Division Of Gender Roles Research Articles

Young Women’s Sexual Expression and Vulnerability in Youth Leisure Spaces: The Affective Atmosphere of “Attacking”

AbstractThis article analyzes the phenomenon of “attacking”, a slang term referring to a common Israeli heterosexual script for casual sexual interactions in youth nightclubs, in order to reveal different affective relations that inform young women’s intensified vulnerability and sexual expression. Based on the theory of vulnerability and the theory of affect, it applies the relational standpoint to suggest the ambiguity of the affective atmosphere as a path to rethinking young women’s sexual expression in youth leisure spaces. Based on 39 semi-structured interviews with young women aged 18–23, this framework uses a wide range of affective responses as epistemic resources. The findings show how the affective atmosphere in “attacking” spaces reflects blurred social boundaries, intensified vulnerability, and affective relations, all of which inform young women’s sexual expression. They demonstrate the manifestations of the gender role division but also show how young women’s vulnerability serves as an affective resource for subjectification. The findings contribute to theorizing young women’s vulnerability as ambiguous, revealing how the leisure space offers different affective experiences – some deconstruct the subject, while others allow relational subjectification.

Changing the Division of Household Work in Conservative and Minority Context: The Case of Arab-Druze Women in Israel

This article seeks to understand how Druze women’s employment in nontraditional fields (such as engineering, medicine, and law) shapes gender role division in their nuclear family. Data from 24 interviews with educated Druze women employed in high-quality professions suggests that Druze women who work in these fields succeed in bringing about a change in perceptions and practices regarding gender role division in their households. The interviews revealed three gender patterns: (a) ten women in the current study indicated egalitarian gender role division; (b) six women indicted reversal of gender roles in their home, and (c) eight women described a traditional role division, which required them to sacrifice their career in favor of the family. The choice of Druze women to study nontraditional professions is increasingly recognized and valued in Druze society and its clergy, driving a paradigm shift concerning women’s employment and gender role division in the private sphere.

Role of desired attitudes in shaping sustainable gender role preferences: A case study of the middle class in Lahore, Pakistan

As gender equality is the basis for realizing social–environmental–economic sustainability, inequality in gender can significantly hamper economic productivity and negatively affect individuals’ lives. This study examines the desired attitudes towards gender norms that can be used to improve gender inequality in a developing country for sustainable development. A survey was conducted with 230 adults from middle-income households in Lahore, Pakistan. A paired sample t-test was used to determine the difference between the desired role allocation for men and women and gender stereotypes. The results revealed that participants believed in the traditional private/public division of gender roles. However, the inclination towards gender equality in daily activities in the public domain, such as shopping and meeting friends and certain professions (e.g., white-collar jobs), encourages empowerment-based intervention. To enhance gender equality in Pakistan and similar societies, people must know they are not alone in thinking and prioritizing gender equality in everyday roles and professions. Acknowledging that ‘others’ in society are also willing to forego traditional patriarchal trends may promote action toward the desired perception.

Reflection of the Development of Female Subject Consciousness: Based on the Tendency of Gender Role Division in Danmei Literature

"Danmei" culture is an important part of contemporary youth subculture, among which "original Danmei literature" is a form of online literature that can reflect the level of female subject consciousness. This article starts from the development history of Danmei literature, takes the tendency of the artificial division of gender roles in Danmei works as the theme, and analyzes the classic seme-uke model that appears in Danmei literary works and the further division of gender roles in the ABO worldview. Under the trend of gender role division in Danmei literature, the two protagonists, who are both biological males, are artificially divided into different gender expressions, and even under the ABO worldview, they are divided into sex physiological structural differences, which brings about a gender gap. Danmei literature has returned to the traditional gender power logic, and female subject consciousness has been eliminated to a certain extent, showing the negative side of the development of Danmei literature.

