Gender Gap In Access Research Articles

Use of Educational Technologies to Promote Gender Inclusivity in Classrooms

COVID’19 pandemic led to increased use of digital technologies in education. It also revealed the gender gaps in access and use of digital technology around the globe, suggested the UNICEF Report in 2021. The report also discussed the digital exclusivity throughout the technological world. “Globally, women are seven percent less likely than men to own a mobile phone and 15 percent less likely to use internet in low- and middle-income countries,” the report said. To understand the use of technology in promoting gender inclusivity in classrooms while considering the above context in mind, the researcher would use secondary data and literature. This paper will also attempt to reveal the challenges and gaps that appear consistently while discussing digital learning. It will also try to address some of the issues regarding the same. This paper will specifically focus on how using digital technology could be used to promote gender inclusivity in classrooms. It will also try to understand the policies and its implications that could be helpful in strengthening digital infrastructure within the Indian context.

Modeling Gender Gap in Access to Empowerment and Agricultural Productive Resources: Evidence from Farming Households in Kaduna State

This research examined gender access to empowerment and agricultural productive resources with a gender dimension. Respondents were selected with random and stratified sampling techniques. Primary data were generated through the administration of well-structured questionnaire. Generated data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Women Empowerment Index (WEI), Global Gender Parity Index (GGPI) and Gini Inequality Index (GII). The result shows that 37% and 60.20% of women and men had access to empowerment programmes respectively in the study area. WEI result showed that women had low access to empowerment variable (WEI = 0.67), the GGPI revealed that women (GGPI = 0.63) had low parity as against the men (GGPI = 0.77) with higher parity index. Furthermore, the Gini Inequality Index that there is inequality in access to agricultural productive resources between men (GII = 0.286) and women (GII = 0.383). The research concluded women had low empowerment and low access to agricultural productive resources as against the men. The research recommended that government programmes should be mainstreamed to ensure that more women have access to them and the extension department should design their programmes to ensure that more women have access to extension services in the study area.

#1866 Gender gap in renal transplantation, myth or truth?

Abstract Background and Aims Multiple works show that women are less likely to receive a kidney transplant (Tx) compared to their male counterparts. We aimed to study the sex differences in access to Tx in our waiting list. We also studied the rate of masculine and feminine donors (Do) and their match to same-sex recipients (Rc). Method We included all adult patients active in our transplant waiting list during a 2-year period (from January 1-2021 to December 31-2022). Our center is a medium volume transplant center, and we only perform Tx from deceased donors, and don't perform combined organ transplantation. We analyzed the rate of women vs male, and Rc's and Do's sex, the degree of sex match and mismatch. We evaluated differences in time in waiting list until Tx, re-transplantation, and hyperimmunized patients, between groups. Results 270 individuals were active in our waiting list, 174 (64%) men, and 96 (36%) women. 142 were transplanted during the study period, 92 (65%) were males, and 50 (35%) females. We found no differences in terms of age, BMI, time to Tx, condition of hyperimmunized or re-Tx in the Rc's group and the rate of Tx (p = 0.34) (see Table A). We had 102 donors, ♀ 41 (40%), ♂ 61 (60%), regarding to their features, differences between age and BMI were statistically non-significant, neither in individually nor delta analysis (see Tables B-C, and Figs A-B). Proportionally more male kidneys were transplanted to female Rc's. Conclusion In our sample, we had a 2:1 rate of males to women in our waiting list, and in access to Tx. Relatively more women received a kidney form a male Do (46 vs 31%). Although other studies find a gender gap in access to kidney Tx, this phenomenon was not found in our sample. However, our results may be conditioned by a small sample size. We need to design well powered and multicentric studies, to dilucidate this controversial issue.

