Gender Differences In Response Research Articles

Adolescent understanding of concepts related to the developmental origins of health and disease: a Pacific perspective

ABSTRACT The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) framework has highlighted the link between an adverse early life environment and later disease risk. There is an increasing focus on adolescents as the next generation of parents as DOHaD agents of change to break the disease cycle. However, DOHaD awareness in adolescents is key to enabling knowledge uptake and behavioural change, particularly in Pacific adolescents who have a higher non-communicable disease (NCD) burden. The present study investigated understanding of DOHaD-related concepts among Pacific, Māori and other ethnic groups in New Zealand (ages 16–19 years, n = 209). Awareness of the term NCDs was low across all groups with awareness of the term DOHaD or the First 1000 Days lower in the Pacific group compared to others. Similarly, awareness of some key DOHaD concepts was low overall with some gender differences in response within ethnicity. Interestingly, adolescents' understanding that the early life nutritional environment can impact health across the life-course diminishes significantly with each advancing life-course stage. These results indicate that both education and healthcare DOHaD-related health promotion are lacking with a need for increased engagement with adolescents, particularly Pacific adolescents, to develop and communicate DOHaD content and messaging relevant to this demographic.

Gender differences in response to center-based cardiac rehabilitation: a retrospective study

Gender differences in response to center-based cardiac rehabilitation: a retrospective study

Comparative Analysis of Gender-Based Differences in Behavioral Mastery, Goals, and Characteristics in Autistic Individuals: An Applied Behavior Analysis Study.

Introduction It is widely recognized that the prevalence and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are more common in males than in females. Despite this, there is a significant gap in the body of autism research that investigates gender differences for treatment effects of applied behavior analysis (ABA) across a variety of measured variables. This research aims to comprehensively evaluate gender distinctions concerning target behavioral objectives, goals, and deficit variables. Materials and methods This study analyzed retrospective data from 100 participants, including 89 juveniles and four adults, with seven cases lacking age documentation, who underwent a three-month ABAprogram from March 19 to June 11, 2023. The ABA program included various methodologies such as functional analysis, discrete trial training, mass trials, and naturalistic training. Data on outcome measures, including target behavioral proficiency, age, average trials to proficiency, average teaching days to proficiency, open behavioral objectives, and target trends, were collected using the "Catalyst"software (Catalyst Software Corporation, New York, NY). Participant demographics were summarized using statistical analyses for categorical (gender and race/ethnicity) and continuous variables (percentage of mastered behavioral objectives, age, average trials, average teaching days, open objectives, percentage of failed objectives during maintenance, percentage of objectives with upward, downward, and flat trends). These statistics included mean, standard deviation, median, and rangeand were analyzed inferentially using nine separate two-sample independent t-tests and corresponding effect sizes using Cohen's d. Results There were no statistically significant disparities based on gender (p > 0.05) across all nine variables examined: Percentage of Targets Mastered, Age, Average Trials to Mastery, Average Teaching Days to Mastery, Open Targets, Percentage of Targets Failed in Maintenance, Percentage of Targets Trending Up, Percentage of Targets Trending Down, and Percentage of Targets Trending Flat, and wide confidence intervals were detected. Conclusions Non-significant gender differences in response to ABA treatments regarding these nine behavioral goals, mastery, and deficitvariables may be relevant. They suggest that ABA treatments could be equally beneficial for both male and female autistic individuals. These results should be interpreted cautiously. The general pattern observed, characterized by broad confidence intervals, carries a degree of statistical uncertainty, which may suggest substantial gender differences. These results might question the prevailing beliefs about the variation in treatment response based on gender. This could profoundly impact clinical practices, implying that healthcare professionals should not favor one gender over another when suggesting ABA therapies. Instead, the treatment advice should be tailored to each child's unique requirements and traits, regardless of gender. The investigators expect these results to encourage additional research in this field. Comprehending the elements that affect treatment response is vital for improving treatment results and customizing care.

Female obesity: clinical and psychological assessment toward the best treatment.

