. As a result, scholars know little about processes through which individuals come to identify differently from their gender assignment. In this article, I analyze how gender minorities in the United States come to identify with new labels, theorizing gender-identity formation as a social process. Despite pressure to present oneself as “trans enough” and despite many individuals’ claims to “always have been” the ways they are, most research participants’ stories illustrate a process of gender-identity change—what I term coming into identity. Coming into identity is the process whereby individuals come to understand themselves in new ways despite living in epistemological systems and constructed realities where such ways of understanding oneself are not widely acknowledged. I find that participants’ coming-into-identity experiences involved self-reflection in relation to (1) exposure to new gender conceptualizations and models, (2) gender experimentation, (3) difficult experiences, and/or (4) conversations with others. This research contributes to our understanding of gender-minority identity formation and the relationships among discourse, narrative, story, social interaction, identity, and agency. I argue that in accounting for coming into their identities, individuals exercise agency, mobilizing and building new narratives and discourses.

Examining the optimal option for gender equality education in the digital era

According to the White Paper on the Development of China's Digital Economy 2021 published by the China Academy of Information and Communication Technology (CAICT), the size of China's digital economy will reach 39.2 trillion yuan in 2020, accounting for 38.6% of GDP and expanding by 9.7% annually. As the digital economy takes off at an accelerated pace, the social effects of the digital era and the transmission of core socialist values affect the lives of the general public, among which the promotion of gender parity in digital life through education and dissemination deserves specific focus.China's internet economy has grown amazingly during the past several years. However, the formation of gender identity in digital space and female subjectivity has flaws, such as women's lack of the right to speak, their vulnerability to marginalization and stigma, and their vulnerability to digital leakage and digital identity abuse. In addition, the emergence of algorithmic bias and implicit gender discrimination within the digital system has become a new problem for digital-era education for the equality of the sexes. Future gender-friendly digital equality spaces can be created by improving gender equality education, increasing the proportion of women developing digital technology, improving female digital literacy, raising publishers' awareness of gender equality, and strengthening regulators' understanding of the concept.

Gender Dynamics, Space, and Identity Formation in Yasmina Khadra’s What the Day Owes the Night (2008, 2011)

Yasmina Khadra’s’ ‘Ce Que le Jour Doit à la Nuit’ (What the Day Owes the Night) is an Algerian best-selling novel originally written in French. Yasmina Khadra is the non de plume of the Algerian army officer, Mohammed Moulesshoul. Moulesshoul utilised a female pseudonym to avoid the inspections of his manuscripts by the army. The version I use in this article is a translation from French by Frank Wynne (2011). Yasmina Khadra discusses the human existence in a way that seeks to determine the purpose of all life beyond one’s social condition. In other words, Yasmina Khadra perceives life as a continuum of interpersonal and intrapersonal relations that possess a strong effect on the social subjects’ existence in the world. Also, being an Algerian drives Yasmina Khadra to concentrate on issues of identity, colonialism, the production, and circulation of particular social and cultural knowledge, along with the struggle of gender and political identification. Yasmina Khadra’s narrative is a manifestation of the struggle to produce a historic national culture and a narrative discourse free of the shackles of colonialist knowledge and mode of thought. This article uses CDA and thematic analysis to critically outline and investigate the gender dynamics and identity formation that characterise Khadra’s narrative discourse.

Gender identity formation in adolescence: A review of gender diversity

The goal of this article is to summarize what is now understood about pathways and influencing elements in adolescence’s gender identity formation. We provide a brief review of identity in terms of gender historically and discuss the emergence of general identities during adolescence, gender identities in the populace at large, and the emergence of gender diversity identities in young people. We are focusing in this article that the medical practitioner’s responsibility in managing gender identity for contribution.