What drive financial inclusion gender gap in Cameroon? A Fairlie decomposition approach

AbstractBased on a Fairlie decomposition method, this paper analyzes the drivers of gender gaps in financial inclusion in Cameroon. We use Finscope 2017 data for Cameroon and assess six distinct financial inclusion variables grouped into two dimensions mainly, access to and use of financial products and services. Our results show that there is a gap in all indicators of access to and use of financial products and services in favor of men. The results also show that the largest contributor to the gender gap in access to financial products and services is income, with more than 50% of the contribution, whereas the largest contributor to the gender gap in the use of financial products and services is education with an average contribution of more than 35%. Based on the above findings, decision‐makers in Cameroon must conduct economic policies toward facilitating equitable access to education, by providing incentives to attract women to gain higher education.

Intrahousehold empowerment gaps and dietary diversity in China.

This article analyzes the relationship between intrahousehold empowerment gaps and food and nutrition security using quantitative data collected through a household survey organized by the Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-AII), in 2023. Based on empowerment theory, this study measured the relative empowerment of spouses from the Abbreviated Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI). From the micro-level evidence of 468 rural households, this study found that intrahousehold empowerment gaps harm the diversity of household diets. In particular, reducing gender gaps in access to resources, leadership, and income can help diversify household diets. However, data on the impact of shortening the difference in working hours between wives and husbands for the benefit of food safety are yet to be conclusive. Additionally, gender gaps in the group of non-coresident mothers-in-law and non-migrants hurt household food security. The paper also provides further justification for policies and interventions that aim to improve women's bargaining position in the household.

Gender gap in access to multi-sectoral resources: The example of Kazakhstan

Gender gap in access to multi-sectoral resources: The example of Kazakhstan

Determinants of Private Tutoring Demand in Rural India

: Private tutoring participation is increasing in several developing countries, and this expansion has attracted the interest of scholars spanning disciplines of economics, sociology and history. This paper presents a theoretical model of private tutoring demand. The model incorporates the household and school characteristics in a developing country context and demonstrates the source of gender gaps in access to private tutoring. Using a recent database from India and employing a hurdle model approach, the paper also provides estimates of the drivers of private tutoring participation and spending for pre-secondary students. Our results indicate evidence of gender gaps in private tutoring access, and that the socio-economic profile of a student is positively correlated with tutoring demand. Further, school quality indicators are negatively correlated with tutoring participation, suggesting that students at ‘better’ schools rely less on tutoring. Overall, the findings suggest that tutoring demand is influenced by a mix of demand-side (household, community drivers) and supply-side (school quality and learning environment) factors. The results bring into focus the equity implications of tutoring growth and the need to improve school quality in order to reduce the dependence on private tutoring.

Gender Gap in Access to Education in Kazakhstan

Gender inequality in education is a problem in both developed and developing countries. This social phenomenon has many negative consequences (income inequality, decline in human capital, reduction in economic growth, etc.). The purpose of this study is to identify the gender inequality in education through the analysis of gender gaps in access to education in Kazakhstan. The study was conducted within the concept of liberal feminism to assess the participation of women in education. Issues of gender inequality in education were studied through the gender parity index, with a focus on the analysis of the enrollment of women and men in education and their satisfaction with the availability of educational services. The main research methods were economic and statistical analysis and comparison. The source base for the study was statistical data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period from 2000 to 2022. The limitation of the study was the lack of data for a certain period or by level of education. The study revealed that in Kazakhstan there is a gender inequality in the field of postgraduate education, where the number of students is dominated by women. During the period under review, gender inequality decreased at the master’s level and increased at the doctoral level. At the same time, during the pandemic, gender inequality in education at the master’s level increased, while at the doctoral level it decreased. The main reason for the emergence of gender inequality in the field of postgraduate education is the low attractiveness of employment in the field of education and science on the part of men due to the low level of income in this area. The results obtained indicate the need to increase the prestige of teaching and research activities among the population, including by raising wages and providing decent social security for specialists in this field.