Obesity is a heterogeneous condition which results from complex interactions among sex/gender, sociocultural, environmental, and biological factors. Obesity is more prevalent in women in most developed countries, and several clinical and psychological obesity complications show sex-specific patterns. Females differ regarding fat distribution, with males tending to store more visceral fat, which is highly correlated to increased cardiovascular risk. Although women are more likely to be diagnosed with obesity and appear more motivated to lose weight, as confirmed by their greater representation in clinical trials, males show better outcomes in terms of body weight and intra-abdominal fat loss and improvements in the metabolic risk profile. However, only a few relatively recent studies have investigated gender differences in obesity, and sex/gender is rarely considered in the assessment and management of the disease. This review summarizes the evidence of gender differences in obesity prevalence, contributing factors, clinical complications, and psychological challenges. In addition, we explored gender differences in response to obesity treatments in the specific context of new anti-obesity drugs.

Sex Differences in Response to Antiretroviral Therapy Among People Living With HIV/Aids Attending Art Clinic in Federal Medical Centre, Abuja

To assess gender differences in response to antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV/AIDS attending ART Clinic in Federal Medical Center (FMC), Abuja. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 595 HIV-positive adult patients attending HIV clinic in FMC Abuja between January 2021 and December 2022. Data was retrieved from the database of ART Clinic, FMC Abuja, for patients who have been on TDF/3TC/DTG regimen for at least six months before viral load testing. A total of 1,150 registered People Living with HIV Aids (PLWHA) received care between January 2021 and December 2022 in FMC Abuja. Only 595 had viral load test within the study period, comprising of 205 (34%) males and 390 (66%) females in a ratio of 1:1.9. The viral load of the study participants ranged from 0 to 3,970,000.00 copies/ml with a standard deviation of 310,099.63 copies/ml. 571 (96%) of the total study participants had viral load less than 1,000 copies/ml, and 200 (35%) of them were males whereas 371 (65%) were females. The remaining 24 (4%) of the study participants who had viral load greater than 1,000 copies/ml were 8 (34%) males and 16 (66%) females. The dif-ferences in the means of viral load between males and females were not statistically significant, with a p-value of 0.054. This study found a very high viral suppression and females were equally virally suppressed as the males.

Transdiagnostic and tailored internet intervention to improve mental health among university students: Research protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundEmerging adulthood is often associated with mental health problems. About one in three university students report symptoms of depression and anxiety that can negatively affect their developmental trajectory concerning work, intimate relationships, and health. This can interfere with academic performance, as mood and anxiety disorders are key predictors of dropout from higher education. A treatment gap exists, where a considerable proportion of students do not seek help for mood and anxiety symptoms. Offering internet interventions to students with mental health problems could reduce the treatment gap, increase mental health, and improve academic performance. A meta-analysis on internet interventions for university students showed small effects for depression and none for anxiety. Larger trials are recommended to further explore effects of guidance, transdiagnostic approaches, and individual treatment components.MethodsThis study will offer 1200 university students in Sweden participation in a three-armed randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating a guided or unguided transdiagnostic internet intervention for mild to moderate depression and anxiety, where the waitlist control group accesses the intervention at 6-month follow-up. Students reporting suicidal ideation/behaviors will be excluded and referred to treatment within the existing healthcare system. An embedded study within the trial (SWAT) will assess at week 3 of 8 whether participants in the guided and unguided groups are at higher risk of failing to benefit from treatment. Those at risk will be randomized to an adaptive treatment strategy, or to continue the treatment as originally randomized. Primary outcomes are symptoms of depression and anxiety. Follow-ups will occur at post-treatment and at 6-, 12-, and 24-month post-randomization. Between-group outcome analyses will be reported, and qualitative interviews about treatment experiences are planned.DiscussionThis study investigates the effects of a transdiagnostic internet intervention among university students in Sweden, with an adaptive treatment strategy employed during the course of treatment to minimize the risk of treatment failure. The study will contribute knowledge about longitudinal trajectories of mental health and well-being following treatment, taking into account possible gender differences in responsiveness to treatment. With time, effective internet interventions could make treatment for mental health issues more widely accessible to the student group.

Expectations, gender, and choking under pressure: Evidence from alpine skiing

In alpine skiing competitions, one of the coaches of the participating countries sets the course. This may provide an advantage, but it may also exert higher pressure on the racers. We analyze 45,467 men’s and 41,221 women’s performances from all competitions in alpine skiing’s Slalom, Giant Slalom, and Super Giant disciplines that took place in the World Cups, World Championships, and Olympic Games between the 2001/2002 and 2019/2020 seasons. We compare the performance of racers when competing on a course that was set by their compatriot to the performance of the same racers in the same season when the course was set by a coach from another country. Having a compatriot course setter only has an effect in the second (and decisive) run of the most technical discipline Slalom. We find that men fail significantly more often to complete their run when their compatriots set the course, whereas women fail significantly less in the same situation. The most likely drivers of our results relate to gender differences in response to expectations and choking under pressure in skill-based tasks.

