Gender Differences In Opinions Research Articles

Why and who? Complaints against infill plans for 30 Gothenburg projects

ABSTRACT An infill programme with 30 plans targeting 7,000 new suburban dwellings led to 647 individuals complaining, despite informal early dialogues supported by developers, of whom 24 were interviewed. Contents of complaints were classified according to 27 reasons. Many complaints concerned parking and greenspaces. The elderly more often emphasized parking, while younger complainants mentioned noise and traffic. Gender differences in opinion were smaller. Two plans attracted many complaints: one where owners of neighbouring semi-detached houses complained primarily of the loss of greenspace and another where housing cooperatives faced costly reshaping of parking. The detailed analysis of complaints could guide infill planners.

Elite Cueing, Gender, and the Partisan Gap in Environmental Support

ABSTRACT This study extends research on how political and social contexts mediate the relationship between men’s and women’s political identities and their support for the environment. Our test consists of a 3 × 2 factorial survey experiment that interacts an individual’s partisan identity with three conditions modeling elite support for federal spending to protect the environment. Democrats demonstrate consistently high rates of support regardless of legislative sponsorship. Among Republicans, when Democratic legislators sponsor environmental legislation, support drops about 18% compared to conditions where a bipartisan group sponsors legislation. Support among Republican women, however, remains relatively stable across experimental conditions. Republican variations in support are almost entirely attributable to declines in support among Republican men, whose support drops an average of 24% when Democratic legislators sponsor legislation. In conclusion, intraparty gender differences in opinions and support should be considered more broadly, especially when examining polarized public issues.

Gender Differences in Opinions about Market Solutions and Government Interventions: The Case Of Uruguayan Economists

This article explores the differences in views between men and women Uruguayan economists regarding their opinions about market solutions and government interventions. In line with international evidence, the support for more market-oriented statements is lower among women than men. The study examines the role of age, family background, exposure to economic discussions (proxied by postgraduate education, reading of blogs and press, and academic environment), and personality traits (risk aversion, optimism, and preferences for competition) to explain these gender gaps. The results indicate that gender plays a role in shaping pro-market opinions. The gender differences remain significant after controlling for explanatory variables, though the magnitudes are mild. The findings indicate that achieving gender balance by including women in public debates and decision-making positions would improve the diversity of perspectives in economics. HIGHLIGHTS In Uruguay, women economists are less pro-market than their men colleagues. Personal traits, notably competitiveness, contribute to this gender gap. Including women in decision making improves diversity and quality of public policies.

Gender and Generation Differences in Finnish Defence Policy Opinions 2000–2020

Outside Finland, gender differences in opinions on defence and security policy have been the subject of analysis in Western states of all sizes. This study investigates whether political opinions on key issues of defence policy in Finland are affected by differences in gender and age, and how such differences can be understood in the context of a small-state where there is conscription for men. Gender differences are suggested in relation to both the Finnish social and political context and the gendered division of labour in a society long characterised by a high willingness to defend the country, male conscription, and military non-alignment. Generational differences are proposed to be related to the directions of potential social change in the population. We analyse survey data from the Finnish Advisory Board for Defence Information collected between 2000 and 2020 on four survey items and test whether opinions on (a) willingness to defend Finland, (b) mandatory male conscription, (c) defence spending, and (d) military alignment vary as a function of sex or age. What emerges as statistically significant is that Finnish men will support the military defence of the country if it is attacked, while older cohorts tend to support mandatory male conscription. Defence spending and military non-alignment in the years 2000 to 2020 were mostly inconclusive on gender and generational differences. With illustrative findings from qualitative interview data from women’s preparedness training in voluntary defence, we suggest a contextual explanation of situated socialisation, where self-perceived proximity to defence issues leads to men being more convinced and women being more ambivalent in their views on defence policy.

THE EXPERIENCE OF A NEWLY IMPLEMENTED ONLINE LEARNING PLATFORM FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS

INTRODUCTION: In the context of the current public health emergency, an adequate adjustment imposed a transition from a conservative approach to medical education to online teaching and interaction. E-learning also brought advantages to the students, which were assessed in this survey in order to learn how to keep and benefit from them in the future.
 METHODS: the data was collected through a questionnaire which included general data (gender, year of study) and the self-perceived progress. Specific questions addressed the quality of the teacher-student communication, or the advantages e-learning offered, while the platform's functionalities were analyzed through a five-point scale.
 RESULTS: Among the 536 respondents, 99.81% mentioned at least one feature used specifically in the online training that would be valuable to retain in the future. Students perceiving progress better than expected had a higher appreciation of the e-learning tools. Gender differences in opinion were only correlated with the standardization of the studying process. While time management was accepted as a main advantage, 25% of the participants considered the overall communication better than before. A major disapproval regarding online communication was encountered in years 3, 4, and 5, while the desire to continue the communication through the existing platform was the highest in the first and last year of study.
 CONCLUSION: Even in a blended learning process, the digital delivery of medical training needs further improvement and adaptation in order to align with the fast-developing society and its expectations.

"Při odlivu klesají všechny lodě": Dopady hospodářské krize po roce 2008 na muže a ženy ve střední a východní Evropě

In this paper we explore the impact of the economic recession of 2008 on gender inequality in the labour force in Central and Eastern European countries. We argue that job and occupational segregation protected women's employment more than men's in the CEE region as well, but unlike in more developed capitalist economies, women's level of labour force participation declined and their rates of poverty increased during the crisis years. We also explore gender differences in opinions on the impact of the recession on people's job satisfaction. For our analysis we use published data from EUROSTAT and our own calculations from EU SILC and ESS 2010.