The social stratification in parent-child relationships after separation: Evidence from Italy

Objective: We investigate the association between parental separation during childhood and later parent-child contact frequency and whether it varies according to parental gender and education. Background: Separated parents, particularly fathers, have fewer contacts with their adult children than partnered parents. However, recent research suggests that highly educated parents are more involved, as they invest more in children before and after union dissolution. Method: Using data on young adult children (18-40) from two Italian surveys, random intercept models adjusted for sample selection bias were adopted to analyse the association between parental separation and later parent-child contact frequency. Results: Our findings show that adult children who experienced parental separation have less frequent face-to-face and phone contact with their parents. The negative association is stronger among fathers, but mother-child face-to-face interactions are also affected. Higher education does not reduce the effect of separation but even worsens it, at least with regard to face-to-face contact frequency. Conclusion: Our results suggest that in a country like Italy, characterised by a limited occurrence of separations and a traditional division of gender roles, particularly within the analysed parental cohorts, higher parental education does not mitigate the negative effects of divorce on parent-child relationships but may even exacerbate them.

Representasi Peran Gender dalam Film Baby Blues

Abstract: From the reformation period until now, Indonesian cinema has been trying to raise issues about gender equality or inequality. Gender stereotypes from the patriarchal culture that are inherent in some Indonesian people often bring gender inequalities. One of them is in the context of the division of gender roles in the family. It will not be a problem if the division does not cause gender inequalities. However, in reality there is the pressure that burdens one party. This study aims to reveal how the representation of gender roles in the film Baby Blues uses John Fiske's semiotic analysis method, which consists of three levels of analysis, reality, representation, and ideology. The study shows that gender stereotype is incorporated in both traditional and contemporary viewpoint of gender roles.. In the traditional role, men play a role in the public sector and women play a role in the domestic sector. While the new perspective tries to break it down by showing men who are starting to be domesticated from the results of the exchange of roles that happened before.

Wychowanie i edukacja dziewcząt według Les Conversations d’Émilie Louise d’Épinay

The Raising and Education of Girls as Formulated by Louise d’Épinay in Les Conversations d’Émilie The article presents the views of Louise d’Épinay on the education of girls against the background of her work, taking into account the particularly unusual case of the Histoire de Madame de Montbrillant. D’Épinay presented her views on the education of girls in Les Conversations d’Émilie, a work written under the influence of having to care for her granddaughter Émilie and written, above all, for her. This is an extraordinary pedagogical work in several respects. It was the only work by d’Épinay that was published under her own name during her lifetime. For most of her life, because of prevalent cultural stereotypes, she was against making her work public. The form of dialogues‑conversations, mother‑daughter conversations, makes up the central axis of Les Conversations, and the content has been adapted to the understanding of a small child. The fundamental premise of d’Épinay’s suggestions was a belief in the intellectual equality of the sexes. The opening of cognitive opportunities for girls in various areas, going beyond traditional women’s activities, created an opportunity to shape their mentality, but also led to discovering and learning about their own autonomy, identity, and female subjectivity. Among cultural conventions and stereotypes about the division of gender roles, d’Épinay, who partly accepted them, found an asylum and a reservoir of mental activity, female independence in the private, personal sphere, determined more by a mental dimension than by real boundaries of space and duties. Les Conversations are brave, pioneering views and reflections by a woman about girls’ education, a bold look at who a woman is at her core.

Familial Relations of Russian Naval Officer N.V. Kopytov: based on Epistolary Sources of 1866-1897

The author in their work analyzes familial relations, gender roles and gender equality issues based on Vice Admiral N.V. Kopytov’s letters to his wife, letters currently being stored in his personal fund stored at the Russian State Archive of Navy. The novelty of the scientific usefulness of the letters is determined by their use as a source base for further historical analysis. The introduction of N.V. Kopytov’s personal letters into scientific use for the first time has allowed the authors and further researchers to obtain information to analyze a wide range of issues: including interpersonal communications, gender relations, everyday life, and professional activities. In addition, this research has allowed the analysis of the influence of peculiarities of mentality, class affiliation, financial situation on the character and main priorities of relationships in N.V. Kopytov’s family. Recent research interest in personal letters as historical sources of private origin and the epistolary genre is currently associated with the ability to identify common and specific features of intra-family communications of people of a certain social stratum and social status, in this particular case, the noble family of the Vice-Admiral of Navy. The study of the letters allows us to conclude that the Kopytov family was not typical of Russian society and was more of an equal partnership, despite the prevailing gender inequality enshrined in the legislation and in the mentality of the population of time. The authors have examined the causes of family relations which were considered progressive for the period under consideration, based on the equal division of gender roles and the position of spouses in joint decision-making.