Gender Differences in Response to Statin Therapy in Ischemic Stroke Patients With SLCO1B1 388A>G Polymorphism: A Clinical Study

Background: Statins are widely used for the medical management of vascular conditions, including ischemic stroke. However, genetic factors and polymorphisms, including SLCO1B1 388A>G single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), have shown significant effects in response to statin therapy. To the best of our knowledge, gender-gene interaction in response to statin therapy, affected by the SLCO1B1 388 A>G SNP, has not been investigated yet. The current study describes the therapeutic outcomes of this variation in terms of clinical evaluations and laboratory parameters. Methods: Seventy patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke were recruited for this study. Blood samples were collected. The SLCO1B1 388A>G gene was genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method, and the three possible polymorphisms (388GG, 388GA, and 388AA) were detected accordingly. Statin treatment was prescribed at a dose of 40 mg of Atorvastatin or 20 mg of Rosuvastatin daily. Laboratory assessments, including a lipid profile, liver function tests, and lactate dehydrogenase, as well as clinical evaluations, including scores of stroke severity, were obtained at baseline and after a three-month follow-up. Results: Iranian ischemic stroke patients showed all three possible polymorphisms, including 30 patients with AA, 28 patients with AG, and 12 patients with GG. Significant SNP variations and gender-gene interactions for most measures of the lipid profile and some clinical trends were found in such a manner that the GG genotype was associated with relevant resistance to statin treatment, while the AA genotype, particularly in male patients, was associated with more response to statin treatment. Conclusion: This investigation adds influential gender differences to the previously reported SLCO1B1 388A>G SNP-induced variations of statin therapeutic response in stroke patients.

Outcome and Safety of Insulin in the Management of Smell Loss: A Systematic Review.

Background: Olfactory dysfunction can negatively impact the quality of life and increase the risk of danger from warning odors. Various factors can cause olfactory dysfunction, including COVID-19 infection, which has increased anosmia cases. No medications are approved; however, recent studies have suggested that intranasal insulin could effectively treat olfactory dysfunction. Aim: To comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness and safety of intranasal insulin in treating olfactory dysfunction. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar, and CENTRAL databases were searched using specific keywords, and the outputs were screened using the Rayyan AI system. Original research articles published without time frame limitations that reported the relevant outcomes were included. The reviewers performed the screening and data extraction, and any disagreements were resolved by a third senior author. Results: This systematic review identified 66 references from 3 databases, with 45 articles meeting the criteria for review after duplicates were removed. Six articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected, including 177 subjects. The selected studies consisted of various study designs, including pilot studies, placebo-controlled trials, crossover studies, and randomized clinical trials. The findings showed that intranasal insulin therapy had beneficial effects on olfactory function. Specifically, improvements were observed in olfactory detection and discrimination in patients with post-COVID-19 anosmia, olfactory threshold performance in healthy participants, and odor identification in hyposmic patients. However, there were variations in the observed effects based on different doses of insulin administered and gender differences. It also shows that using insulin provides good outcomes. Using it intranasally was safe and did not cause any complications. Conclusion: Intranasal insulin has shown promising results as a potentially safe treatment for olfactory dysfunction. Studies suggest that it can improve olfactory thresholds. Further studies are needed to investigate optimal doses and potential gender differences in response.

Effects of sexual imagination, relationship experience, and personal infidelity experiences on gender differences in responses to partners’ infidelity

ABSTRACT The sexual imagination hypothesis predicts that gender differences in jealousy emerge from the differences in explicit imagination between men and women. In particular, men strongly respond to partners’ sexual infidelity because they can imagine sexual stimuli explicitly. In contrast, women strongly respond to emotional infidelity because they can effortlessly envision emotional infidelity. We hypothesised that higher sexual and romantic imaginations were associated with greater distress over partners’ sexual and emotional infidelity, respectively. Participants (226 women and 135 men) answered questions regarding experiences with personal sexual and emotional infidelity and the degree of distress they felt over their partners’ sexual and emotional infidelity. They completed the scales for sexual and romantic imaginations. Multiple regression analyses showed that the sexual imagination hypothesis provided a unique explanation for gender differences in jealousy beyond the effects of gender, including relationship experience and experiences with personal sexual and emotional infidelity. Additionally, individuals with relationship experience and experiences with personal sexual and emotional infidelity reported higher sexual and romantic imaginations than those without such experiences. Furthermore, our findings imply that responses to partners’ infidelity, considering gender, are more similar than different.