Effects of household income composition on food consumption in rural Malawi

This analysis uses panel data methods to assess how food consumption and dietary diversity are affected by changes in household income composition, diversity, and liquidity in rural Malawi. Fixed-effects model estimates reveal several results. First, food consumption and dietary diversity increase with overall income, but at a decreasing rate. Second, while no relationship is found between changes in income per capita of different sources (composition effects), and food consumption per capita, there is a differentiated impact on calorie intake changes and dietary diversity outcomes. Third, overall, there is no statistically significant effect of income diversity on changes in food consumption, but a positive association is found with dietary diversity. As such, income diversity driven by crop diversification leads to greater consumption of calories from roots, pulses, and fruits; and a drop in balanced diets, while income diversification away from agriculture yields greater dietary diversity. Finally, household liquidity, incentivized by off-farm diversification through wage labor market participation and self-employment, promotes dietary diversity via higher consumption of calories from non-staple foods, notably those dependent on market acquisitions, such as animal-based proteins, vegetables, and fruits. These results are corroborated with those from the Seemingly Unrelated Regression Model. There are several policy and programmatic implications. First, income composition, diversity and liquidity are important dimensions to consider when focusing beyond household food security. Second, efforts to promote and sustain income growth are critical for food consumption growth and dietary diversity but increases in income alone are not enough. Policies and investments that ensure a diversified portfolio of economic activities are likely to result in better consumption and dietary diversity outcomes. Promoting crop diversification at the farm level coupled with nutrition sensitive programming, including extension and crop support programs is critical to increase and sustain consumption and better dietary quality. Third, as balanced diets in the Malawian context require a combination of staple foods sourced through crop and livestock home production, including goats, poultry and small domestically raised animals and protein-rich foods typically purchased in the market, as well as a degree of liquidity achieved through increased generation of cash income. Finally, programmatic efforts are needed to reduce gender gaps in access to resources, strengthening nutrition education more broadly, and ensure availability of balanced diets in school feeding programs potentially linked through local procurement. Key words: Dietary diversity, income composition, liquidity, fixed effects, seemingly unrelated regression

Gender gap in land rights and access to agricultural production in Okigwe Agricultural Zone, Imo state, Nigeria

Land is a vital resource for agricultural productivity and economic growth. Inequalities in access and rights to land by male and female farmers could hamper agricultural productivity. The study assessed the gender gap in land rights and access to agricultural production in Okigwe Agricultural Zone of Imo state, Nigeria. The study identified the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers in the study area; determined the farmer's access to land; ascertained the land rights of the farmers; determined the socio-economic factors influencing access to land in the study area. It was hypothesized that there were no significant differences in the access to land by male and female farmers. Ninety-six (96) male and female farmers were sampled, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using frequency, percentages, Ordinary Least Square Regression and t-test. Results showed that the mean farm size of male and female farmers was 0.2842 hectares and 0.1842 hectares. All male farmers had the right to land, while a few female farmers had the right to land. The result showed that age, income and education significantly affect male and female farmers’ access to land and that there were significant gender gaps in access to land. The study recommended the provision of agricultural credits to enable farmers to acquire land for agricultural production.

Access and usage of financial products in India: A gender gap analysis

This paper examines the status and determinants of the gender gap in access and usage of financial products and services using 3000 sample of Findex survey data 2021 in India. The results provide evidence to support the gender gap in access and usage of financial services. Particularly they are prominent in access to Mobile Money Accounts (MMAs; 12.03%), debit card (16.27%), and credit card (4.91%). At the same time, a remarkable gender gap was also found in the usage of financial products, specifically in MMA savings (4.25%), deposits (11.52%), withdrawal from accounts (6.83%), debit cards (13.27%) and credit cards (3.94%) usage. Finally, this paper documented the gender gap in access and use of financial products explained by a lower level of education, income, employment, mobile phone ownership, and internet access. The findings suggest that increasing traditional and digital financial literacy and employment opportunity among women are essential. It is also recommended to expand internet connectivity and mobile devices to all socio-economic categories of women.

