Gender Differences In Emotional Response Research Articles

Emotional Dimorphism in Pedagogy: Assessing Gender Response to Active Methodologies

This study investigated the interplay between gender, emotions, and active methodologies in education. It was found that women had a higher average of affective responses before activities (2.874 compared to 2.607 in men). Subsequently, men experienced an increase in their affect average, while it remained stable for women. The analysis showed an increase in positive emotions such as "Interested" and "Excited" across both genders. The Wilcoxon tests indicated significant differences in specific emotions before and after the activities. The Mann-Whitney Test revealed significant gender differences in emotional responses. The hypothesis analysis demonstrated notable gender-based differences in affective changes, particularly more pronounced in women. This underscores the importance of considering gender-specific emotional differences in teaching. From a pedagogical perspective, the findings highlight the necessity of tailoring teaching to these emotional differences and emphasize the effectiveness of active methodologies and critical pedagogy in enhancing engagement and participation. Educator training in gender emotional differences is crucial, along with ongoing reflection on teaching practices to effectively meet students' emotional needs and prioritize their emotional well-being and mental health

Gender differences in emotional response to the COVID-19 outbreak in Spain.

ObjectiveWe aim to explore the differential presence of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and acute stress between men and women during the COVID‐19 outbreak, and to study the relationship between these symptoms and two environmental variables, coexistence, and violence.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study starting on March 29 to April 5, 2020, based on a national online survey using snowball sampling techniques. Symptoms of anxiety (Hamilton Anxiety Scale), depression (Beck Depression Inventory), and acute stress (Acute Stress Disorder Inventory) were assessed. Differences in the presence of symptoms and the relationship of coexistence and domestic violence were evaluated from a gender perspective.ResultsMen showed significant lower mean (SD) in anxiety, depression, and acute stress levels than women [HARS, 14.1 (9.8) versus. 18.4 (10.2), F = 56.2, p < .001; BDI 3.4 (3.9) versus 4.5 (4.3), F = 16.6, p < .001, and ASDI 3.6 (2.9) versus 4.7 (3.1), F = 39.0, p < .001, respectively), as well as a weaker depressive syndrome (28.1% males versus 39.9% females, χ2 = 25.5, p < .001). In addition, an interaction Gender × Coexistence was found in anxiety (F = 56.2, p < .001) and acute stress (F = 3.52, p = .06) and, according to depressive symptoms, an interaction Gender × Violence was found marginally significant (F = 3.3, p = .07).ConclusionsFindings indicate that women present greater severity in symptoms of anxiety, depression, and acute stress. Moreover, loneliness and violence specifically worsen the emotional state in women. These results can undoubtedly guide better healthcare planning adopting a gender perspective.

Emotion Elicitation Under Audiovisual Stimuli Reception: Should Artificial Intelligence Consider the Gender Perspective?

Identification of emotions triggered by different sourced stimuli can be applied to automatic systems that help, relieve or protect vulnerable groups of population. The selection of the best stimuli allows to train these artificial intelligence-based systems in a more efficient and precise manner in order to discern different risky situations, characterized either by panic or fear emotions, in a clear and accurate way. The presented research study has produced a dataset of audiovisual stimuli (UC3M4Safety database) that triggers a complete range of emotions, with a high level of agreement and with a discrete emotional categorization, as well as quantitative categorization in the Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance Affective space. This database is adequate for the machine learning algorithms contained in these automatic systems. Furthermore, this work analyses the effects of gender in the emotion elicitation under audiovisual stimuli, which can help to better design the final solution. Particularly, the focus is set on emotional responses to audiovisual stimuli reproducing situations experienced by women, such as gender-based violence. A statistical study of gender differences in emotional response was carried out on 1332 participants (811 women and 521 men). The average responses per video is around 84 (SD = 22). Data analysis was carried out with RStudio®.

Gender Differences in Affective Response from Warning Pictorials on Cigarette Label

Consideration of designing an emotional warning pictorial on cigarette labels which will be used in public place, the effect from gender differences should be concerned. The aim of this study was to examine gender differences in emotional response from warning pictorials on cigarette labels. Sixty engineering students participated in this study. Half of them are males. Neutral affect manipulation using IAPS was conducted prior the experiments. Participants were asked to rate their emotional responses from sixty warning pictorials (positive, neutral, negative). Results revealed that both male and female participants could perceive target emotional affective warning pictorials, although there were some differences. Male participants perceived greater arousal than female participants which contradicts to previous study. Implications for affective warning pictorial design concerning gender difference.

