Gender Differences In Effects Research Articles

Post-esophagectomy patients presenting for general anesthesia induction: a survey of practice among US anesthesiologists (PESO-GAIN-S).

Following esophagectomy, annually several thousand patients in the United States (US) reach a stable post-esophagectomy status. Such patients may require general anesthesia (GA) for elective procedures, but no generally accepted guidelines exist for the induction of GA in post-esophagectomy patients. A national survey describing a post-esophagectomy patient was emailed to 23,524 attending anesthesiologists who were members of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. The survey included 3 demographic and 12 anesthetic management questions. Responses were further stratified by gender, years in practice and frequency of exposure to the patient population of interest. A total of 744 (3.2%) respondents completed the survey. The respondent demographic characteristics closely reflected recent US anesthesiology workforce analyses. Endotracheal tube was the preferred method of airway management for 648 (87.1%), 419 (64.7%) used a rapid sequence induction, and 504 (67.7%) elected a reverse Trendelenburg position, withthe latter two choices being favored among anesthesiologists with routine (vs. rarely/never) exposure to post-esophagectomy patients (76.6% vs. 58.4%; p < 0.001; and 73.6% vs. 63.9%; p = 0.021, respectively). Across survey participants, induction of GA was highly variable with differential effects of gender, years in practice and exposure frequency to post-esophagectomy patients. US attending anesthesiologists' approach to induction of GA in a patient with a history of successful esophagectomy was not uniform. The majority of responses reflected a concern for aspiration in such a patient. Considering surgical and non-surgical upper gastrointestinal changes, establishment of practice guidance to optimize perioperative care is an unmet need.

Differential Gender Effect of Technical and Vocational Education Students’ Human Capital on Long-term Economic Growth in Nigeria

From a gender view point, this study examines the relationship between the human capital of technical and vocational education students and the fundamental principles of long-term economic growth in Nigeria. The study used a correlational survey research approach. The study was directed by four research questions, and four null hypotheses were developed. The population for the study consisted of all 400 level undergraduate students (N = 286) of technical and vocational education in Federal and State-owned Universities in South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The population was of a manageable size, thus there was no sampling. Data was gathered via a questionnaire. Three research experts- two from Ambrose Alli University in Ekpoma, the Department of Vocational and Technical Education, and one from the Measurement and Evaluation University of Benin in Benin City, Edo State validated the instrument. The instrument's dependability was assessed using Cronbach alpha reliability, and a reliability coefficient of 0.85 was found. In order to address these inquiries, bivariate correlation was utilized. Multiple regression analysis and analysis of variance were used to examine the hypotheses. The results showed that, fundamental values and both general and particular human capital were positively correlated long-term growth. Students in technical and vocational education, whether male and female, encounter nearly the same kinds of human capital overall. Keywords: Technical and vocational education, Differential gender effect, Human capital, Long-term economic growth.

Gender differences in effects of Graston technique, active release technique, and PNF stretching on hamstring flexibility in knee osteoarthritis

Aims. To seek gender differences among the effects of the Graston Technique (GT), Active Release Technique (ART), and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching on hamstring flexibility, pain, lower extremity function, and physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Materials and methods. A multicenter, single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 45 patients – aged above 30 years with knee osteoarthritis – randomly allocated to three equal groups: Group-A (GT), Group-B (ART), and Group C (PNF). Each group received 12 physiotherapy sessions over a four-week intervention period (3 visits per week). Data were collected before and after rehabilitation using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Active Knee Extension Test, Lower Extremity Function Scale, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC). Results. A statistically significant interaction between the effects of gender and Active Release Technique on lower extremity function was present (p &lt; 0.001) with males (42.4 ± 2.2) showed more improvement than females (35.6 ± 6.6). On the contrary, females showed more improvement (p &lt; 0.001) than males when Graston Technique and PNF techniques were applied. Conclusion. There were no significant gender-based differences among GT, ART, and PNF regarding pain, hamstring flexibility and WOMAC score. However, males showed significantly more improvement in lower extremity function than females with ART, and females showed more improvement in lower extremity function as compared to males with GT and PNF.