Gender Gap in Access to the Driving Licence: Experimental Evidence from France

ABSTRACT In this article, we assess the gender difference in response from driving schools to a request for information about the requirements to pass the driving licence. To this purpose, we created fictitious profiles for two young candidates seeking a driving licence training, a woman and a man, who were similar in all other aspects. We conducted two waves of experiment on 290 driving schools randomly selected from an exhaustive list of French driving schools. The feedback received from driving schools that responded to both candidates is examined to investigate differences in treatment between the male and female applicants. Our analysis shows that driving schools propose a slightly significantly higher maximum number of hours of preparation for the road test when the candidate is a woman: on average, driving schools propose 1.5 more hours of training to women than to men. On the other hand, we do not find a significant gender difference in the price of the training offered and few differences in other variables related to the content of the response.

Fintechs and the financial inclusion gender gap in Sub-Saharan African countries

This study addresses the issue of financial innovation in developing countries, focusing specifically on the role fintechs have in closing the gender gap of financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over the period 2011–2017. The empirical evidence is based on the multilevel tobit regression model fitted to panel data. The results of this study show that fintechs reduce the financial inclusion gender gap by mitigating the gender gap in access to and use of financial services. Furthermore, the results cast doubt on the ability of fintechs development to bridge this gap on its own, and hint on the joint importance of targeted policy initiatives aimed at directly closing the gender gap to this end. These findings have important economic policy implications and provide evidence of improved economic conditions for women in terms of financial inclusion or narrowing of the gender gap.

The fintech gender gap

Can fintech close the gender gap in access to financial services? Using novel survey data for 28 countries, this paper finds a large and ubiquitous ‘fintech gender gap’: while 29% of men use fintech products, only 21% of women do. This difference exceeds the gender gap in bank account ownership at traditional financial institutions. While country characteristics and individual-level controls explain about a third of the fintech gender gap, the residual gap declines by 60% when accounting for gender differences in the willingness to use new financial technology, the suitability of fintech products, and the willingness to use fintech entrants if they offer cheaper products. The paper concludes by discussing drivers of differences in attitudes and implications for policy to foster financial inclusion with new technology.

Designing digital health applications for climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Designing digital health applications for climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Unlanded Class: Albania's Gender Gaps in Land Ownership and Inheritance

This study investigates gender gaps in access to land ownership and land inheritance in Albanian rural areas by combining a large-scale survey and five in-depth focus groups discussions. The article considers three sets of variables: place-based characteristics; family characteristics; and individual characteristics. Results find that rural societies lack awareness around legal property rights, undermine the confidence of women in myriad ways, and continue to rely on customary laws. Current inequalities are placed in the context of Albania's entrenched patriarchal system. Culture and tradition are as important as, if not more important than, legal frameworks surrounding land ownership and inheritance. The findings bring intersectionality issues into high relief: where patriarchy is combined with poverty, gender inequality is exacerbated. Findings call for a more holistic approach that combines efforts to improve legal literacy, raise awareness among all genders, and alleviate poverty for boosting women's inclusion in the economy. HIGHLIGHTS In Albania, patriarchal customary laws disfavor women when it comes to property ownership, inheritance, and decision making. Women in rural societies, in particular, rely on custom and have low awareness of their legal property rights. Women who are more informed about formal laws view themselves as more equal to men. Where patriarchy is combined with poverty, gender inequality is exacerbated. Education and legal literacy are key to overcoming entrenched patriarchy and fostering women’s empowerment.

