Gender Differences In Prevalence Rates Research Articles

Insomnia symptoms in adulthood. Prevalence and incidence over 25 years

Objective/backgroundDespite its high prevalence, little information is available about the course of insomnia symptoms over the life span. In this study, we analyzed the self-reported insomnia symptoms of the general population over more than 20 years, covering young up to middle adulthood. Patients/methodsData from waves 12 to 32 of the Saxon Longitudinal Study (1996–2021), were analyzed. Based on data from the 12th wave, n = 115 adults (48 men (41.7%), 67 women (58.3%), Mage = 23.59, SD = 0.59) completed the G-Score Item #3 in the following 18 waves, thus forming the basis for our analyses. The G-Score Item #3 reads “In the last 12 months, have you had the following complaints? Please indicate how often they occurred – Insomnia”. The G-Score Item #3 was dichotomized using a cut-off score of 2, and prevalence and incidence rates were calculated by gender. ResultsThe minimum prevalence rate was 23.48% (Mage = 32.11, SD = 0.40), and the maximum was 47.83% (Mage = 48.43, SD = 0.64), indicating an increase in insomnia symptoms with age. In most cases, no evidence was found for gender differences in prevalence rates. The incidence rates were 10.43% for the 1st year of follow-up and 8.7% for the 5th year and 6th year of follow-up, respectively. ConclusionsThis study provides further evidence for the high prevalence rates of insomnia symptoms in the general population. As this study is the first epidemiological study of insomnia symptoms based on a single-item (screening) instrument, it should be rather seen as an extension than a replication of previous study findings.

An Examination of Gender Differences in Bullying among Justice-involved Adolescents

ABSTRACT Most studies of bullying rely on school-based samples of youth; however, a few studies of justice-involved populations suggest delinquent youth experience higher rates of bullying than youth in the general population. Little is known about gender differences in bullying among justice-involved youth. Using data from a Health Coach service project for justice-involve youth implemented at two intake facilities, 312 female and 857 male newly arrested youth were included in the current study. The current study sought to determine gender differences in prevalence rates of bullying involvement. Logistic regression was used to explore gender differences in how key covariates of demographic, risk factors, and traumatic experiences related to bullying. Rates of bullying experiences were higher for girls (35%) than boys (17%), and these rates were higher than rates reported in studies using general population or school-based samples. Analysis revealed differences in risk factors of bullying by gender. For both arrested girls and boys, depressive symptoms and sexual assault victimization increased the odds of bullying. Justice-involved youth are at greater risk of bullying and experience multiple problems. Holistic treatment and prevention strategies that recognize the co-occurrence of mental health symptoms, serious victimization, and substance abuse with bullying experiences are needed.

Illicit Use of Prescription Stimulants: Gender Differences in Perceptions of Risk

Background: Little research exists on gender differences regarding the relationship between illicit use of prescription stimulants (IUPS) and perceptions of risk of illicit use. Risk perception is a common target for both prevention and intervention programs. Objectives: To measure gender differences in prevalence rates of illicit use and perceptions of legal, health, and social risks of illicit use. Method: Data from undergraduate students at a large, southeastern university (N = 1,714) were examined for gender differences in prevalence of illicit use and related risk perceptions. Results: More men engaged in illicit use than women (26.2% vs. 18.7%). Overall, men perceived lower legal, health, and social risks related to illicit use. Further, illicit users also perceived lower legal, health, and social risks. Nonusing men perceived lower legal and health risks than nonusing women, but similar levels of social risks. Within the subgroup of illicit users, men perceived lower health risks than women, but similar levels of legal and social risk. Conclusions/Importance: There were significant gender differences in IUPS and risk perception, with particular importance of lack of social risk perceived for all groups and lower health risk perception for men who had engaged in IUPS. It is unclear if the lower risk perceptions are present prior to or after illicit use begins and whether risk perceptions affect the development, maintenance, or termination of illicit use behaviors. Future research is needed to clarify these relationships and to evaluate whether increasing risk perceptions is a viable target for prevention or intervention efforts.

Is gender important? Victimisation and perpetration of intimate partner violence in mainland China.