Role of SIRT1-mediated synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis: Sex-differences in antidepressant-like efficacy of catalpol

BackgroundCatalpol, an important compound found in Rehmannia glutinosa (a plant with high nutritional and antidepressant medicinal value), exhibits various biological activities and has the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Our recent studies revealed a gender difference in the antidepressant activity of Rehmannia glutinosa with females showing better responses than males. Catalpol is likely the key compound responsible for this gender-specific difference, which caters to current clinical observations that the severity and impact of depression are approximately two to three times higher in females than in males. However, the sex-specific mechanism of catalpol's antidepressant effects remains unclear. Purpose and MethodsOur recent molecular network predictions suggest that the gender-specific antidepressant properties of catalpol primarily involve the regulation of SIRT1-mediated synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. Building on this, the present study used a well-established chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression in mice to confirm the sex-specific antidepressant characteristics of catalpol over time and intensity. Furthermore, using SIRT1 inhibitors and activators, behavioral tests, hematoxylin & eosin, Nissl, and Golgi staining, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and real-time PCR, we evaluated the key indicators of depressive behavior, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis before and after SIRT1 intervention to comprehensively assess whether the sex-specific antidepressant mechanism of catalpol indeed involves SIRT1-mediated synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. ResultsThe gender-dependent antidepressant effects of catalpol are characterized by a faster onset and stronger effects in females compared to males, with females showing stronger regulation of SIRT1-mediated synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. Activation of SIRT1 preserved the gender differences in catalpol's effects on depressive behavior, hippocampal synaptic plasticity (including neuronal consolidation, neuronal density, dendritic spines, and PSD95 and SYP gene and protein expression), and neurogenesis (including enhancement of GAP43 and MAP2 expression, activation of c-myc, cyclinD1, Ngn2, and NeuroD1 mRNA levels, and upregulation of the Wnt3a/β-catenin/GSK-3β pathway), while inhibition of SIRT1 abolished these gender differences in the effects of catalpol. ConclusionsCatalpol exhibits higher antidepressant activity in female mice compared to male mice, and the mechanism underlying this gender difference in antidepressant effects may depend on catalpol's higher sensitivity in improving hippocampal SIRT1-mediated synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis in females. The novelty of this study lies in its first-time revelation of the gender-specific phenotypes, targets, and molecular mechanisms of the antidepressant effects of catalpol.

Effects of Driver Gender, Driving Experience, and Visibility on Car-Following Behavior

Weather visibility interference has a significant impact on driver car-following behavior. To investigate drivers’ car-following behavior and emergency avoidance behaviors under different visibility disturbances, scenarios are constructed under different foggy concentration environments based on driving simulation, and the drivers’ response behaviors are collected in the stable car-following state and emergency rear-end scenarios. Exploring the differential effects of gender and driving experience on driving behavior for fog concentrations based on multifactorial analysis of variance. A quantitative model of car-following risk is constructed based on factor analysis, and a linear mixed model is used to explore the comprehensive effects of fog concentration, speed, and the following distance at the braking time on drivers’ braking reaction time by fully considering the differences in individual behaviors. The results show that driving behavior is significantly affected by visual visibility, driver’s gender, and driving experience. With the decrease of visibility, following driving speed decreases, the following distance is shortened, the headway decreases, and the standard deviation of lane lateral offset distance increases. The rear-end collision risk of an experienced driver is higher than that of a novice driver, and the rear-end collision risk of the female is higher than that of male. The risk of collision is higher when traveling in light fog. In emergency rear-end collision scenarios, as visibility decreases, braking reaction time increases, and the risk of collision conflict increases at the moment of driver braking. The braking reaction time of the driver decreases with the increase of the speed and increases with the increase of the distance when the front vehicle is braking. The results of this study provide theoretical support and technical reference for effectively improving driving safety in a bad-visibility environment.