Gender Sensitivity in Accessing Healthcare Services: Evidence from Saudi Arabia

Good health and reduced inequality are factors of sustainable development. Healthcare systems are considered on68e of the most important activities of the creative economy that arise from research and development activities. Therefore, facilitating access to healthcare is one of the most important challenges guiding the development of the healthcare systems. Access is a complex concept and requires at least four aspects of evaluation. These include whether services are available, whether there is an adequate supply of services, whether people could obtain healthcare, and finally, evaluating whether a population may have access to services. Most countries are working hard to explore the means of providing better healthcare services to their population, especially in the pandemic age of crisis. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is one such country that is continuously trying to enhance healthcare access to its citizens by adopting different means and policy interventions. The primary objective of this study is to assess whether gender differences exist with unmet healthcare needs among the citizens of the KSA. In this study, we examined the factors affecting the healthcare system in the Kingdom through access to and use of primary healthcare centres in urban and rural areas and whether there is a gender gap in access to healthcare services. In addition, we have tried to explore the current challenges faced by the healthcare system and key points about immediate measures to overcome the crisis in this sector. A well-structured questionnaire was designed covering different dimensions of the study objectives. The population of the study includes both male and female citizens of Makkah city of the KSA. In a survey of 529 respondents, it was found that people’s access to the healthcare service system in the area is good. Test statistics confirm the significant difference in healthcare access across the gender categories of respondents. The availability of services, as well as the barriers to access, must be evaluated in the context of varied groups in society’s differing perspectives, health requirements, and material and cultural surroundings. Some theoretical and managerial implications, limitations, and scope of future research are also presented in the study.

Building agency: women vendors and gendered technology in informal markets in Assam

ABSTRACT Demonetisation of the Indian economy in 2016 facilitated significant changes in the lifestyle of people, particularly in adoption of digital transactions in everyday life. While there have been studies on mobile phones and the digital divide even prior to demonetisation, the growing gender disparity in the use of new technologies for secure payment via UPI (Unified Payment Interface) methods remains largely unexplored. Therefore, this paper explores the impact of new payment methods through digital means on street vendors in local markets through an ethnographic study based on narratives, unstructured interviews, and general observation. The study focuses on Assam while bringing out the larger socioeconomic context of the digital discrimination within the country. It locates how the government’s drive for digital economy post-demonetisation exacerbated the gender gap in access to technology in informal markets. The article observes how men use mobile phones and technology to sell their commodities while women vendors lag behind in ownership, usage, or access to such technology due to social norms and expectations. Subsequently, the study brings about the narratives on how women negotiate through such constraints to build their social ‘agency’ and identity in the market at both individual and collective level.

Financial Inclusion and Women Empowerment: A Case Study of India

Despite general progress made in terms of Financial Inclusion worldwide, the gender gap has remained unaltered since 2011. The study aims to identify the impact of Financial Inclusion on women's empowerment. This research used descriptive qualitative methods. Content analysis approaches are used to analyze secondary data. Various reports published by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and other financial institutions have been used as relevant input. Besides, research articles from different reputed journals, websites, and magazines have been used. The study found that some strategies have been implemented to minimize the gender gap in access to financial services. The systems are Know Your Customer (KYC) norms, no-frill accounts; an extension of the financial services and became medium of empowering women; the introduction of a small loan to make the females capable and self-dependent. The paper provides implications about strategies to overcome the barriers women face to access and use financial services in the condition of social norms constraining women's capacity to access and meaningfully use financial services.

Financial Inclusion of Women and Gender Gap in Access to Finance: A Systematic Literature Review

The consistent gender gap in financial inclusion over time is postulated by World Bank Findex data despite an increase in the overall financial inclusion level around the globe. Women’s financial inclusion is significant in line with the promotion of gender equality- one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations. Academic literatures have fragmented studies on women’s financial inclusion and there is a dearth of systematic literature review to comprehend the overall literature landscape in analyzing research gaps. This article is an attempt to conduct a structured systematic literature review to identify factors impacting women’s financial inclusion, the associated gender gap and importance of promoting greater financial inclusion for women. Literature reviews are important to map the existing landscape of a study problem and develop further knowledge. This study reviews 75 peer reviewed articles from 2000 to 2021 and presents the findings in a comprehensive manner following a conceptual model. Synthesized evidence reveal the existence of gendered financial inclusion mainly due to demand side factors. Various socio-economic and cultural factors are also seen to influence women’s financial exclusion. Based on the mapping of existing findings the study suggests future research directions where emerging themes lie in the areas related to digital finance, financial self-efficacy and financial literacy which are important for enhancing women’s financial inclusion.