Establishing the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) has been recommended by International Conventions and Declarations for some time beginning with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW Articles 12 and 19) in 1979. One important recommendation of such international protocols is the implementation of national population prevalence surveys to establishing IPV as a serious social issue globally, which is intended to provide data for planning effective responses within signatory countries. However, not all countries have undertaken national prevalence surveys meaning that there are gaps in our understanding of who are the perpetrators and victims of IPV in different cultural contexts. This article presents the results of a scoping review of literature examining gender differences in prevalence rates of victimisation and perpetration of IPV in mainland China (hereon China). There has been little written about the prevalence of IPV in China generally, and this scoping process located only nine peer-reviewed articles written in both English- and Chinese-language journals focusing on both gender and IPV published between 1997 and 2016. Results of this scoping review demonstrate that while both women and men perpetrate IPV in China, the prevalence rates of different types of IPV reflect gender differences in both perpetration and victimisation, suggesting that IPV is not a unitary phenomenon. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of the findings including the importance of increasing awareness of IPV in China more generally and developing gender-specific interventions to directly address different types of IPV. Directions for future research are also canvassed.

Association Between Pubertal Onset and Symptoms of ADHD in Female University Students

Objective: This exploratory study investigated how the timing of female pubertal maturation was associated with the symptoms of ADHD in a non-clinical female undergraduate sample (N = 253). Method: Participants (Mage = 20.2 ± 1.7 years) completed a set of self-report rating scales examining pubertal onset and ADHD symptoms and related deficits. Results: Logistic regression analysis indicated that early puberty was associated with elevation in symptoms, including difficulties in attention (odds ratio [OR] = 1.270, p = .019), emotion regulation (OR = 1.070, p = .038), and more risky behavior (OR = 1.035, p = .045). That is, increased symptom endorsement was shown to significantly help classify those who reported having an earlier pubertal onset relative to their peers. Conclusion: Findings highlight the potential role of sex hormones during puberty in explaining the gender differences in prevalence rates of ADHD and symptom profiles.

Epidemiology and socioeconomic impact of seasonal affective disorder in Austria

BackgroundSeasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a subtype of recurrent depressive or bipolar disorder that is characterized by regular onset and remission of affective episodes at the same time of the year. The aim of the present study was to provide epidemiological data and data on the socioeconomic impact of SAD in the general population of Austria. MethodsWe conducted a computer-assisted telephone interview in 910 randomly selected subjects (577 females and 333 males) using the Seasonal Health Questionnaire (SHQ), the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), and the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Telephone numbers were randomly drawn from all Austrian telephone books and transformed using the random last digits method. The last birthday method was employed to choose the target person for the interviews. ResultsOut of our subjects, 2.5% fulfilled criteria for the seasonal pattern specifier according to DSM-5 and 2.4% (95% CI=1.4–3.5%) were diagnosed with SAD. When applying the ICD-10 criteria 1.9% (95% CI=0.9–2.8%) fulfilled SAD diagnostic criteria. The prevalence of fall-winter depression according to the Kasper-Rosenthal criteria was determined to be 3.5%. The criteria was fulfilled by 15.1% for subsyndromal SAD (s-SAD). We did not find any statistically significant gender differences in prevalence rates. When using the DSM-5 as a gold standard for the diagnosis of SAD, diagnosis derived from the SPAQ yielded a sensitivity of 31.8% and a specificity of 97.2%. Subjects with SAD had significantly higher scores on the SDS and higher rates of sick leave and days with reduced productivity than healthy subjects. ConclusionsPrevalence estimates for SAD with the SHQ are lower than with the SPAQ. Our data are indicative of the substantial burden of disease and the socioeconomic impact of SAD. This epidemiological data shows a lack of gender differences in SAD prevalence. The higher rates of females in clinical SAD samples might, at least in part, be explained by lower help seeking behaviour in males.