Psychoanalysis and the Family in Twentieth-Century France: Françoise Dolto and Her Legacy. By Richard Bates

Françoise Dolto (1908–1988) was a French psychoanalyst specializing in children and parenting who, as Richard Bates makes clear in this thorough and important account of her life, work, and influence, was also a ‘cultural phenomenon’ (p. 17). Contrasting Dolto’s place in French culture with that of Jacques Lacan, Bates argues that while the latter’s impact was restricted to theory and he addressed the ‘avant-garde elite’, Dolto’s work was directed towards the ‘everyday experience of ordinary French people’ (p. 8). Accordingly, Bates approaches Dolto through the lens of a cultural historian and situates his work alongside other (relatively rare) historical accounts of psychoanalysis as a social and cultural phenomenon. This wide-angle approach enables Bates to demonstrate the ways in which, in contrast to the left-oriented theoretical thrust of Lacan’s work, Dolto was a ‘thoroughly political’ and ‘nostalgically conservative’ figure (p. 13), whose work embodied a ‘ruralist nostalgia’ which reinforced ‘classic heteronormative assumptions’ and assumed an ‘overwhelmingly white and culturally Catholic audience’ (pp. 10, 12). One might suggest then that in the already fraught territory of the politics of the family and parenting, Dolto and ‘Doltomania’ have the status of a Barthesian myth, an allusion justified by Bates’s highlighting of Dolto’s ‘reassuring’ effect on her audience (p. 3). Bates offers a compelling analysis of this myth through meticulous and thoroughly documented research. He tracks the influence on Dolto of the 1930s psychoanalytic authorities, René Laforgue and Édouard Pichon. Their radically heteronormative concepts (for example, Laforgue’s ‘névrose familiale’) and defence of the Oedipal family unit, extending to Pichon’s rabid pathologization of homosexuality and insistence on the traditional division of gender roles, remained ‘cornerstones of Dolto’s later thinking’ (p. 38). A second chapter, ‘Dutiful Daughters’, discusses Dolto’s Catholic and anti-Dreyfusard background, evoking Simone de Beauvoir’s autobiographical memoir in comparison. Moving forward chronologically into the Occupation and its aftermath, Bates shows himself to be particularly adept at disentangling the ways in which Dolto’s barely ambivalent Pétainism played into the rifts in the institutional politics of psychoanalysis that led to her exclusion from the International Psychoanalytical Association in 1953. In the later chapters Bates focuses, with the same perspicacity and measured tone, on Dolto’s championing of the cause of children (as long as the family unit stood firm) and her startling ascription of autism to the ‘pathogenic family’; before a final chapter, which analyses Dolto’s move beyond the terrain of psychoanalysis as such and occupation of the role of media star, through the extremely popular daily radio broadcasts she made from the mid-1970s on. If Bates succeeds in his aim ‘not so much to judge Dolto’s work as to historicise it’ (p. 232), the pernicious implications of her anti-progressive views, in Barthesian terms the abuses hidden in the myth, are starkly illuminated. Whether these are ‘the products of a particular set of historical circumstances’ (p. 232), or problematics embedded in psychoanalytic theory and practice, is a matter for further debate.

