Gender Frames Research Articles

Assessing Disproportional Calls Home for Problems at School: A Critical Race Framing and Analysis of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Childhood Adversities

This paper describes the relationship between student identity, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and risk for receiving calls home for problems in school. Data are drawn from the 2017 to 2018 National Survey of Children's Health ( n = 4,579). Critical race theory and QuantCrit were used to frame the study and analysis. Findings reflect that ACEs were associated with a call home for all students, that students of color with ACEs were 1.24 times more likely to receive a call home for problems at school, and that specific individual ACEs were associated with calls home for each student group.

Location Matters: Everyday Gender Discrimination in Remote and On-site Work

Remote work has dramatically transformed professional environments, sparking considerable scholarly interest in its impact on employees and organizations. Contributing to this burgeoning literature, we investigate how remote versus on-site work affects women’s experiences of gender discrimination. Given that work location can alter the gendered nature of interactions, we focus on everyday gender discrimination—slights and offenses that occur in interactions and are perceived by recipients as reflecting gender bias. Integrating gender frame theory and scholarship on virtual work, we argue that the gender frame tends to be less salient in remote settings. Thus, we predict that women will experience less everyday gender discrimination when working remotely than on-site. Moreover, because the gender frame is likely to be more salient during on-site work for younger women and those who work with mostly men, we expect that these women will experience a particularly pronounced reduction in everyday gender discrimination when working remotely. To test these predictions, we developed a new measure of everyday gender discrimination and conducted an original survey of 1,091 professional women who work in the same job both remotely and on-site. We find that women consistently report less everyday gender discrimination in remote versus on-site work. This effect is particularly pronounced for younger women and those who interact mainly with men. Overall, this study advances research on how work location shapes workers’ outcomes and experiences, enriches the literature on the trade-offs women face in virtual and on-site settings, and extends scholarship on the contextual factors shaping workplace discrimination.

Visual Representation of Gender in Morocco's Earthquake Coverage in International News Channel

This study aimed at identifying the way of Media's framing of gender while covering Twitter official accounts for the international news channels concerning Morocco's earthquake. To achieve the study objectives. The researchers used quantitative and qualitative content-analysis approach by using MAXQDA software. Adopted in Ali (2014), where similar sample-selection way and analysis categories were used. The study’s findings indicate that Al-Jazeera account was the most publishing site to mixed images (males/ females) with a total of 22 images, whereas (CNN) account was the most publishing site to women's images with a total of 17 images. The results of image-analysis, according to the category, revealed that the most common category was “helplessness” with a percentage of 46%. The images of “weakness and sickliness” were identical for the mixed and women's images, whereas only one image was for men. This revealed that women have usually been amongst the weakest categories that were more exposed to risks in case of natural disasters, such as earthquakes and floods. Image analysis revealed that the means of media supports the idea that some housework tasks are exclusive for women, and that those tasks may increase in times of natural disasters. Some images revealed that women remain physically strong and attempt to overcome this disaster, where they could break the stereotypical view implying that women are helpless in times of crises.

Persistence of the Gender Frame: Gender Perceptions of Ambiguous Chinese and Gender-Neutral American Names in the United States

How do people conduct gender classification in ambiguous contexts? A gender framing perspective suggests the pervasiveness and consequences of using gender in novel contexts, but there is a paucity of knowledge about how people assign a gender to ambiguous targets in interpersonal relations. This study fills in this knowledge gap by investigating how U.S. individuals classify the gender of two types of gender-ambiguous names—Chinese names written in English letters and gender-neutral American names. It also examines how respondents’ gender ideologies and racial stereotypes are associated with their perceptions of gender-ambiguous names. An online survey experiment with 795 U.S. individuals finds that respondents predominantly assign a binary gender (versus neutral or unsure) to both Chinese names (40.8 percent men and 37.4 percent women) and gender-neutral American names (41.1 percent men and 19.4 percent women). Multivariate analyses reveal that respondents with traditional gender ideologies associate a gender-binary perception with gender-neutral American names rather than Chinese names. Meanwhile, respondents who endorse the racialized stereotypes that Chinese people are socially cold and/or generally competent are more likely to perceive Chinese names as men’s names. These findings demonstrate that a gender-binary frame persists in ambiguous contexts, and that the classification outcome is conditional on contextual signals and preexisting cultural beliefs. They also deepen understanding of gender neutrality during social interactions and a gendered nature of racialized stereotypes.