Gender difference in response to COVID vaccination; a letter to the editor on current findings

Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: This study found a difference in the immune response to the COVID vaccine between men and women. Women will have a more robust immune response and show more complications.

Epidemiological Situation of Hip Replacement Surgery: Gender Difference Responding

In some papers, differences in gender regarding the total hip arthroplasty (THA) replacement surgery response are reported. This study evaluated gender differences in response to patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty replacement surgery in our country. It is a cross-sectional and descriptive study that analyzed 401 patients admitted and undergoing THA at the University Trauma Center, Tirana, for five years. SPSS software 20.0 is used to analyze patient outcome measures. The logistic regression compared outcomes between genders. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. The average age in this study was 67.1 +/- 5.4 years, with the range of min to max ranging from 22 to 89 years old.Women were the most predominant Gender, at 51.6% (207/401), compared to men, at 48.4% (194/401). The age group 60–70 years old had the most patients, accounting for 29.7% (119/401). In addition, women were more likely than men to be older, to have arthritis, and to have metabolic syndrome (P=0.001). The preoperative health of men was weaker despite being younger than women. Based on the logistic regression of the data, the length of hospital stay was significantly higher in women versus men. Still, on the other side, mobility after the replacement was much slower in men. Also, the men were less likely to return to their homes or mobilize independently during the 90-day follow-up. The findings of this study show a significant association between the gender effect and the outcomes of the replacement response. The total amount of arthroplasty used is more than four times as great in women as in men. We recommend future studies to clear up the underlying causes of gender differences in joint arthroplasty.

Gender Differences in Response to COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination.

Since COVID-19 first appeared, a number of follow-up events have taken place. In an effort to find a solution to this catastrophe, a great deal of study and analysis has been conducted. Because of the high morbidity and exceptionally large losses, scientists are being pushed to conduct more research and find vaccination and treatments. The virus has a wide range of effects, one of which is how it affects sexual activity in both men and women. The impact of the cardiovascular system and susceptibility to embolism, lung stress, and infection heightens the probability of hospitalization in the intensive care unit for pregnant women who have contracted COVID-19. There is no evidence of infection being passed from mother to child. In the current review, the role of COVID-19 infection and vaccination on male and female sexual activity, hormones, and the menstrual cycle for females, as well as on male sex hormones and sexual activity during infection and after vaccination, are being investigated. There are no reports of the virus being isolated from the semen of an infected patient or recently recovered patients. A recent investigation on the influence of the virus on gender susceptibility to sexual organs and function has been uncovered throughout this study.

Effects of in-situ stroboscopic training on visual, visuomotor and reactive agility in youth volleyball players.