Gender Differences in Emotional Response: Inconsistency between Experience and Expressivity.

The present study investigated gender differences in both emotional experience and expressivity. Heart rate (HR) was recorded as an indicator of emotional experience while the participants watched 16 video clips that induced eight types of emotion (sadness, anger, horror, disgust, neutrality, amusement, surprise, and pleasure). We also asked the participants to report valence, arousal, and motivation as indicators of emotional expressivity. Overall, the results revealed gender differences in emotional experience and emotional expressivity. When watching videos that induced anger, amusement, and pleasure, men showed larger decreases in HR, whereas women reported higher levels of arousal. There was no gender difference in HR when the participants watched videos that induced horror and disgust, but women reported lower valence, higher arousal, and stronger avoidance motivation than did men. Finally, no gender difference was observed in sadness or surprise, although there was one exception—women reported higher arousal when watching videos that induced sadness. The findings suggest that, when watching videos that induce an emotional response, men often have more intense emotional experiences, whereas women have higher emotional expressivity, particularly for negative emotions. In addition, gender differences depend on the specific emotion type but not the valence.

Development of the Mealtime Emotions Measure for adolescents (MEM-A): Gender differences in emotional responses to family mealtimes and eating psychopathology

This study aimed to examine the factor structure of the Mealtime Emotions Measure for adolescents (MEM-A), a novel measure of emotional responses experienced during family mealtimes. Additionally, it examined gender differences in mealtime emotions and also the relationships between mealtime emotions and levels of eating psychopathology, when controlling for anxiety or depression. Adolescent participants (N = 527; 282 girls, 245 boys) with a mean age of 15.9 years completed the new mealtime measure for adolescents (MEM-A), in addition to questions about family mealtime atmosphere, and measures assessing symptoms of anxiety, depression, and eating psychopathology. Factor analysis produced a three factor solution for the MEM-A with two subscales relating to different types of negative mealtime emotions (Anxiety-related mealtime emotions and Anger-related mealtime emotions) and one subscale relating to Positive mealtime emotions. Generally, girls reported experiencing more Anxiety-related mealtime emotions compared to boys. Having conducted separate analyses controlling for levels of either anxiety or depression, there were several significant associations for both girls and boys between mealtime emotions, particularly Anxiety-related emotions, and eating psychopathology. The findings suggest that some mealtime emotions are associated with increased eating psychopathology. Replication and detailed examination of these emotional responses is required.

Gender differences in emotional responses: A psychophysiological study

Gender differences in emotional responses have been investigated in two groups of students, 22 males and 21 females. Participants watched a set of sixty emotional standardized slides divided into pleasant, neutral and unpleasant, while Startle reflex, Evoked Potentials, Heart Rate, facial EMG and Skin Conductance were recorded. Startle reflex amplitude, an index modulated by amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex and sensitive to aversive emotional stimuli, was overall larger in women. In addition, startle emotion modulation was greater in women with respect to men. Slow Evoked Potentials (400–800ms), a measure representing the cognitive component of the emotional response, revealed gender differences in the left prefrontal site, with women showing greater positivity to unpleasant compared with pleasant slides while men had greater positivity to pleasant vs. neutral slides. Women, compared with men, perceived all slides as less pleasant and reported greater arousal to unpleasant condition. Results are in line with known functional brain differences, at level of limbic and paralimbic structures, between men and women, and point to biologically grounded greater sensitivity and vulnerability of women to adverse/stressful events.