Gender representation and stereotyping in Moroccan print media coverage of the 2023 Haouz Earthquake

ABSTRACT Natural crises often amplify and reflect preexisting societal inequalities, with varying impacts on women across different regions. This research paper examines gender representation in the visual coverage of the 2023 Haouz earthquake. Data was collected from images published in Morocco's leading Arabic newspapers – Assabah, Bayanalyawm, and Alayam. The study analyzes how these visuals frame gender and argues that they reinforce existing gender stereotypes and cultural norms in Moroccan society. The coverage often portrayed women in limited, gender-specific roles, depicting them primarily as helpless victims. While this approach elicited sympathy from readers and donors, motivating immediate support for those affected, it may also have exploited the politics of sympathy, inadvertently perpetuating gender stereotypes.

An intersectional analysis of contestations within women’s movements: the case of Scottish domestic abuse policymaking

While policy scholars have elaborated on the ways in which social movements operate within discursive struggles over meaning-making to generate policy change, less attention has been paid to contestations within movements. This oversight is remarkable given that the process of shaping shared understandings and framings of policy problems is political and, thus, a site of epistemic power struggles. This article offers sharpened analytical tools to study internal framing politics, advancing an integrated feminist institutionalist approach. It empirically demonstrates the merits of this approach by applying it to a so-called ‘feminist policy success’ case: Scottish domestic abuse policymaking. Domestic abuse experts often hail Scottish domestic abuse policies as ‘world-leading’ due to their gendered and feminist policy constructions, which can be credited to successful feminist mobilisation around devolution. However, this article disrupts the dominant narrative by teasing out for whom the framing of policy has been a success within the movement, uncovering points of contention. Drawing on policy analysis and elite interviews, the study identifies and traces an enduring intramovement contestation around the dominance of gendered frames and subsequent marginalisation of intersectionality. It argues that while the women’s movement has made considerable gains in integrating feminist concerns in policy, framing opportunities have not been equally shared, marginalising some actors and their frames. The Scottish case demonstrates how and why we should not underestimate the real and (un)intended consequences of intramovement contestations. Beyond the Scottish context, this article calls for scholars to account for diversities in identity, agency and claims-making within movements.

“A normal nation in our land”: Reproductive righteousness, redemptive politics and LGBTQIA+ opposition in contemporary Israel

This article examines the political rhetoric and policy pursuits of a right-wing nationalist party in Israel (‘Noam’), showcasing how opposition to gender and sexual diversity is centered within an exclusionary vision of Jewish purity. Discursive analysis of political materials show how Noam frame gender and sexual diversity as potent proof of moral decline and as contaminating forces, which can only be saved by righteous (heterosexual) saviors. From billboards and election manifestos to policy, Noam's vision of a ‘Jewish state’ is underpinned by an idea of ‘normality’ that is ethno-nationalist, heteronormative and patriarchal. Their attempts to construct threats to the ‘normal’ Jewish nuclear family help to gain broader public support and forge alliances with hegemonic political parties. Situating this particular Jewish-Israeli exclusionary logic of reproductive righteousness is part of a broader feminist study of emerging alliances within right-wing movements in an increasingly globalized identity politics of opposition to gender and sexual diversity.