Depression in Men: Issues for Practice and Research

Researchers have long observed that men and women tend to experience mental illnesses at different rates, with women showing higher rates of mood and anxiety disorders, and men showing higher rates of antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse. Yet, there seems to be anecdotal evidence all around us that men also suffer from depression and anxiety. The American Psychiatric Association reports that depression in men is not uncommon and often goes unrecognized and untreated. Research has shown that while men develop standard symptoms of depression, they often experience it differently and may have different ways of coping. Men may be more willing to report fatigue, irritability, loss of interest in work or hobbies, and sleep disturbances, rather than feelings of sadness, worthlessness, and excessive guilt. Depression also puts men at risk for suicide. More than 90% of people who died of suicide have pre-existing depression, and men are three times more likely than women to die by suicide. Recent reports of suicide in those who are active military and veterans have prompted studies of risk factors for suicide. Factors significantly associated with an increased risk of suicide include male gender, depression, manic-depressive disorder, heavy or binge drinking, and alcohol related problems. None of the deployment related factors (combat experience, cumulative days deployed, or number of deployments) were associated with an increased suicide risk. What explanations are offered for consistent finding of gender differences in rates of depression, not only in the US worldwide? The origins of these gender differences in prevalence rates are not well understood although various ideas have been proposed to explain how they arise. These explanations include response bias, differential service utilization rates, and various biological, social, and demographic influences. Several theoretical explanations have also been proposed. This article will discuss these ideas. Language: en

An investigation of differential item functioning across gender of BPD criteria.

Gender differences in prevalence rates of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) may reflect true differences between groups or may reflect some form of gender bias in diagnostic criteria. The detection of differential item functioning (DIF) using item response theory methods provides a powerful method of evaluating whether gender differences in prevalence rates of BPD reflect true mean differences or criterion bias. The aim of the current study was to evaluate gender-based DIF in DSM BPD criteria. The Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II: First, Spitzer, Gibbon, Williams, & Benjamin, 1994) was administered to 747 adult inpatients. Results indicated DIF for 2 BPD criteria (impulsivity and uncontrolled anger), such that it was easier for these items to be endorsed for men compared with women at the same level of latent trait. At the level of the test, men were expected to be rated slightly higher than women on the SCID-II at the same level of latent BPD liability. Implications of these results for research and clinical assessment are discussed.

Prevalence and clinical classification of tremor in elderly—A community‐based survey in Brazil

Prevalence data on different types of tremor among the elderly population are very scarce. The objective of this study was to study the prevalence of tremor in a community-dwelling elderly population in the town of Bambuí, Brazil. The authors studied 1186 inhabitants aged≥64 years. This was a 2-phase study in which all participants who screened positive in a questionnaire for tremor and parkinsonism or who used drugs capable of causing/suppressing tremor were examined. In this population, the prevalence rate was 17.4% for tremor, 7.4% for essential tremor, 5.6% for parkinsonian tremor, 2.8% for enhanced physiological tremor, and 1.6% for other causes. There were no gender differences in prevalence rates for all types. Patients who had Parkinson's disease with tremor were older than those who had essential tremor, whereas patients who had enhanced physiological tremor were significantly younger. The age-specific prevalence of tremor increased with advancing age for both men and women. The prevalence of tremor in the studied population was high and increased with advancing age. Essential tremor, parkinsonian tremor, and enhanced physiological tremor were the most commonly identified causes. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society.

130. Subjective social status reduces the association between poor sleep and elevated inflammation in female college students

Negative health consequences of poor sleep and low subjective social status are a consistent finding in various age groups, including children and older adults. In young adults, college marks a special time in this regard as it is linked to significant changes in sleep patterns and social status. The current study aimed at investigating whether such changes in sleep patterns during college are also linked to health outcomes and if so, whether this association is gender-dependent and/or moderated by social status. To answer these questions, sleep efficiency was assessed in 45 students (31 females, 19.4 ± 1.36 yrs) over the course of a week using actigraphy. Inflammatory status was determined by plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Controlling for BMI and age, female students showed higher IL-6 levels ( F = 4.68, p = .036) and higher sleep efficiency ( F = 6.66, p = .014) than male students. However, specifically female students with low sleep efficiency showed elevated IL-6 levels when compared to both female students with high sleep efficiency and male students (beta = 0.58, p = .029). Including subjective social status reduced this effect (beta = 2.00, p = .053). In summary, we found a higher susceptibility to negative health effects of poor sleep in female students compared to male students – an effect buffered by social status. These findings emphasize the importance of taking sleep behavior into account when investigating the mechanisms underlying gender differences in prevalence rates of inflammatory diseases, specifically during early adulthood.

