Gender Differences In Commitment Research Articles

A multivariate model for explaining gender differences in commitment to volunteering in the COVID-19 pandemic: The Israeli case.

This study examined gender differences in commitment to volunteering and its explanatory variables among Israeli volunteers in the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Commitment to volunteering was assessed based on tendency to continue volunteering over time, expected intensity of volunteering, and tendency to recommend volunteering to others. The sample included 173 men and 331 women. The social-structural and psychological approaches formed the theoretical basis for explaining commitment to volunteering. Data processing was conducted through path analysis. For both genders, routine volunteering explained commitment to volunteering over time. Instrumental motives for volunteering were stronger for men than for women. A positive correlation was found for both genders between the level of anxiety and motive to escape from reality through volunteering. For women, fear of contracting the coronavirus correlated negatively with expected intensity of volunteering. Recommendations are made to volunteer organizations to adopt a gender-sensitive approach when managing volunteers in an emergency.

Gender Differences in Commitment to State Employment: The Role of Coworker Relationships

Using survey data from a large sample of state employees, this research investigates gender differences in affective organizational commitment to state employment. Following relational cohesion theory, I hypothesize that perceived emotional support among workers within the workplace is positively associated with affective commitment to state employment. I also expect that women’s greater commitment to state employment compared with men is due to their higher levels of perceived coworker support. The results of the analyses largely support the hypotheses and suggest that public-sector managers would do well to encourage the development of supportive relationships among employees.

Gender Differences in Commitment to Roles, Work-family Conflict and Social Support

The purpose of this paper was to examine gender differences, if any, in commitment to various roles, the work environment, work-to-family conflict, types of strain, and social supports among employed parents with school going children belonging to the upper socio-economic status in urban India. Data was collected from employees working full time (N = 208) and belonging to dual-career families in Bombay. Survey method was used to collect data. Regarding commitment to various roles, only occupational role commitment was statistically significant but not marital role commitment, homemaker role commitment or parental role commitment. Regarding work environment, there was a significant difference between men and women in job variety but not in job complexity and work schedule flexibility. Of the various work-to-family conflict variables, there was a significant difference between men and women in work-to-parent conflict and energy-based strain but not in work-spouse conflict, work-leisure conflict or work-homemaker conflict. In general, employed parents in urban settings find it very challenging to balance their occupational and parental responsibilities. In this study, research participants were from the upper socio-economic strata with considerable resources at their disposal as compared to those from lower socio-economic strata. Men reported significantly more support than women in supervisor support, co- worker support and extended family support in managing work and family responsibilities.

Gender‐of‐author differences in study design of older adult friendship surveys

AbstractThis research extends literature documenting gender differences in choice of quantitative or qualitative methods by examining whether men and women make different decisions regarding study design within one type of quantitative method—survey research. The population consists of 117 surveys (1960–1999) of older adults about friendship. We find that the use of communal methods, especially by women scholars, increased over time, and researchers who are women are more likely to use “communal” survey methods than researchers who are men. The gender difference in use of communal methods is not necessarily explained by essential differences between men and women or even by gender differences in commitment to feminist research as previous scholars have argued; rather, it is possibly explained by structured differences in access to resources to do agentic research.

Gender differences in vulnerability to social stress: A Darwinian perspective

This article offers a theoretical framework based on evolutionary thinking designed to clarify relationships between social stress and mental illness, including the origin of gender differences in vulnerability to stress. From a Darwinian perspective, stress is an interference with evolved behavioral strategies. Human behavior is organized around the pursuit of biological goals, and any social event that interferes with these evolved strategic goals may constitute a stressor. The response to such interference — the stress response — is made up of physiological, psychological and behavioral components. These components determine how individuals deal with those social events that were likely to reduce inclusive fitness in the ancestral environment. Evolved gender differences in commitment to goals play a role in determining individual differences in response to stressors. When a social stressor interferes with achieving a biological goal, its harmful impact will depend primarily on the importance of the goal to an individual, and the importance assigned to different goals by an individual does not depend exclusively on personal variables and cultural values. Two evolutionary theories are relevant to gender differences in vulnerability to social stress: sexual selection theory and life history theory. Clinical data from patients suffering from depression triggered by social stress are reviewed to test predictions derived from these theories.

GENDER GAP IN POLITICAL TOLERANCE

While women and men do not differ in their attitudes in most areas, persistent gender differences have been identified in several issue domains, including support for civil liberties of political outgroups. Generally speaking, research shows that women are more reluctant than men to allow unpopular groups to exercise their constitutional rights; women also seem to differ from men in their choice of intolerance targets. While we have been cognizant of the existence of the gender gap in political tolerance since the beginning of survey research on the subject, we know less about its etiology. Using data from the 1987 Freedom and Tolerance National Survey and the General Social Survey from the same year, I explore the underpinnings of gender differences in political tolerance. To this end, I scrutinize explanations advanced in previous research on political tolerance (e.g., women's greater religiosity), propositions stemming from feminist theory (e.g., the notion of maternal thinking), as well as others that do not fit neatly into the above two categories (e.g., gender differences in commitment to democratic norms and political expertise). Because the implications of women's intolerance differ depending on whether their intolerance is focused on a single group or dispersed among several groups, I also examine the patterns in men's and women's choices of intolerance targets. Empirical analysis demonstrates that gender differences in commitment to democratic norms and political expertise (through the letter's influence on subscription to democratic norms), as well as threat perceptions, tolerance of uncertainty, and moral traditionalism (through the latter two's influence on threat perceptions), are the principal “culprits” for women's intolerance. Men's and women's choices of intolerance targets are largely pluralistically distributed and parallel, with only a few exceptions. Women exhibit a greater preference for the KKK and abortion groups (particularly those pro-choice in their orientation) as their least-liked targets. Men evince a preference for radical right-wing groups generally (and militarists in particular).

The Ethic of Care versus the Ethic of Justice: An Economic Analysis

This paper offers the first economic analysis of the debate in moral and political philosophy over the relative virtues of the ethic of care and the ethic of justice. Specifically, the paper presents a formal model of the care-giving process whose parameters include many items of direct relevance to the care/justice debate, such as the average wage rates of men and women, the size of the population to be cared for, and the benefit attached to discovering and caring for the needy. The model developed herein provides useful insights regarding both perceived gender differences in commitment to care and the relevance of care to large-scale institutions.

The ethic of care versus the ethic of justice: an economic analysis

This paper offers the first economic analysis of the debate in moral and political philosophy over the relative virtues of the ethic of care and the ethic of justice. Specifically, the paper presents a formal model of the care-giving process whose parameters include many items of direct relevance to the care/justice debate, such as the average wage rates of men and women, the size of the population to be cared for, and the benefit attached to discovering and caring for the needy. The model developed herein provides useful insights regarding both perceived gender differences in commitment to care and the relevance of care to large-scale institutions.