Status and inclusion, anger and sadness: Gendered responses to disrespect

AbstractSelf‐image is deeply affected by social evaluations. One source of evaluation is respect, individuals' perceptions of their inclusion within, and value to, the group. Despite the importance of respect to the self‐concept, the study of affective responses to disrespectful experiences has been largely neglected. A series of three studies focused on the following questions: (1) which emotions accompany the experience of disrespect? (2) how does gender influence emotional responses? and (3) how does disrespect differ emotionally from other interpersonal evaluations (i.e., disliking)? Results shed light on gender differences in emotional responses to disrespect, with men appearing to be more concerned with respect and responding to disrespect with more anger, whereas women were more likely to be sad. Implications for the study of respect and disrespect as social evaluations, and sex differences in reactions to these evaluations, are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Unique aspects of women's emotional responses to disability

Purpose. To improve rehabilitation clinicians' awareness of gender differences in emotional responses to disability as a means of enhancing accuracy and sensitivity in diagnosis and treatment of persons in their care.Method. A prospective survey study using a new grief measure, the Loss Inventory (LI), with a diverse convenience sample of persons undergoing inpatient rehabilitation in the USA. Focused review of the bereavement, depression, and disability literatures related to observed gender differences.Results. Study participants reported grief symptoms in varying intensities. Consistent with all literature reviewed, significant gender differences were found in kind and intensity of grief and depression symptoms reported. Ethnicity also significantly affected responses to disability by LI study participant responses.Conclusions. While persons with disabilities as a whole may not necessarily develop depression, gender is a risk factor for onset of mood problems after illness or injury-related losses. As compared with study sample disabled men, disabled women reported more intense and different symptoms of grief and depression. Women with disabilities in the LI sample were twice as likely as disabled men to be depressed. Rehabilitation clinicians may wish to incorporate consideration of these differences in their mental health assessments, diagnoses, and treatment plans.

Gender differences in emotional response among European Americans and Hmong Americans

The present study examined the effects of gender on the emotional responses (physiology, self-reports of emotion, and emotional facial behaviour) of European Americans (EA) and Hmong Americans (HA) while they relived past emotional events. Women were more emotionally reactive than men: They demonstrated greater changes in electrodermal reactivity overall, reported experiencing more intense emotion while reliving anger and love, and smiled more while reliving happiness and love. The pattern and magnitude of these differences were similar for EA and HA, suggesting that to some degree, the effects of gender on emotional response may hold across ethnic groups.

Gender differences in emotional responses to interpersonal stress during adolescence.

A frequently recognized hallmark of the transition to adolescence is the onset of new biological, psychological, and social challenges. Although “storm and stress” theories of adolescence have been called into question [1], youth undoubtedly are faced during this time with a variety of novel experiences that may tax their coping resources and may jeopardize their well-being. Indeed, research has demonstrated that the transition into adolescence is characterized by a “pileup” of stressful events and circumstances [2–4]. Exposure to stress has, in turn, been linked to a range of psychological and physical difficulties [5,6]. How these challenges of adolescence are negotiated has critical implications for long-term health and development [7]. Drawing from stress and coping models of development, researchers have begun to consider the role that stress exposure and reactivity play in the emergence of gender differences in emotional distress [4,8–11]. One of the most robust findings in psychopathology research concerns the increased vulnerability to anxiety and depression in females compared to males. This vulnerability becomes particularly salient during adolescence, and continues through adulthood [10,12]. The central proposal of the present paper is that gender differences in the experience of stress and in emotional reactions to stress, particularly within an interpersonal context, contribute to the development of gender differences in anxiety and depression during adolescence. The paper begins with an overview of a model that links gender differences in interpersonal stress processes with gender differences in emotional distress. Next, empirical evidence that upholds this model is summarized. Finally, several new directions are proposed for future investigations in this area, accompanied by a discussion of recent research that provides support for an expanded model of gender differences in interpersonal stress and emotional distress.

Emotional Responses to Filmed Violence and the Eye Blink Startle Response

The study assessed gender differences in emotional responses to violent film. Both subjective emotional response and eye blink startle magnitude were assessed while 20 men and 20 women viewed a series of five violent film segments and five nature scenes. Participants exhibited higher levels of curiosity, anxiety, disgust, and anger, and lower levels of positive emotion and boredom in response to the violent film segments in comparison with the nature material. Startle response was magnified during the violent film segments, indicating an aversive response. Evidence that men and women responded to the violence differently was demonstrated by men' experiencing greater positive feelings, entertainment, and curiosity in relation to the violent film, whereas women reported more disgust, boredom, anger, and experienced greater startle in relation to the violent scenes portrayed in the film. Future directions for investigating filmed violence are outlined.