Gender Frames Portrayed in Television Series: Implications towards Women

Gender Frames Portrayed in Television Series: Implications towards Women

How textbook images frame the gender roles of women in science and elsewhere: a content analysis of elementary school science textbooks

ABSTRACT Based on the concepts of gender framing and gender categorisation, this content analysis evaluates the images of adults (N = 1655) and the portrayal of women from the 6 series of science textbooks authorised by the Japanese Ministry of Education for use in elementary school science classes in the 2022 academic year. The images were counted and coded according to the activities the participants were engaged in. Data were then analysed according to three potential patterns for transmission of gender roles – invisibility, low stature, and domesticity. The content analysis showed differences between the 6 series in terms of their portrayal of women and of female scientists, however, across all series, there were fewer women portrayed than men, fewer female scientists than male, and fewer women were presented as important ‘people to study’. Women were less likely to be shown in high-status decision-making roles, as demonstrating ‘brilliance’, or as being rewarded or recognised for their scientific achievements. They were, however, more likely than men to be depicted in images connected to themes of domesticity than as scientists or in other professional situations. Domestic themes such as childcare could still be seen in images of female scientists or women at work.

Comparative analysis of gendered frames in far-right rhetoric in the West

ABSTRACT This research delves into the examination of gender frames within a number of far-right platforms, such as American Renaissance, Heritage and Destiny, Britain First, Daily Stormer, and Front Page Magazine. Our primary objective is to dissect the construction of gendered frames and their consequential roles within the broader far-right political and ideological landscapes in the West. Employing a mixed-method approach, we scrutinize English language material from the aforementioned online platforms. This study argues that despite differences among these platforms, the representations of women’s roles and identities are consistently shaped and moulded in alignment with overarching political and ideological perspectives such as racism, Islamophobia, antisemitism, anti-immigration, anti-feminism, anti-left, and anti-media. These perspectives serve as amplifiers, further contributing gendered frames. Ultimately, this dynamic process of constructing gendered frames contributes to the development of far-right identities, drawing distinct demarcation lines between ‘us’ and ‘them’.

Impact of Female Presence in Top Management Positions on Sustainability Performance

This study investigates the impact of female representation on the board of directors and the upper management team on sustainability performance in the banking industry of South Asia. This study is an attempt, based on past literature, to frame gender diversity in terms of the way it affects financial, social, and environmental performance. The 172 banks in the study's sample, which covers the years from 2018 to 2022, are from 8 South Asian nations. For estimations, GMM and Probit analysis is used. The findings show that the number of female directors enhances both environmental and financial performance; whereas female managers place more importance on the social component and stakeholder engagement. This study suggests that banks should give attention to their efforts on hiring a suitable proportion of female directors and managers. This research also has beneficial implications that support gender equality among regulators and policymakers.

The gender politics of populist parties in Southern Europe

The article examines the gender politics of populist parties in two countries historically marked by cultural traditionalism – Italy and Spain. It defines and compares the articulation of gender issues cross-nationally and intra-ideologically to understand how populist parties contest the politics of gender in the two countries. Drawing on computer-assisted qualitative content analyses of programmatic documents, it assesses the framing and salience of gender by the populist radical left (the Spanish Podemos) and right (Lega and Fratelli d’Italia in Italy; VOX in Spain), while also accounting for an ideologically ambiguous populist party (the Italian Movimento 5 Stelle). It concludes ascertaining the different salience of gender politics among Italian and Spanish populist parties and evinces multiple axes of programmatic proximity and distance – not only cross-nationally, but also intra-ideologically among parties akin.

James Bond, Gender Studies, and Popular Culture Pedagogy: A Case Study

The longevity and universality of the James Bond franchise posits its value as pedagogy to inform ideas about gender studies and critical thinking. This article is a case study of how Bondian representations of gender stereotypes and gender politics can provide insightful ways in which gender frames can be identified, interrogated, and contested. While the focus of this article is on gender, a number of consistent themes emerge in Bond films, such as deviancy, sexuality, race, international politics, consumption and nationalism, posit the value Bond films can play in providing accessible content to university students in the development of critical thinking on a range of contemporary issues.