Betrayal trauma and gender differences in posttraumatic stress.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the role of betrayal trauma in explaining why women report higher rates of posttraumatic stress than men. Betrayal trauma theory posits that cognitive dissociation is adaptive when trauma occurs at the hands of a caregiver (Freyd, 1996). Betrayal trauma has also been linked to poorer outcomes in mental health, including depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (DePrince & Freyd, 2002; Goldsmith, 2004). DePrince and Freyd (2002) proposed that the increased frequency with which females experience betrayals accounts in part for the correspondingly higher rates of PTSD and dissociative disorders among women. Thus, it is possible that closeness to the perpetrator acts as a partial mediator of gender differences in prevalence rates (Goldberg & Freyd, 2006). Using an online survey with a college sample (n 1,041) and a community sample (n 199), the findings of the current study confirmed prior research that traumas high in betrayal (e.g., abuse by a close other) are more strongly associated with symptoms of posttraumatic stress than traumas lower in betrayal (e.g., natural disaster or abuse by someone not close to the victim). Women also reported higher rates of depression, anxiety, and reexperiencing symptoms of PTSD, but not avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms. The hypothesis that betrayal trauma would mediate the association between gender and PTSD reexperiencing symptoms was supported by statistical significance, but the effect was not substantial.

VALUES † : A National Multicenter Study of Regional and Gender Differences in Frontotemporal Disease in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

SUMMARY Aims: To investigate regional and gender differences in prevalence rates and the pattern of cognitive and behavioral impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Materials & methods: One hundred and ten subjects (55 male) from 14 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinics were cross-sectionally evaluated with the Penn State Brief Exam of frontal and temporal dysfunction syndromes. Results: Prevalence rates of cognitive impairment and behavioral impairment were statistically equivalent among rural, suburban and urban subgroups. Females evidenced significant strengths in fluency and limitations in configurational processing. Patterns of regional findings suggested greater frontal cortical involvement in the rural sample. Females demonstrated more bihemispheric involvement in comparison to more left hemispheric involvement for males. Conclusions: Regional prevalence differences in frontotemporal disease prodrome appear insignificant and multifactorial, while being consistent with the toxicity model implicating pesticides in frontal lobe change. Female gender potentially masks the frontotemporal disease prodrome due to a bilateral distribution of language processing, which requires an assessment of right hemisphere-mediated capacities to detect.

An invariant dimensional liability model of gender differences in mental disorder prevalence: Evidence from a national sample.

Epidemiological studies of categorical mental disorders consistently report that gender differences exist in many disorder prevalence rates and that disorders are often comorbid. Can a dimensional multivariate liability model be developed to clarify how gender impacts diverse, comorbid mental disorders? We pursued this possibility in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC; N = 43,093). Gender differences in prevalence were systematic such that women showed higher rates of mood and anxiety disorders, and men showed higher rates of antisocial personality and substance use disorders. We next investigated patterns of disorder comorbidity and found that a dimensional internalizing-externalizing liability model fit the data well, where internalizing is characterized by mood and anxiety disorders, and externalizing is characterized by antisocial personality and substance use disorders. This model was gender invariant, indicating that observed gender differences in prevalence rates originate from women and men's different average standings on latent internalizing and externalizing liability dimensions. As hypothesized, women showed a higher mean level of internalizing, while men showed a higher mean level of externalizing. We discuss implications of these findings for understanding gender differences in psychopathology and for classification and intervention.

Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in toddlers receiving early intervention services

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) continues to be a source of debate among researchers and clinicians. Prevalence studies are of the utmost importance in order to obtain an accurate picture of the true prevalence rate of ASD and because these rates continue to be on the rise. To date, studies examining prevalence rates have utilized community or clinical populations. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to utilize a sample of toddlers at risk for or currently diagnosed with a developmental delay ( N = 2027) to determine the prevalence rate in this young population. As anticipated, the prevalence rates of ASD were much higher in this at risk sample of toddlers compared to rates reported in community or clinical samples. In addition, gender differences in prevalence rates emerged. However, the differences between these rates were not as pronounced as in other previously studied populations. These results underscore the necessity to routinely assess toddlers for the presence of symptoms of ASD who are already receiving early intervention services for other developmental delays.

Role of Nuclear Factor κB in Ovarian Hormone-Mediated Stress Hypersensitivity in Female Mice

The molecular mechanisms of stress-induced depressive behaviors have been characterized extensively in male rodents; however, much less is known about female subjects, despite the fact that human depression is far more prevalent in women. To gain insight into these mechanisms, we performed microarray analysis in nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key brain reward region implicated in depression, in ovariectomized (OVX) and gonadally intact female mice after chronic unpredictable stress and measured stress-induced depression-like behavior in the forced swim test (FST). Male mice were studied in the FST for comparison. We find that stress regulation of genes in NAc of gonadally intact female mice is blunted in OVX mice. This pattern of gene regulation is consistent with behavioral findings on the FST: the pro-depression-like effect of stress in intact female mice is absent in OVX female and gonadally intact male mice. We identified, among many genes regulated by stress, several nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) subunits-a pro-survival transcription factor involved in cellular responses to stress-as being highly upregulated in NAc of OVX mice. Given the role of NFkappaB during stress, we hypothesized that upregulation of NFkappaB by OVX decreases susceptibility to stress. Indeed, we show that inhibition of NFkappaB in NAc of OVX animals increases susceptibility to stress-induced depressive behaviors, whereas activation of NFkappaB in NAc of intact female subjects blocks susceptibility. These results suggest a hormonal mechanism of NFkappaB regulation that contributes to stress-induced depressive behaviors in female subjects and might represent a mechanism for gender differences in prevalence rates of these disorders in humans.

Cross‐sectional study of violence in emerging adulthood

Theories of emerging adulthood, the evolutionary perspective, and the presence of turning points in the lives of 19-25-year olds were examined in relation to serious perpetrated violence for a cross-sectional sample of men and women (n=14,098) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), Wave III. Perpetrated, self-reported violence included armed robbery, gang fighting, using a weapon in a fight, pulling a knife or gun on someone, or shooting or stabbing someone. Results showed that 11.3% of emergent adults had perpetrated at least one of these behaviors in the past year. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis partially supported the three theories for both men and women, beyond the contribution of violence in adolescence. The presence of Wave III violence was more likely given the unique contributions of unmarried status and economic risk. Moreover, and consistent with the theory of emerging adulthood, both sensation seeking and depression declined with age and contributed to the acknowledgement of Wave III violence, beyond the contribution of controls for Wave I violence (6 years earlier), demographics, age, gender, unmarried status, and economic risk. Findings of age-related declines and gender differences in prevalence rates were consistent with previous research on nationally representative samples, and with the predictions of the three theories.

Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in the South Indian adult population: The Andhra Pradesh Eye disease study

To report the prevalence, risk factors and associated population attributable risk percentage (PAR) for refractive errors in the South Indian adult population. A population-based cross-sectional epidemiologic study was conducted in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. A multistage cluster, systematic, stratified random sampling method was used to obtain participants (n = 10293) for this study. The age-gender-area-adjusted prevalence rates in those >/=40 years of age were determined for myopia (spherical equivalent [SE] < -0.5 D) 34.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 33.1-36.1), high-myopia (SE < -5.0 D) 4.5% (95% CI: 3.8-5.2), hyperopia (SE > +0.5 D) 18.4% (95% CI: 17.1-19.7), astigmatism (cylinder < -0.5 D) 37.6% (95% CI: 36-39.2), and anisometropia (SE difference between right and left eyes >0.5 D) 13.0% (95% CI: 11.9-14.1). The prevalence of myopia, astigmatism, high-myopia, and anisometropia significantly increased with increasing age (all p < 0.0001). There was no gender difference in prevalence rates in any type of refractive error, though women had a significantly higher rate of hyperopia than men (p < 0.0001). Hyperopia was significantly higher among those with a higher educational level (odds ratio [OR] 2.49; 95% CI: 1.51-3.95) and significantly higher among the hypertensive group (OR 1.24; 95% CI: 1.03-1.49). The severity of lens nuclear opacity was positively associated with myopia and negatively associated with hyperopia. The prevalence of myopia in this adult Indian population is much higher than in similarly aged white populations. These results confirm the previously reported association between myopia, hyperopia, and nuclear opacity.