From King Hyegong to Suh Dongjin: the evolution of LGBT and homosexual rights in the Korean community, according to historiographical texts

Even though homosexuality and other sexual minorities have never been considered illegal by the Korean government, people identifying as non-heteronormative were and are still vastly ostracised. Furthermore, the LGBT community was and is still facing social stigmatism. What cultural conditions influenced the way non-heteronormative minorities are perceived by most South Korean society? How has the LGBT minority developed over the centuries? When did the attitudes of South Koreans change for the better? The following article covers the answers to the above-stated questions based on a particular query of texts related to the topic based on historiographic records. In the first section, the influence of the Confucian ideas of Three Fundamental Bonds and Five Constant Virtues (三綱五倫, 삼강오륜 [samgangoryun]) on the image of 'correct relationship' and the Taoist division of gender roles based on energy adversity (yin (陰, 음 [eum]) and yang (陽, 양 [yang])) will be explained. This will serve as a basis for understanding cultural opposition to same-sex relationships. The following subchapter consists of a chronological overview of the most important historical records regarding same-sex relationships. The third subchapter presents the sexual minority groups formed in the 1990s, such as Chodong Society (초동회 [chodonghoe]), Between Friends (친구사이 [chingu sai]) and Maeum 001 (마음001 [maeum gongongil]), which had the most significant impact on the development of the contemporary LGBT movement in South Korea. The last section presents current changes and problems that the South Korean LGBT society faces.

‘For me, it was a liberation, like being free again.’ A qualitative approach to the care trajectories of divorced mothers in Spain

This article deals with the causes and consequences of divorce in a group of women with minor children in Spain, a country in Southern Europe that presents a pre-eminently familistic character based on a marked division of gender roles. We detected an imbalance between qualitative and quantitative studies on this topic, of which the latter are more numerous in the recently published literature. For this reason, here we wish to show the people behind the data by conferring two questions making up the analysis axes of this research. First, we deal with the causes of couple breakups, which are related to inequality in the distribution of housework and care tasks in all cases. Second, we analyse their speeches about work and family conciliation after divorce, with particular importance given to the presence, or not, of a strong family network.

Analysis of gender roles in agro-industrial workers' families

This study aimed to analyze the role division of husband and wife in dual earner families based on gender. Basically, gender roles can be defined as the social relationship between husband and wife and the social construction resulted from that relationship. The consequence is the roles division based on gender may vary between communities, but it can be analyzed by its types (patrilineal, matrilineal, and egalitarian). This research was conducted purposively in Seputih Mataram Sub-district of Central Lampung Regency of Lampung Province by survey method. The research samples were 85 dual earner families, in which husband and wife of the family work as laborers in agricultural or agro-industry companies. The results of this research indicated that the family of agro-industry workers belonged to the patrilineal type family. Patrilineality in the family could be based on the division of family gender roles. Gender roles in the domestic sphere was charged to wives and in the social sphere was charged to husbands. This happens because of the social construction process that has been going on from one generation to another. It could be proven, for example, by meeting invitations on social activities from the village office are often addressed to husbands. In the domestic area, the division of gender roles is based on the division of tasks based on gender appropriateness, for example the task of cooking is charged to the wife and the task of repairing the house is charged to the husband.

Women’s labour market transitions during COVID-19: division of gender roles and the gendered labour market in South Korea (2018–2020)

ABSTRACT This study takes a closer look at the reasons behind women’s exit and entry from the labour market before and after the impact of Covid-19 (2018–2020) in South Korea. By running a random effects probit regression on KLoWF panel data, we find that the pandemic crisis put at risk the employment levels of the less skilled, but we also notice considerable employment resilience. Ultimately, women’s labour market transitions during the Covid-19 pandemic highly depend on women’s understanding of their contribution in the public and private spheres and work-family arrangements.