An exploratory analysis of gender stereotyping using the theoretical framework of relational density theory

Discrimination against women in Western cultures is evident within educational and professional experiences of women, as well as pay and promotion disadvantages experienced by women. The present study attempts to explore the apparent self-organization of gendered relational frames from within a Relational Density Theory framework. We first modelled gendered frames within a two-dimensional geometric space using a multidimensional scaling procedure. In a second phase, gender consistent and gender inconsistent information was provided for four hypothetical non-gendered people. Gendered information was then provided to determine if relational framing of the hypothetical people changed in ways that were consistent with results in the initial phase. Finally, in the final phase, we conducted the multidimensional scaling procedure on a second occasion. Results showed clear patterns of relational framing along the gender binary and mixed evidence supporting a transformation of stimulus function in the context of the gendered scenarios. These results provide an initial demonstration of gender stereotyping from an RDT analytic framework.

Roving consumers of pleasure: at the conceptual intersection of sport tourism and sex tourism

ABSTRACT Mega sporting events, such as the FIFA World Cup, Olympic Games and Super Bowl, are often constructed as corresponding sites of bodily tourism, with a shared motivation among some tourists to purchase and consume both commercialized sport and sex. This paper begins by deconstructing the ‘common sense’ connection between sport tourism and sex trafficking. It recognizes, however, that both sport and sex tourism are grounded in bodily consumption and conquest. That is, both sex and sport tourism rely on the commodification and consumption of the body as currency and fantasy, defined as a libidinal economy. As such, this paper explores the colonial systems of power that enable and perpetuate the commodification of colonized bodies at the intersection of sport tourism and sex tourism. The paper situates this intersection within the colonial matrix of power and the structural hierarchies maintained through the colonial framing of power, race, gender and sexuality. In this sense, tourism is defined as roving colonialism [Sykes, H. (2017). The sexual and gender politics of sport mega-events: Roving colonialism. New York, NY: Routledge]. Using the colonial matrix of power as a theoretical framework, then, we evaluate the libidinal economies of sport tourism and sex tourism and propose a conceptual understanding of bodily labor and exploitation at this unique intersection. By using this conceptual framework, this paper calls for further empirical study that explicitly evaluates the impact of corresponding systems of sport tourism and sex tourism simultaneously at play within national and international sporting events.

The Freedom of Gender Constitution and the Unconscious Determination of Sex –What Separates Them and What Unites Them

This article aims at discussing the origin of female sexual desire, its relationship to bisexuality, the interplay between identifications and the choice of love objects, according to the ideas of Irigaray [1], Kristeva and Butler [2]. We tried to rethink the centrality of melancholy in the constitution of gender, attributed by the authors to the patriarchal and heteronormative gender frame and to resume the ambiguities of the Freudian theory and clinic on feminine sexuality [3], so as to (re)weave the threads of a family plot, which ended up short-circuiting a patient's motherhood and her feminine sexuality experience. The "masquerade" hypothesis, as the effect of a feminine melancholy, associated with the ontology of the phallus as Lacan [4] supposes - a debate that, regarding gender, is retaken by Butler [2] and discussed by Schaffa [5] - is re-evaluated as freedom of gender constitution and a place of passage of libido and mutual enrichment between sexes, as stated by Schneider [6].

Elite Feminist Adherence and Framing: Women Nobel Laureates Speak Out against Gender Inequality

