Gender Identity Factors Research Articles

Experiences and factors associated with transphobic hate crimes among transgender women in the San Francisco Bay Area: comparisons across race

BackgroundTrans women experience high rates of gender-based violence (GBV)—a risk factor for adverse health outcomes. Transphobic hate crimes are one such form of GBV that affect trans women. However, little is understood about factors that shape transphobic hate crimes and racial/ethnic variation in these experiences. To contextualize GBV risk and police reporting, we examined self-reported types and correlates of transphobic hate crimes by racial/ethnic group of trans women in the San Francisco Bay Area.MethodsFrom 2016 to 2018, trans women participated in a longitudinal cohort study of HIV. Secondary data analyses (N = 629) examined self-reported experiences of transphobic hate crimes (i.e., robbery, physical assault, sexual assault, and battery with weapon) by race/ethnicity, and whether hate crimes were reported to the police. Chi-square tests and simple logistic regression examined demographic, sociocultural, and gender identity factors associated with transphobic violence experiences and police reporting.ResultsAbout half (45.8%) of participants reported ever experiencing a transphobic hate crime; only 51.1% of these were reported to the police. Among those who reported a hate crime experience, Black (47.9%) and Latina (49.0%) trans women reported a higher prevalence of battery with a weapon; White (26.7%) and trans women of “other” race/ethnicities (25.0%) reported a higher prevalence of sexual assault (p = 0.001). Having one’s gender questioned, history of sex work, homelessness as a child and adult, and a history incarceration were associated with higher odds of experiencing a transphobic hate crime. Trans women who felt their gender identity questioned had lower odds of reporting a hate crime to the police compared to those did not feel questioned.ConclusionsA high proportion of trans women experienced a transphobic hate crime, with significant socio-structural risk factors and racial differences by crime type. However, crimes were underreported to the police. Interventions that address structural factors, especially among trans women of color, can yield violence prevention benefits.

One of the blokes: Brewsters, branding and gender (in)visibility in New Zealand’s craft beer industry

Beer drinking has long been valorised as a masculine performance and a social ritual. But as more women enter the craft beer industry, new opportunities emerge to reframe the cultural discourses around beer. With an interest in the stories women brewers (‘brewsters’) tell, we conducted interviews (n = 6), and a textual analysis of brand strategies (n = 10) used by women-owned beer brands in New Zealand. With an attention towards how gender identity factors into these narratives, we found that women largely reproduce the narrative trope of ‘authenticity’ utilised by craft brewers broadly. Gender identity is largely rendered invisible at the expense of promoting authenticity as a seemingly gender-neutral value. In New Zealand, however, these strategies must be contextualised in a cultural history in which beer drinking and national identity are fundamentally intertwined, and in ways that have has always been coded masculine. Our findings suggest that while branding can potentially enhance the visibility of women as legitimate producers of beer, New Zealand brewsters maintain craft beer as a Pākehā (White European) middle-class masculine cultural form.

Integrating Black feminist thought into conceptual frameworks of African American adolescent women's sexual scripting processes

This paper integrates Black feminist thought with Simon and Gagnon's (). Sexual Scripts: Permanence and Change. Archives of Several Behaviour, 15, 97–120.) framework of sexual script development to illustrate ways in which sexuality socialization, messages, and meanings are internalized and are manifested through sexual scripts among African American adolescent women. The influence of the media, peers, family, and racial and gender identity factors in this process are highlighted. As blueprints about sexual norms, behavior, and experiences, the sexual scripting processes identified through this new paradigm have implications for research and programming that target human sexuality issues within this population.

The relationships among sex, gender identity factors, and career-decision-situation-specified personality traits

The present study revealed that gender identity involved the integration of various gender identity factors as suggested by Spence (1993) and that career-decision-situation-specified personality variables could be classified into higher order personality trait dimensions as suggested by Tellegen (1985). The results also indicate that the pattern of the relationships found in this study among masculine personality traits, feminine personality traits, and careerdecision-situation-specified personality variables reflecting higher-order personality trait dimensions of Tellegen’s (1985) model was similar to that of the relationships among masculine personality traits, feminine personality traits, and general personality traits reflecting higher-order personality trait dimensions in Lubinsky, Tellegen, and Butcher’s (1981, 1983) studies. Multiple regression analyses showed that the addition of a gender identity role attitude factor and a gender identity behavioral interest factor to sex and a gender identity personality trait factor did not improve significantly the prediction of the career-decision-situation-specified personality variables.

Fears in mental retardation: Part one—Types of fears reported by men and women with and without mental retardation

Mentally retarded (MR) and non-mentally retarded (NMR) adults matched for parental occupational levels were compared in their responses to a modified version of the Fear Survey Schedule (FSS-III) allowing only three response categories. The fear items were subdivided into five dimensional categories of fear types: Social Rejection (SR), Agoraphobia (Ag), Tissue damage (TD), Sex and Aggression (SA) and Animal (An). The MR group showed a higher level of self-reported fear overall, modified by a significant group by fear type interaction. All fear types except SR contributed to the overall difference, particularly An and TD type fears. For SR fears, the direction of the difference was marginally reversed. In the NMR group, the usual finding that women express more fears than men was replicated, but there was no sex difference in the MR group. Explanations in terms of linguistic competence, parenting, and social and gender-identity factors are discussed.