A Comparative Study on Gender Differences in the Effects of Self-myofascial Release Using a Foam Roller on Soft Tissue Stiffness and Joint Range of Motion

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of gender differences in the acute effects of self-myofascial release (SMFR) using a foam roller on soft tissue stiffness and range of motion (ROM).METHODS Twenty-four participants, comprising 12 men and 12 women, were recruited from the M Exercise Center in Seoul. Soft tissue stiffness and ROM were measured before and after SMFR treatment to assess its acute effects.RESULTS Following SMFR application, no significant differences were observed in soft tissue stiffness or joint ROM among female participants. However, significant differences were observed in the male group regarding the range of motion (ROM) of plantar flexion in the prone position (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=.023) and dorsiflexion in the supine position (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=.001), as well as plantar flexion (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=.023). Covariance analysis comparing gender differences revealed significant variations between groups in the achilles tendon (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=.033) and medial side of the gastrocnemius muscle (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=.032). Apart from these findings, no significant differences were observed between genders in soft tissue stiffness and joint ROM.CONCLUSIONS Thus, two sets of 30-second SMFR sessions can be deemed sufficiently effective for increasing ankle joint ROM in males. However, further research is warranted to extend these findings to females. Given the inconclusive results regarding soft tissue stiffness across genders, future studies should explore this phenomenon with larger sample sizes.

Differential effects of gender and ethnicity on children’s receptive language scores after a Canadian two-generation preschool program: follow-up to adolescence

ABSTRACT Preschool programs for socially vulnerable children are believed to affect school readiness and language development but infrequently include follow-up to adolescence; observational measurement of receptive vocabulary is rare. The purpose of this longitudinal cohort study (55 children and 41 parents) was to report the trajectory of receptive vocabulary development for socially vulnerable children of diverse ethnicities (Indigenous, other Canadian-born, and Immigrant) who participated in a two-generation preschool program. English receptive vocabulary scores were measured at 5-time points: (a) program intake, (b) program exit, (c) age 7 years, (d) age 10 years, and (e) adolescence, using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – Third Edition (PPVT-III). For all children, PPVT-III scores increased the most between program intake and exit and positive changes were sustained until adolescence. When the sample was examined by gender, PPVT-III scores were higher for boys than girls at all time points. When the sample was examined by ethnicity, other Canadian-born children scored higher than Indigenous and Immigrant children at all time points. Immigrant children scored lowest until age 7 years, and at age 10 years and adolescence scored higher than Indigenous children. Using mixed-effects modeling, PPVT-III scores increased when English was the primary language spoken at home at intake. PPVT-III scores increased slightly as caregiver age and caregiver Adverse Childhood Experiences score increased. PPVT-III scores were lower for Immigrant girls and Indigenous boys than other sub-groups of children. Differential effects of the two-generation preschool program by gender and ethnicity suggest tailoring programming to increase equitability of receptive vocabulary development for immigrant girls and Indigenous boys. Children with intergenerational adversity may require additional support.

The effect of COVID-19 on international student credit mobility: a gravity model approach

ABSTRACT The Covid-19 pandemic has caused significant disruption in education. We employ a gravity model to estimate its impact on international student credit mobility. Data on inbound and outbound students to and from four Spanish universities between the academic years 2017–2018 and 2021–2022 are used. While Covid-19 significantly reduced participation in international mobility programs in the academic year 2020–2021, study abroad numbers bounced back to pre-pandemic levels in the next academic year. Student flows between Spain and non-EU countries have been more negatively affected by Covid-19 than those between Spain and other EU countries. Some differential gender effects are also found.