ABSTRACT As feminist movements have become more diffuse, feminisms have increasingly emerged from and thrived within unexpected, “other” spaces. Elites have the potential to be powerful feminist adherents in social movement organizations as well as in these “other” spaces, yet we know little about the heterogeneity of their feminisms. We examined an understudied group of elites – women Nobel laureates – and the ways they forward a variety of feminisms across a range of historical and professional contexts. Drawing on a content analysis of 76 speeches, we examined if laureates express feminist adherence, how adherents frame gender inequality, and how adherence and framing vary over time and across award categories. Of all women Nobel laureates analyzed, nineteen expressed feminist adherence, framing gender inequality as: 1) women’s underrepresentation among laureates, 2) women’s oppression under patriarchy, and/or 3) not just a women’s issue. Feminist adherence became more common over time, and use of the third, most expansive and intersectional frame was especially concentrated within recent decades (more so than the other two frames). Peace and Literature laureates were more likely than Science laureates to express feminist adherence and to frame issues beyond the gender disparity among laureates. We argue that the variation in adherence and framing correspond to differences in laureates’ historical context and field of work. Our analysis responds to calls for more comparative research on framing, and we contribute to scholarship about variation in feminist attitudes by showing how historical conditions and professional communities can both influence adherence to and articulations of feminism.

Barriers to gender equality in STEMM: do leaders have the gender competence for change?

PurposeScience, technology, engineering, mathematics and medicine (STEMM) workplaces worldwide remain stubbornly resistant to gender equality initiatives. Leaders are vital to driving change, but the extent to which their capabilities lead to change remains unknown. This article examines STEMM leaders' gender competence to achieving transformative changes in gender inequality.Design/methodology/approachThis article examines the capability of STEMM leaders to act as change agents through an in-depth, qualitative analysis of perceptions of gender inequality, sexual harassment, sex discrimination and gender bias within their organisations. Findings are analysed using a customised tripartite gender competence schema, comprising commitment, knowledge and method (or know-how).FindingsThe findings suggest that while STEMM leaders may express a commitment to addressing gender inequality, misapprehensions about the nature and scope of the problem are likely to hamper efforts. Two key misapprehensions standout: a tendency to frame gender inequality in primarily numerical terms; and recourse to blaming external factors beyond STEMM for gender inequality in STEMM.Originality/valueThis article makes an original contribution by examining the gender competence of leaders in STEMM organisations, which has not been previously researched. The findings extend understanding of the salience of leaders' capabilities to lead change by identifying key gaps and misapprehensions in STEMM leaders' understanding of the nature and scope of the problem.

#JoeandtheHoe: Exploring Gender and Racial Stereotypes Used to Discredit Kamala Harris in the 2020 Presidential Election

Social media has increasingly become the source of political information and discussion during campaigns, as well as a platform where stereotypical frames and disinformation are spread about candidates. This study explores the gender and racial stereotypes used to negatively frame Kamala Harris on Twitter. Results show that gender frames previously used against other female candidates were present (inauthentic, ambitious), as well as racial frames leveled against Barack Obama (violent, dangerous, not Black enough). Additionally, Harris was subjected to oppressive stereotypes and controlling images related to her intersectionality as a Black woman (tough, angry, sexually promiscuous, and loser).

Clutching on to Gendered Tropes? Framing of Gender Roles and Power Dynamics by Young Indian Writers of BTS Fanfiction

As more young girls write stories online thanks to the increased amount of publishing platforms, their fiction becomes a means to explore if they are offsetting prescribed practices of patriarchy in their gender constructions. Often, young women interrogate gender and recontextualize their experiences by writing fanfictions. In the age of transmedia storytelling, various online fan communities are rich data sources, as transnational female fans prolifically write fiction featuring icons from music and movies belonging to another country. We examined how young Indian girls frame gender roles and power dynamics in their fanfictions of BTS, the South Korean boyband, on Wattpad. To know if conventional gender frames are upheld or challenged in fanfiction stories revolving around non-Indian celebrities, we performed a textual analysis on forty-four BTS fanfictions. We found that in these fanfictions, existing gendered tropes used to depict masculinity and femininity are mostly normalized, with minor alterations reflecting a power imbalance typical in Indian patriarchal households. A subversion of tropes was found in framing men as emotionally expressive, arguably drawing from the soft masculinity projected in the home country of BTS–South Korea. Grounding these findings in self-categorization theory implores us to situate the construction of gendered identities within the socio-cultural conventions of fanfiction writers.