C.11.03 Ensuring that patients adhere to treatment for depression

Background: The prevalence of major depression for women is about twice that for men. This gender difference in prevalence rates has led to much research addressing gender differences in the presentation and features of major depression, and, to a lesser extent, research addressing gender differences in treatment response and personality. However, studies differ considerably in the population sampled, and findings vary significantly. In the current retrospective examination of data, we investigated all of these variables in one single sample of outpatients with major depression seen in a tertiary care centre. Methods: A sample of 139 men and 246 women with major depression receiving antidepressant treatment (SSRIs, TCAs, SNRIs, MAOIs, or RIMAs) in an outpatient setting were contrasted with regard to symptoms and severity of depression, course of illness, treatment response, and personality. Results: Women were found to experience more vegetative and atypical symptoms, anxiety, and anger than men, and to report higher severity of depression on self-report measures. Regarding personality, women scored higher on conscientiousness, the extraversion facet warmth, the openness facet feelings, and sociotropy. Effect sizes were small to moderate. No differences were found in the course of the illness and treatment response. Limitations: Findings are not generalizable to inpatient or community samples, and some of the gender differences may be accounted for by gender differences in treatment seeking behaviour. Conclusions: While men and women receiving antidepressant treatment show some gender differences in the psychopathology of major depression, these differences do not appear to translate into differences in response to antidepressants. Gender differences in personality appear less profound than in the average population, indicating the potential role of a certain personality type that predisposes individuals to develop clinical depression, independent of gender. Clinical relevance: The current examination underscores the role gender plays in the presentation and treatment of major depression.

Psychopathy and the Assessment of Violence in Women

ABSTRACT Although considerable research exists on the relationship between psychopathy and violence in males, there is limited research on these constructs and their relationship in females. Research has found gender differences in prevalence rates and expression of traits for both constructs. However, recent studies using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) with women have raised questions regarding the origin of these gender differences. Researchers have suggested that different manifestations of behaviors in males and females, errors or biases in assessment, or simply lower prevalence rates among women may account for gender differences. Importantly, gender differences may impact the assessment of psychopathy and predictions of aggression in females, and applying research on males to evaluating females may lead to confusion. A case report is presented to illustrate these difficulties. Given the current state of the literature, use of the PCL-R in violence risk assessment with women should be approached with caution.

Gender, victimization, and psychiatric outcomes

Although gender differences in rates of internalizing disorders, particularly depression, are well documented, the causes of these differences are not well understood. One influential hypothesis [Cutler & Nolen-Hoeksema, Sex Roles (1991), 24, 425-438] proposes that higher rates of depression in females compared to males may be partially attributable to gender differences in the effects of childhood sexual abuse. The present study has evaluated this possibility by reviewing evidence for gender moderating the effects of childhood victimization on psychiatric outcomes. Literature search using PsycINFO and Medline, applying the following inclusion criteria: publication from 1996 to 2006, community-based sampling, adequate male-to-female sample ratio, use of clearly defined psychiatric outcomes, and a statistical test of gender differences in the effects of childhood victimization on psychiatric outcomes. Thirty studies met inclusion criteria. Overall, the results were mixed. Nearly half of all studies find no gender differences. In studies that do observe gender differences, victimization tends to be associated with higher psychiatric risk in females in studies with adult samples, whereas in samples of youth, victimization tends to be associated with higher psychiatric risk in males. With respect to outcome, when gender differences were observed, outcomes were distributed across both internalizing and externalizing categories for both genders. The gender differences in prevalence rates of internalizing disorders, such as depression, do not appear to be attributable to differential effects of childhood victimization.