Differential Effect of Gender &amp; Snapchat Filter Types on Attraction Perception

Differential Effect of Gender &amp; Snapchat Filter Types on Attraction Perception

Understanding subject choices from report card grades: gender and educational level disparities

ABSTRACT Pupils’ subject choices at the level of secondary education critically determine the tertiary fields of study that they can pursue. This study used multinomial logistic regression models to investigate the extent to which the final report card grades of ninth-grade students predicted their choices of subject combinations at the senior general secondary education (N = 771) and pre-university education (N = 494) levels. Final report card grades determined 55.4% to 64.1% of the pupils’ choices. The most relevant predictors were pupils’ grades for mathematics, history, economics, physics, chemistry, and English language. Differential and interaction effects of educational level and gender were evident. For example, at the level of senior general education, mathematics and chemistry were stronger influencers of the choices of girls than of boys, whereas at the pre-university education level, these subjects were stronger influencers for boys than for girls.

Explaining gender differences in crowdfunding contribution intentions

Crowdfunding represents digital fundraising channels that may enhance participation of females in project fundraising. The current study aims to analyze the gender differences in effects exerted by cognitive antecedents of financial contribution intentions (CCI) in the context of reward crowdfunding. Specifically, survey data was collected in Ghana, where crowdfunding is at its infancy, and where gender inequality is socially prevalent. Overall, 403 responses are included in the analysis. Data was analyzed using structural equation modelling (SEM), while examining associations between variables in male and female samples separately. First, when using an equality of means test, we show that females exhibit significantly higher levels of CCI, perceived risk, homophily, and prosocial orientation, as well as significantly lower levels of self-efficacy. Second, when using a between-group analysis comparing unstandardized betas, we observe that: (1) self-efficacy has stronger effects on CCI in males; (2) homophily has stronger effects on CCI in females; (3) prosocial orientation's effect on CCI does not differ between genders; (4) a stronger effect of susceptibility to social influence on CCI in females is partially evident; and surprisingly, (5) perceived risk has a stronger negative effect on CCI in males. The results, possible explanations, and implications are then discussed.

The Nexus among board diversity and bank stability: Implications from gender, nationality and education

This study investigates how diversity in the board of directors affects bank stability. We examine diversity in terms of gender, academic education, and nationality. Using a unique (global) sample from 14 countries, we find strong evidence that banks with female directors on the board are positively associated with bank stability. Directors holding high educational qualifications (PhD) are positively associated with bank stability. Conversely, foreign directors on the board are significantly and negatively associated with bank stability. Conditional on the bank type, our results reveal significantly differential effects of gender, nationality, and education on bank stability.

University Students’ Perceived Self-control and Prosocial Norms for Beneficial Social Media Use

Although many studies have been conducted on social media abuse, socio-psychological determinants of positive social media usage are still underresearched, specifically concerning self-control and prosocial norms for university students. These two important antecedents of accountable behavior have not been thoroughly studied in developing countries. Therefore, the current study investigated university students’ perceptions of self-control and prosocial norms and determined whether they co-exist and are associated with intended behavior and desired beneficial usage. This study modified measurement items adopted from previous studies to fit the current context. A social media survey was conducted through Facebook Messenger among students from a public university in Bangladesh. 226 voluntary responses were recorded based on purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using SPSS and SmartPLS 4. Descriptive statistics were analyzed. Hypotheses were tested using the structural equation modeling technique, whereas the differential effects of gender and social media platforms were tested using ANOVA. The findings demonstrate that university students value self-control and prosocial norms as crucial determinants of positive social media behavior. These factors strongly correlate with intended self-control and prosocial behavior, and desired beneficial use. Additionally, gender and the type of social media platform used have no significant impact on these results. This study explored valuable insights into the role of self-control and prosocial norms in promoting beneficial social media use among university students, which may have significant implications for their personal and social well-being.

Female Chief Marketing Officers: When and Why Do Their Marketing Decisions Differ from Their Male Counterparts’?