Una Carla Lonzi: a Feminist Critique to Sexual Difference in Hegel’s Ethical State

Within contemporary philosophical discourse we find different thinkers that, with the aim to criticize Western dominant thought, by them addressed as ‘phallocentric’, directly refer to Hegelian texts. This paper will present one author who have openly spoken out a feminist critique of Hegelian thought, and in particular of the sexual division described by the Stuttgart philosopher, culminating in the ethical state – representing the constitution of the modern state – with the confinement of the feminine within the domestic sphere and, conversely, the liberation of the masculine within community political life.
 The thinker who will be analyzed is the Italian activist and philosopher Carla Lonzi, author of the renowned Sputiamo su Hegel (Let’s Spit on Hegel) and precursor of the Italian sexual difference feminism. The author confronted the political division implemented by Hegel within the ethical state between the two sexes, trying to show how Hegel’s work strongly contributed to the constitution of the patriarchal symbolic order still in force in Western thought. The fundamental point of the author’s thought is, in fact, the conviction that the symbolic and linguistic structures of Western culture are something deeply rooted and, therefore, very complex to change. This helps us to understand why in Europe, despite the implementation of various legislative changes – such as, for example, the establishment of anti-violence centers, the recognition of gender violence at a legal level, the sanctions against gender discrimination in the workplace – the patriarchal dynamics typical of Western thought are changing too slowly (when they are): gender violence is the order of the day, the pay gap is far from being healed, and, above all, the division of gender roles between care work and productive work is still strongly present.
 This text, therefore, seeks to demonstrate that the philosophical scope that accompanied the formation of European thought also characterized its darker features, including the patriarchal perspective. Here, we will analyze a particular aspect of patriarchy, focusing on its elaboration within Hegelian political philosophy: the presumed ontological and biological/natural destination of the female to domestic work and the male to public life.
 To this end, the article is divided into two parts. In the first part, the concept of sexual difference as developed by Hegel will be presented, analyzing its development within the three parts of his philosophical system. In the second part, a part of Lonzi’s thought will be briefly analyzed, to then articulate her critique of the Hegelian division of gender roles.
 

Life-course Variations in Spouses’ Division of Roles in Urban Areas of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Despite a growing acceptance of egalitarian gender attitudes, there is no empirical evidence about the division of roles between wives and husbands and its variation across their family life in the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI). This paper uses data from the 2014 to 2015 Time Use Survey, representing urban areas of the IRI, to examine the dynamics of the spouses’ division of roles across their family life. The findings confirm a gender division of roles. The mapping of the spouses’ role behaviours during their family life provides a combination of gender similarities and differences. Role configurations (or role variations across family life) clearly differ between spouses but the pathways (or life-course variations in role behaviours) are quite similar in some roles (i.e., community, individual and parental roles) and different in others (i.e., occupational and domestic roles). To the extent that the existing gender patterns are perceived as unjustified, they can be consequential not only for marital satisfaction and quality, but also for marriage and childbearing decisions.

Como são percebidos os docentes masculinos que lecionam nos anos iniciais?

Esse artigo é resultado de uma análise acerca das questões de gênero que estão inseridas na prática de docentes masculinos que atuam nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. De natureza qualitativa, visa apresentar de maneira concisa e crítica os conflitos, percepções e impressões que permeiam a docência desses profissionais que desempenham uma profissão vista como feminina. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica apresentamos o movimento histórico que resultou na feminização do magistério e o modo como a docência passou a ser colocada como capacidade nata à mulher, associada diretamente a naturalização das percepções de gênero em nossa sociedade. Analisando narrativas desses docentes, verificamos que a divisão social dos papéis de gênero é uma problemática para seu ingresso e permanência no magistério, uma vez que eles são ainda percebidos por meio de estereótipos, preconceitos e formas de controle de seus corpos dentro do ambiente educacional.

A Study on the Relationship Between Homosexuals' Coming-Out, Self-identity, Loneliness and Perceived Social Support

