Gender Differences In Attainment Research Articles

Getting ahead in the social sciences: How parenthood and publishing contribute to gender gaps in academic career advancement.

How do parenthood and publishing contribute to gender gaps in academic career advancement? While extensive research examines the causes of gender disparities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers, we know much less about the factors that constrain women's advancement in the social sciences. Combining detailed career- and administrative register data on 976 Danish social scientists in Business and Management, Economics, Political Science, Psychology, and Sociology (5703 person-years) that obtained a PhD degree between 2000 and 2015, we estimate gender differences in attainment of senior research positions and parse out how publication outputs, parenthood and parental leave contribute to these differences. Our approach is advantageous over previous longitudinal studies in that we track the careers and publication outputs of graduates from the outset of their PhD education and match this data with time-sensitive information on each individual's publication activities and family situation. In discrete time-event history models, we observe a ∼24 per cent female disadvantage in advancement likelihoods within the first 7years after PhD graduation, with gender differences increasing over the observation period. A decomposition indicates that variations in publishing, parenthood and parental leave account for ∼ 40 per cent of the gender gap in career advancement, suggesting that other factors, including recruitment disparities, asymmetries in social capital and experiences of unequal treatment at work, may also constrain women's careers.

Gender differences in attainment of LDL-C goals independently of treatment intensity

Gender differences in attainment of LDL-C goals independently of treatment intensity

‘It's Pretty Cool To Be Clever’: The Marginal Relevance of Gender to Educational Practices and Attainment at A/AS Level?

Gender differences in educational attainment have generated considerable debate. Unfortunately, this debate has been constructed in terms of either the measurement of change in the size of the gender gap over time or attempts to theorise such change. This scholarly divide reflects the commitment of researchers to particular methodological paradigms. Therefore, this paper draws on part of a longitudinal, mixedmethods study conducted in three Sixth Forms in England to examine both the extent and causes of gender differences in attainment. Initially, a questionnaire was completed by 330 students in the Sixth Forms and, subsequently, in-depth interviews, nonparticipant observation and a vignette were used to explore students' educational experiences. The public examination grades students held on entering and leaving the Sixth Form were analysed to establish gender differences in attainment. At the start of students' studies, the size of the gender gap in attainment was found to be relatively modest and this ...

Gender Differences and High Attainment

AbstractRecent emphasis on raising attainment has focused attention onto the ‘gender gap’ in school attainment levels. Using data from the Scottish School Leavers Survey, the article examines factors related to high attainment and asks whether these differ for males and females. A strong relationship is established between social advantage and high attainment within each gender. There is no evidence of differential progression rates for males and females between the ages of 16 and 18. The only factor which offers any explanation for gender differences in attainment is the evidence that girls took school more seriously than boys. This supports theories that girls and boys experience different peer pressures which influence their school attainment. Other factors have also been shown to influence gender differences in performance in the research literature. Factors affecting gender differences were found equally in all schools, suggesting that wider cultural factors are also influential in creating gender differences.

Educational attainment and the gender wage gap: evidence from the 1986 and 1991 Canadian censuses

The paper takes advantage of the detailed information on educational attainment and field of study provided in the Canadian Census to examine gender differences in educational attainment and the effect of these differences on the gender earnings gap for full-time, full-year workers in Canada. Gender differences in field of study of post-secondary graduates are found to be an important contributor to the gap. This is an important finding given the lack of such data in most studies of the gender gap. Gender differences in educational attainment account for virtually none of the gender gap in earnings in 1985 and 1990 — a result also found in earlier studies using less detailed attainment data. However, projections suggest that although gender differences in attainment explain little of the gap in these years, the continuing improvement in women's educational attainment relative to men has helped shrink the gap in the past and will likely continue to do so.

Organizational Structure, Determinants of Promotion, and Gender Differences in Attainment

In this paper, we differentiate between merit and vacancy driven promotion regimes. In the former, a vacancy at a higher level is not necessary for promotion; in the latter, a job opening is required. Using work histories from a large insurance company we investigate the implications for individual attainment from exposure to each of the advancement systems. We also examine how organizational structures differentially generate the two kinds of advancement regimes. Vacancy-based moves represent discontinuities in an otherwise orderly career progression; they become relevant when an employee reaches the ceiling grade of a job ladder or wishes to change work location. We conclude by examining the ability of this formulation of promotion regimes to account for the lower rates of attainment by women, relative to men, in large corporate settings.