Stroboscopic training is based on an exercise with intermittent visual stimuli that force a greater demand on the visuomotor processing for improving performance under normal vision. While the stroboscopic effect is used as an effective tool to improve information processing in general perceptual-cognitive tasks, there is still a lack of research focused on identifying training protocols for sport-specific settings. Therefore, we aimed at assessing the effects of in-situ stroboscopic training on visual, visuomotor and reactive agility in young volleyball players. Fifty young volleyball athletes (26 males and 24 females; mean age, 16.5 ± 0.6 years) participated in this study and were each divided randomly into an experimental group and a control group, who then both performed identical volleyball-specific tasks, with the experimental group under stroboscopic influence. The participants were evaluated three times using laboratory based tests for simple and complex reaction speed, sensory sensitivity and saccade dynamics; before the after the 6-week-long training (short-term effect) and 4 weeks later (long-term effect). In addition, a field test investigated the effects of the training on reactive agility. A significant TIME vs GROUP effect was observed for (1) simple motor time (p = 0.020, ηp2 = 0.08), with improvement in the stroboscopic group in the post-test and retention test (p = 0.003, d = 0.42 and p = 0.027, d = 0.35, respectively); (2) complex reaction speed (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.22), with a large post-test effect in the stroboscopic group (p < 0.001, d = 0.87) and a small effect in the non-stroboscopic group (p = 0.010, d = 0.31); (3) saccade dynamics (p = 0.011, ηp2 = 0.09), with post-hoc tests in the stroboscopic group not reaching significance (p = 0.083, d = 0.54); and (4) reactive agility (p = 0.039, ηp2 = 0.07), with a post-test improvement in the stroboscopic group (p = 0.017, d = 0.49). Neither sensory sensitivity nor simple reaction time was statistically significantly affected as a result of the training (p > 0.05). A significant TIME vs GENDER effect was observed for saccadic dynamics (p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.226) and reactive agility (p = 0.004, ηp2 = 0.213), with stronger performance gains in the females. There was a larger effectiveness from the 6-week volleyball-specific training in the stroboscopic group compared to the non-stroboscopic group. The stroboscopic training resulted in significant improvements on most measures (three of five) of visual and visuomotor function with more marked enhancement in visuomotor than in sensory processing. Also, the stroboscopic intervention improved reactive agility, with more pronounced performance gains for short-term compared to the long-term changes. Gender differences in response to the stroboscopic training are inconclusive, therefore our findings do not offer a clear consensus.

RESPONSIVENESS OF STATE AND RESPONSE ENTROPY AND ALGESIOMETRY DURING INTRAVENOUS FENTANYL ADMINISTRATION: A COMPARISON BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE PATIENTS

Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the gender difference in response to fentanyl on the entropy and algesiometry and to compare hemodynamic difference in between the gender. Methods: It was a prospective observational study carried out in a group of 100 patients, of which 50 were males and 50 females. In both the groups, baseline entropy (response entropy [RE] and state entropy [SE]) and algesiometry values were recorded, 2 mic/kg of fentanyl was administered, and entropy values were recorded for 5 min and another algesiometry reading was taken at the end of 5 min. Results: Both the groups were found to be comparable age and weight (p&lt;0.05). However, the mean height of male patients was found to be more as compared to females, and the difference was found to be statistically significant (p=0.037). There was no statistically significant difference in the American society of anesthesiologists grades of male and female patients (p=1). Comorbidities were analyzed using Pearson’s Chi-square test and both the groups were comparable in terms of distribution of comorbidities. (p=1.000). All parameters such as heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, oxygen Saturation, RE, and SE at various time intervals were found to be comparable in male and female patients. There was no statistically significant difference in any of the parameters till 5 min after fentanyl administration (p&gt;0.05). There was no significant difference in entropy values among males and females before and after fentanyl administration. Females had significantly (p=0.033) lower pain threshold and a statistically significant increase in pain threshold as compared to males after fentanyl administration (p=0.012). Conclusion: We conclude that fentanyl administration has not influenced the entropy values based on gender and females had an initial low pain threshold and a greater increase in pain threshold after fentanyl administration.

Gender Gap in Access to the Driving Licence: Experimental Evidence from France

ABSTRACT In this article, we assess the gender difference in response from driving schools to a request for information about the requirements to pass the driving licence. To this purpose, we created fictitious profiles for two young candidates seeking a driving licence training, a woman and a man, who were similar in all other aspects. We conducted two waves of experiment on 290 driving schools randomly selected from an exhaustive list of French driving schools. The feedback received from driving schools that responded to both candidates is examined to investigate differences in treatment between the male and female applicants. Our analysis shows that driving schools propose a slightly significantly higher maximum number of hours of preparation for the road test when the candidate is a woman: on average, driving schools propose 1.5 more hours of training to women than to men. On the other hand, we do not find a significant gender difference in the price of the training offered and few differences in other variables related to the content of the response.

Lupus pathogenesis and autoimmunity are exacerbated by high fat diet-induced obesity in MRL/lpr mice

ObjectiveSLE is an autoimmune disease characterised by persistent inflammation and autoantibody production. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as a high-fat diet (HFD) may contribute to lupus development. However, the...