Background: The long history of diversified population structure has brought the inclusiveness in Chinese culture, but in the other hand Confucian culture give birth to the conformism and moderation. The rapidly changing modern society and increasing opportunities to interact with different cultures have made the younger generation in China more open, but the overall environment has not receded to maintain and adhere to the traditional view of marriage and love, <i>only heterosexuality is normal</i>, has created cognitive clashes and more implicit social conflicts. In such a complex environment, homosexuals who have been outside the mainstream values for ages are apt to face more personal adaptability and mental health problems, which are more obvious in the two psychological qualities of self-identity and loneliness. Methods: We practiced mixed method to research, using perceived social support scale, loneliness scale, gay self-identity questionnaire and semi-structured interview questionnaire as tools, had measured 1962 individuals of different sexual orientation to carry on the survey, and deeply interviewed seven subjects including researchers, encode and establish models according to the collected information. Results: (1) Gay and bisexual men had significant gender main effect on self-identity, and female group had higher self-identity than male. Homosexuals' loneliness, social support and self-identity have significant residential landlord effects. The higher the level of residential area, the higher the self-identity. The higher the level of residential area, the higher the self-identity. The level of education affects the loneliness and perceived social support of individuals with different sexual tendencies (2) Perceived social support has negative correlation with loneliness in different groups the coefficient is 0.56-0.66, the higher the perceived social support the lower the loneliness. (3) Perceived social support mediated the relationship between coming out and loneliness, gender moderated the correlation of perceived social support and loneliness. (4) The phenomenon of gender role division exists in various kinds of the non-heterosexual group, and there is no unified operational definition, which can be evaluated through multi-dimensional evaluation. (5) Gender and age have effect on the behavior of coming out, senior female are the last group to come out, exactly contrary to the young men. Certain orders and stages consist in coming-out, in a general way, self-identity is the starting point of coming-out, and the process is influenced by social support, economic conditions, family and more factors.

Education and time investment in domestic and parental activities in urban areas of Iran

Education is considered one of the most important determinants of population change; operating through cultural change, enhancing negotiating powers or increasing opportunity costs of some behaviors. However, the role of education in gender division of household activities has not been investigated in Iran. This paper uses data from the 2014–2015 Time Use Survey, representing urban areas of Iran, to examine the association between spouses’ education and their participation in domestic and parental activities. The findings show that wives are five times more likely to participate in either domestic or parental activities than their husbands, suggesting the persistence of gender division of roles in family sphere in urban areas of Iran. There are considerable gender differences in the association between education and the amount of time allocated to these activities. However, the experience of both wives and husbands is consistent with cultural explanations. Although different levels of education determine wives’ and husbands’ participation in domestic and parental activities, the positive direction of these associations suggest that economic explanations are irrelevant. It seems that higher education does not increase the opportunity costs of household activities nor used as a negotiating power to reduce one’s share in household activities. Education appears to operate by enhancing egalitarian gender attitudes and the importance of quality parenting. Similar analyses in rural areas can deepen our understanding about gender relations in Iran and help evidence-based policy making in a context where family dynamics have raised serious concerns at the highest political levels.

Women's Roles and Conflicts in Divakaruni's Arranged Marriage

The cases of women experiencing gender-biased, injustice, abuse, and violence do not only exist in stories of literary works but it does exist in real life as we believe that literary text is the reflection of the real life. In addition, feminism is more likely concerning the division of gender roles and its implication to the women's life to be academically worth it. This study is intended to identify what kind of women's roles and conflicts are portrayed in literary works and to explain how women's roles and conflicts are reflected through literary text. This study is a qualitative study which applies close reading in finding the data. The results of the study show that the roles of women in Divakaruni’s Arranged Marriage are mainly aiming at fulfilling the domestic affairs. While, two conflicts are faced by the women; domestic violence and psychological pressures by their husbands and family. In addition, it also indicates that most women are still prevalent to destiny as housewives and to serve their husband’s needs.

The effect of gender role attitudes on the self-efficacy of the older adults: based on data from the third wave Survey of Chinese Women’s social status

ABSTRACT Based on data from the Third Wave Survey of Chinese Women’s Social Status, we analysed the relationship between gender role attitudes and the self-efficacy of older adults. We found that gender equality attitude had a positive correlation with self-efficacy among both male and female older adults, whereas the gender role division attitude correlated positively with self-efficacy only among women. Moreover, gender role attitudes acted as mediators and moderators for self-efficacy. Promoting the concept of gender equality can lead to the liberation of both older women and men and have a positive impact on increasing self-efficacy in both genders.