Gender Equality In Representation Research Articles

The scarce representation of women university professors in research groups

Women university teachers in Spain simultaneously have teaching and research careers that interrelate to develop their competencies in both fields. However, as in other fields, there is not yet gender equality in representation and leadership. This paper presents a descriptive analysis of the presence and role of female university teachers-researchers in the different research groups of public universities in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia that apply for competitive calls for projects, according to the different fields of knowledge to which they belong. A total of 2,445 research groups in nine universities were identified. The largest number of groups belonging to the Humanities field. Among the members of all the groups, there is a lower presence of women compared to men. There is also a negative gender gap in the roles of responsibility and management of research groups, which is reflected in both horizontal and vertical segregation and the existence of a glass ceiling for Andalusian female teachers.

Party organization and gender in European elections

Political parties often monopolize the flow of politicians into elected office making it important to understand when, and under what conditions, parties are more or less likely to promote gender equality in representation. This article argues that party choices to nominate women in elections are conditional on the centralization of candidate selection within the party. Gender quotas and characteristics of the electoral environment have differential effects on candidate lists across party types. Leveraging data at the party level, I test when it is electorally feasible and organizationally possible for parties to nominate women for office. I find that candidate selection procedures condition the effects of party strategy and characteristics of the electoral environment on the percentage of women on electoral lists. The results provide insight into how strategic party choices, attenuated by electoral considerations and organization, impact the diversity of representation in political institutions.

MANIFESTASI KESETARAAN GENDER DI PERGURUAN TINGGI

Following the flow of transformation and the times today, the discourse on women's leadership turned out to be growing and getting a response from the community, along with the growth and development of Scientific Management (Scientific). Leadership is no longer based on talent, heritage, experience and the male gender, but more than the physical and mental readiness of men and women in a planned towards professionalism. All the program is done through planning, analysis and development systematically to raise stamina leadership qualities in accordance with the spirit of the Shari'ah. This paper discusses the concept of gender equality in representation in college. First, gender equality is seen as a condition when women are placed on an equal footing and given the same rights and obligations as men. Secondly, gender equality is seen as a condition that is expected to bring about a change for a better life. Both representations of gender equality is highly influenced by the history, background, purpose, and vision and mission of the organization for women. Furthermore, the representation is then manifested in features of managerial college.

Attitudes Towards Women in Politics: Gender, Generation and Party Identification in Ireland

This article analyses the effects of gender, generation and party support towards a greater inclusion of women in politics in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. It explores attitudes on this issue using the same question in the Irish National Election Study and the Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey. The article documents a consistent gender gap in both polities that persists across the generations, despite controls for socio-demographic factors. It also reveals an unexpected generational effect that we explain as the enduring legacy of politicisation to womens rights during the 1970s. Support among party identifiers for more women in politics follows predictable lines, yet gender and generational patterns persist. The gender gap and generational patterns found in the two polities on the island provide reason for concern among those committed to gender equality in representation.