Firms have appointed a significant number of female chief marketing officers (CMOs) over the past decade. However, the question of how female CMOs differ from their male counterparts is yet to be explored. This research uses a multimethod approach to examine when and why female CMOs’ marketing decisions differ from those of male CMOs. In Study 1, the authors use secondary data to examine the effect of CMO gender on multiple marketing decisions and find that female CMOs make less risky decisions. Further, the authors find evidence that female CMOs’ risk-taking behavior is contingent on structural, organizational, and environmental factors (CEO gender, relative firm performance, and demand uncertainty). In Study 2, the authors employ the MarkStrat simulation, in which participants assume the role of CMO, to test the main finding from Study 1 in a controlled setting and provide evidence for the differential effect of gender on radical versus incremental new product introductions. In Study 3, the authors examine survey data to find evidence for the underlying mechanisms (overconfidence, failure avoidance orientation, and scrutiny) behind female CMOs’ lesser risk-taking behavior.

Networks of pandemic-specific stressors, risk factors, and clinical symptoms: A comparison between women and men during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, female gender was a robust factor associated with mental health problems. This study aimed to investigate associations between pandemic-related risk factors, stressors, and clinical symptoms, with special reference to gender and possible differential gender effects. MethodsParticipants were recruited from June to September 2020 through an online survey (ESTSS ADJUST study). Women (N = 796) and men (N = 796) were matched on age, education, income, and living community. Symptoms of depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (PHQ-4), adjustment disorder (ADNM-8), and PTSD (PC-PTSD-5) and different risk factors including pandemic-specific stressors (PaSS) were assessed. Separate network analyses for men and women were conducted and compared followed by a joint network analysis including gender. ResultsThe networks of women and men did not differ in their structure (M = 0.14, p = .174) or strength of associations (S = 1.22, p = .126). Few relationships differed significantly between genders e.g., the connection between burden through work-related problems and anxiety was stronger in women. In the joint network, single factors were related to gender e.g., men felt more burdened through work-related problems and women through conflicts at home. LimitationsWe cannot imply causal relationships due to the cross-sectional data of our study. The findings cannot be generalized as the sample is not representative. ConclusionMen and women seem to show comparable networks of risk factors, stressors, and clinical symptoms, although differences in individual connections and in levels of clinical symptoms and burdens were found.

Postdeployment mental health concerns and family functioning in veteran men and women.

Despite growing numbers of veteran women, it is unclear whether the impact of common postdeployment mental health concerns on key aspects of family functioning varies by gender. We examined whether associations between PTSD, depression, and problematic alcohol use and intimate relationship quality and parenting self-efficacy differed among men and women in a large, gender-balanced sample of post-9/11 veterans. Participants included 2,348 veterans (51.49% women) of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan who were part of a larger study of gender differences in effects of wartime deployment. Veterans who were married or in a relationship (n = 1,536, 49.09% women) reported overall relationship quality. Veterans with children under age 18 (n = 1,049; 51.57% women) self-reported on their sense of efficacy as parents. All participants reported symptoms of PTSD, depression, and problematic alcohol use. We used a series of hierarchical linear regressions to test gender as a moderator of each postdeployment mental health concern and the family functioning constructs of interest. Each postdeployment mental health concern was associated with reduced relationship quality and parenting self-efficacy, and these associations were largely consistent across gender. However, links between reduced parenting self-efficacy and increased PTSD and depressive symptoms were stronger in women compared with men. Postdeployment mental health concerns are associated with impairment in key family relationships for both veteran men and women. This impact may be particularly profound for parenting self-efficacy among female veterans, highlighting the potential importance of targeted interventions in this domain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Tax Payers’ Attitudes and Demographic Analysis of SMEs Operators in River and Akwa-Iboms States – Nigeria