“An Ebbing Tide Lowers all Boats”

In this paper we explore the impact of the economic recession of 2008 on gender inequality in the labor force in Central and Eastern European countries. We argue that job and occupational segregation protected women?s employment more than men?s in the CEE region as well, but unlike in more developed capitalist economies, women?s level of labor force participation declined and their rates of poverty increased during the crisis years. We also explore gender differences in opinions on the impact of the recession on people?s job satisfaction. For our analysis we use published data from EUROSTAT and our own calculations from EU SILC and ESS 2010.

Does Gender Matter?

In this article we explore gender differences in opinion regarding controversial social issues. The issues we selected are: attitudes toward African Americans, Jews, Muslims, Affirmative Action, abortion, and gays and lesbians. This selection is based on the importance of these issues in public debate and electoral politics. A number of these issues, mainly those related to opinions toward religious and racial groups, reflect the development of the American society and draw lines of possible disagreements and social cleavages. Our purpose is to draw attention to an important factor in determining public opinion toward these issues. We aim to explore issues where gender makes a clear difference, where it does not only hold an important role as other factors such as race and political affiliation, and where considerations of gender need to be combined with other personal attributes in order to understand their real impact. These highlights are intended to shed light on the role of gender in social issues as well as understanding these issues from a perspective that includes gender as a dimension in opinion making.

Using item response theory to understand gender differences in opinions on women in politics

Using item response theory to understand gender differences in opinions on women in politics

Using Item Response Theory to Understand Gender Differences in Opinions on Women in Politics

(2010). Using Item Response Theory to Understand Gender Differences in Opinions on Women in Politics. CHANCE: Vol. 23, Collecting Data in Challenging Settings, pp. 19-24.

The Partisan Paradox: Religious Commitment and the Gender Gap in Party Identification

A large body of scholarly literature points to the growing influence of religious devotion on U.S. partisanship. This article attempts to reconcile the growing religious commitment cleavage in the American party system with the commensurate growth in the gender gap. If women are, on average, more religiously devout than men, and if contemporary shifts in partisanship are disproportionately founded on religious and cultural cleavages, then why are women more likely to identify with the Democratic Party? I pose three possible explanations for this apparent paradox: (1) that the influence of religion is only considerable among the most committed; (2) that men and women politicize their religious beliefs in different ways; and (3) that gender differences in opinion on nonreligious issues sustain the partisan gap, over and above the conservative influence of religiosity. Findings from structural equation analyses demonstrate that religious devotion affects the politics of men and women in similar ways. Religious commitment affects partisan choices but does not override the powerful effects of gender. Gender differences in support for the social welfare state and the preeminence of social welfare opinion in the partisan calculus of men and women largely explain the persistence of the gender gap.

Physiotherapists' Perspectives on Professional Practice in Comparison to Occupational Therapists'.

A survey was conducted to investigate attitudes towards professional practice of physio/occupational therapists. Participants were from a sample of 1,017 physiotherapists and 1,006 occupational therapists. The instrument consisted of 22 statements and various demographic variables. The final response rate was 57.7% for physiotherapists and 50.3% for occupational therapists. The respondents ranged in age from 23 to 72 years for the physiotherapists and from 22 to 65 years for the occupational therapists. The statements were organised into six dependent variables. The majority of respondents generally supported a humanistic approach to care with less concern shown for the socio-psychological problems of the client. Gender differences in opinion on professional practice were small, but women generally favoured a more holistic view of treatment. The physiotherapists placed more emphasis on the client's personal responsibility, while occupational therapists endorsed a more holistic view of treatment and promotion of the client's individual resources and coping skills, although professional differences were negligible. Occupational therapists working in non-medical institutions placed more emphasis on the client-therapist relationship, while physiotherapists promoted the coping skills of their clients. In conclusion, the view of regarding therapy as a caring profession was generally prevalent amongst the therapists.

Gender Differences in Opinions and Practices with Regard to a "Healthy Diet">

Socio-cultural theories about gender differences with regard to food and health constitute the point of departure for this paper, which is based on data from two representative surveys in the Norwegian population. Both were carried out in the autumn of 1994; the first with 1050, the second with 13 200 respondents above 15 years of age. The surveys included questions on: (1) opinions on food and health related issues; (2) self reported dietary changes during the last 3 years prior to the study; (3) frequency of consumption of selected foods. Gender differences are analysed and related to various socio-economic variables. Such differences, although not as pronounced as expected, were found for most of the aspects studied. The responses from women were less related to socio-economic variables than those of men, both concerning opinions on what constitutes a healthy diet, and frequency of consumption of some foods (vegetables, fruits and dairy products). Gender differences were more pronounced between than within socio-economic groups. In line with theories about women's higher health consciousness, women in general reported dietary changes corresponding to the dietary recommendations, and may also have learned more about health than men through their choice of information sources.

Might More Women Make a Difference? Gender, Party and Ideology among Canada's Parliamentary Candidates

AbstractThe policy consequences of having more women in positions of political power remain an issue of debate in the literature on women and politics. Since differences in the attitudes of women and men politicians are important to this question, data on gender differences in the opinions of politicians are a welcome contribution to the debate. This article explores the question of gender differences in opinion among a sample of candidates for the 1993 Canadian general election and considers whether differences persist once party is taken into account. The findings confirm the view that on issues particularly related to women, gender does structure opinion. On other issues, while party plays a predominant role in differentiating opinion, gender has an imprint, albeit variable by party and attitudinal domain.