Gender differences in response and remission rates among patients receiving esketamine

IntroductionDepressive disorders are among the leading causes of disability. The lifetime risk for developing clinically significant depression is estimated around 15%. Multiple studies have found female-male ratio of 2:1 across nations and cultures. The reason for this marked difference is still not clear, although several theories addressing social, biological, and environmental contributors have been suggested. Respond to anti-depressant treatment is considerably similar in both genders. However, several studies have shown worse outcomes among women during menopause.In 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a nasal spray formulation of esketamine for the treatment of resistant depression (TRD) in adults, and the treatment has been approved to use by the ministry of health in Israel since 2020 . Recent studies found more than 50% response and 35% remission rates, when nasal esketamine was given as an add-on therapy.Objectivesto assess gender differences in response and remission rates among patients receiving esketamine as an add-on therapy for TRD in a real-world settingMethods23 female and 22 males received at least 12 weeks of esketamine treatment in a day-care setting. Data collected included depression, dissociation and quality of life scales.ResultsFemales tend to experience more severe dissociation during treatment. Average response and remission rates were similar in both groups (48% and 32% respectively), however females were less favorable to show rapid response (during the first 4 weeks). among responders no major differences in time to response has been found.Conclusionsno major gender differences in response or remission rates have been found among patients receiving esketamine treatment for TRD aside from lower rates of rapid response. Additionally, Females report more severe dissociation during treatment.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Adaptation of the e-servicescape model to the online exhibition industry

PurposeThe servicescape model has been widely adapted in various service industries, but this model may not be applicable if the exhibition is transformed from physical to online. Moreover, there is only a handful of research on online exhibitions; studies focusing on visitor behaviors from various types of online exhibitions and the differences between genders are still lacking. This study aims to examine the different variables in the e-servicescape model and discuss how e-servicescape affects visitor behavior based on the exhibition types and gender differences.Design/methodology/approachThe e-servicescape model is adapted in this study. Qualitative interviews were conducted prior to a quantitative online survey to examine by regression analysis the relationships among the dimensions in e-servicescape and how it affects visitor subsequent behavior. Data analyses are based on the differences between exhibition types and gender differences in response to the three environmental dimensions, namely, aesthetic appeal, layout and functionality, and security concern.FindingsThe findings show that visitors pay more attention to artistic enjoyment in art-related exhibitions and focus on informative issues in other types of exhibitions. “Aesthetic appeal” and “layout and functionality” are important to both genders, but little concern is shown to computer security issues. Female visitors are concerned with aesthetic design and male visitors stress layout and functionality elements. In terms of the security concerns, females have no concern about cookies function, while males have no concern on leaving search history on the website.Originality/valueThere is no previous relevant research on the relationships and influence between e-servicescape and online exhibition; this study focuses on the application of e-servicescape to the online exhibition industry and helps fill this research gap.

Vitamin B-6 Status of Women with a Constant Intake of Vitamin B-6 Changes with Three Levels of Dietary Protein

To determine the effect of varying levels of dietary protein with a constant intake of vitamin B-6 (B-6) on B-6 status, nine women were fed diets providing daily intakes of 1.25 mg B-6 and 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g protein/kg body weight. After an 8-d adjustment period, the women consumed each level of dietary protein for 14 d in a Latin-square design. Several direct and indirect B-6 status indicators were measured in blood and urine. Significant differences among protein levels were found for urinary 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) excretion (P < 0.01), plasma pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) concentration (P < 0.05), and urinary excretion of volatile amines (VA, kynurenine plus acetylkynurenine) after a 2-g L-tryptophan load (P < 0.05). Nitrogen intake was significantly negatively correlated with urinary 4-PA excretion (r = -0.619, P < 0.001) and plasma PLP concentration (r = -0.549, P < 0.01), and positively correlated with erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase percentage stimulation (r = 0.418, P < 0.05) and urinary post-tryptophan load excretion of xanthurenic acid (r = 0.535, P < 0.05), kynurenic acid (r = 0.563, P < 0.05) and VA (r = 0.626, P < 0.01). Compared with men consuming diets with similar B-6 to protein ratios in a previous study, the women excreted a greater percentage of the B-6 intake as 4-PA, had lower plasma PLP concentrations and excreted greater amounts of postload urinary tryptophan metabolites at all three protein levels. If the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamin B-6 is to be based on the dietary B-6 to protein ratio, gender differences in response to varying protein intakes should be considered. For the levels of protein intake used in this study and a B-6 intake of 1.25 mg/d, a B-6 to protein ratio of greater than 0.020 mg/g is required for adequate vitamin B-6 status in women.