The study focused on taxpayers’ attitude and demographic analyses of SMEs operators in Rivers and Akwa-Ibom States – Nigeria. It was motivated by the need for Nigerian tax authority to create a well-planned and comprehensive approach to enhance favourable tax attitude in order to deal with the problem of tax evasion; coupled with the lag in sufficient empirical works on tax payers’ attitudes in Nigeria.The objectives of the study were to examine the differential effect of gender, age differences, marital status and educational level on tax payers’ attitudes in Nigeria. Survey research design was adopted. The study was limited to SMEs operators in Rivers and Akwa-Ibom States. From a population of 28,585 SMEs operators, a sample size of 1150 was used. ANOVA was used to test the hypothesis. The findings show that: there is no significant difference on the effect of genders, age differences and marital status on tax payers’ attitudes in Nigeria. However, there is a significant difference on the effect of educational level on tax payers’ attitudes in Nigeria. It was therefore recommended that tax authority should always consider the educational stratification of SMEs operators before developing approaches to instigate favourable tax compliance; and SMEs Operators with high compliance track records should be celebrated by tax authority and they should be encouraged to engage in word-of-mouth communication to communicate to others on the benefits of tax payment

Hematological and biochemical profiles in children with cerebral palsy: A cross-sectional study.

Cerebral palsy is a common pediatric neurological problem that has multiple comorbidities, including nutritional issues. Hematological and biochemical parameters significantly affect the health status of patients with cerebral palsy, and till now very few studies have analyzed these parameters. This study aimed to describe the hematological and biochemical parameters of children diagnosed with cerebral palsy. This four-year observational study included children with cerebral palsy who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics of a medical college teaching hospital.Hemoglobin, platelet count, white blood count (WBC), red blood cells (RBCs), packed cell volume, RBC indices, and biochemical parameters (urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, electrolytes, calcium and alkaline phosphatase) were noted and values (mean, standard deviation, and interquartile range) presented. Age and gender-based analyses were performed. The average hemoglobin level was 11.48 mg/dl, platelet count was 301.24×109/L, and WBC count was 11.13 109/L. Anemia was observed more commonly in males younger than nine years of age. Of 282 patients, 14 (4.96%) had a platelet count of less than 150×109/L. Abnormal alkaline phosphatase levels were observed more commonly in patients who were younger than nine years of age and in females more than males, and the difference was statistically significant. Protein levels and calcium levels were similar between both age groups. Anemia was more common in younger patients and males with cerebral palsy. Abnormal bone turnover markers (alkaline phosphatase) were more common in young patients and females with cerebral palsy. Understanding the differential effect of age and gender on various investigational parameters will help improve care of children with cerebral palsy by initiating appropriate and timely clinical interventions, thereby providing a better quality of life.

The Effect of Gender Differences on Foreign Language Learning

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigatethe effect of gender differences on foreign languagelearning.Methodology: The study adopted a desktopmethodology. Desk research refers to secondary dataor that which can be collected without fieldwork.Desk research is basically involved in collecting datafrom existing resources hence it is often considered alow cost technique as compared to field research, asthe main cost is involved in executive’s time,telephone charges and directories. Thus, the studyrelied on already published studies, reports andstatistics. This secondary data was easily accessedthrough the online journals and library.Findings: The findings revealed that there exists acontextual and methodological gap relating to theeffect of gender differences on foreign languagelearning. Preliminary empirical review revealed thatmotivation is the overriding factor to consider whileinterpreting study results. The differences inmotivation among males and females of variousability levels and the differential effect of themotivation on individuals belonging to thesegender groups are important to decide the kindsof activities that would most benefit all learners.Ability and gender are students ‘variables that havenot been widely investigated in foreign languagestudying and less taken togetherUnique Contribution to Theory, Practice andPolicy: The Social Constructivist theory,Socialization theory and the Interactionist theory maybe used to anchor future studies relating to the effectof gender differences on foreign language learning.There is need to investigate variables such as abilityand gender into the establishment of policyframeworks that enable both genders in the foreignlanguage learning process.&#x0D;

Estimation of effects of extreme temperature on the risk of hospitalisation in Taiwan

BackgroundExtreme temperatures are triggering and exacerbating hospital admissions and health burdens; however, it is still understudied. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of the average temperature on overall hospitalisation and the...