Gender Crisis Research Articles

Making Gender Crises: State Newspapers and the Regulation of Gender Nonconformity in China

Abstract Media coverage about transgender and gender nonconforming people both maintains and influences normative ideas about sex, gender, and sexuality. However, how state propaganda apparatus reifies these ideas through media and contributes to gender regulations remains underexplored, especially for state-dominated media systems. To bridge this gap, this article examines the media framing of gender nonconformity in China through a content analysis of 154 state-run newspaper articles from 1980 to 2021. Our analysis reveals that state newspapers introduce gender nonconformity into the purview of governance through two processes: 1) By pushing medicalized and socialization explanations for gender nonconformity, state newspapers consolidated two categories of gender nonconformity—intersex/transgender people and gender nonconforming youth. 2) State newspapers have developed two “gender crisis” frames that positioned the management of gender nonconformity at the heart of state governance and national development. Through this, gender nonconformity becomes legible for state institutions in criminal justice, medicine, marriage, education, and media. The findings contribute to the literature on media maintenance of the sex/gender/sexuality system by demonstrating the productive power of state-run media in shaping knowledge, discourse, and the regulation of gender nonconformity.

Men in Higher Education: A Gender Crisis in the United States?

Men’s significant underrepresentation in U.S. colleges has attracted widespread attention. As of 2021, men make up only 40.5% of the college enrollments. Given the proven economic and social benefits of a college degree, men’s lack of a college degree is projected to generate detrimental effects to the U.S. economy and society, as well as bring missed opportunities for individuals. We review the gender composition at various degree levels, discuss possible impacts of men’s underrepresentation, and analyze underlying reasons of men’s low college enrollment. We also review strategies that institutions use to attract more male applicants. Despite women’s overrepresentation in college enrollment, efforts to promote gender equality should continue, as females are still underrepresented in high-paying and high-ranking positions, in both academic and corporate settings.

Cinsiyetli bir küresel kriz mi?: Covıd-19 salgını gölgesinde ekonomide küresel cinsiyet eşitsizliği

2020 yılının ilk çeyreğinde tüm dünyada etkisi hissedilen COVID-19 salgını kısa sürede sosyoekonomik bir krize dönüşmüştür. Bu süreçte kadınlar hâlihazırdaki dezavantajları nedeniyle krizi daha derinden hissetmiştir. Kadınlar, tarihsel rolleri nedeniyle özel alanın başat aktörleri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Kriz dışı dönemlerde ücretsiz çalışma yükleri fazla olan kadınların salgın döneminde bu yükleri katlanarak artmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra kamusal alandaki ücretli çalışmaları erkeklere kıyasla daha fazla kesintiye uğramış ya da tamamen son bulmuştur. Bu süreçte salgının sosyoekonomik sonuçlarından kadınların orantısız bir şekilde etkilenmeleri, yaşanan küresel sağlık krizinin cinsiyetli bir kriz olup olmadığı sorularını akıllara getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada, COVID-19 salgınının ekonomide cinsiyet eşitsizliği üzerindeki etkilerinin açığa çıkarılması hedeflenmektedir. Güncel emek piyasası verileri incelendiğinde, COVID-19 salgınının küresel bağlamda ekonomide küresel cinsiyet eşitsizliğini artırdığı görülmektedir. Toplumsal cinsiyet körü politikaların yerine özel ve kamusal alanda toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğine duyarlı politikaların hızla benimsenmesi gerekmektedir.

ГЕНДЕРДИК МАМИЛЕДЕГИ СОЦИО-ПСИХОЛОГИЯЛЫК МАСЕЛЕЛЕР

The problem of gender equality is one of the most urgent problems today. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the socio-psychological situation in gender relations. In any society, in the psychological consciousness, men and women have a role to play. It is very difficult to follow the rules and to clearly observe gender roles. The socio-psychological, especially the economic situation has a significant impact on the observance of gender interests in society. An in-depth analysis of the most realistic changes in socio-cultural conditions and changes in gender relations. The gender crisis is currently affecting men in Kyrgyz society, and ways needbe developedeloped to get them out of depression. It is proved that this situation depends on the social, psyc Psycholcal, and economic conditions of society as a whole.

Manifestation of Pessimism in Toni Morrison’s Select Works: Beloved, The Bluest Eye and Jazz

Toni Morrison’s works are elevated voice of Afro-American culture. As Afro-American has been bearing the burden of past history, slavery, race, gender and identity crisis issues in society, Toni Morrison herself forced to speak about them in their works. She herself is the part of historic past events like racism and identity crisis issues and that’s why her mind is more into the pain which they suffered. Toni Morrison is more focused on pessimism to show the reality and harsh truth of society, which reflected through her characters. No doubt Toni Morrison was loud to raise the problematic issues strongly but her appeal to wove her characters is tend to their circumstances, how they tortured and suffered through their whole life and it continues generation to generation. The clear aim of Morrison is to make aware today’s generation about Afro-American society its history about the injustice. So that they can be aware of their rights and able to fight for own.

Mobility and the Experiences of Loss—Gender and Identity Crisis in Doris Lessing’s The Summer before the Dark

Mobility and the Experiences of Loss—Gender and Identity Crisis in Doris Lessing’s The Summer before the Dark

Issues and Concerns of Transgenders – Ways Forward for living Gender of Choice

Purpose: people are associated with specific gender based on their genitals. Transgenders feel a mismatch in their gender and associate to the traits of opposite gender gradually. There are broad spectrum of people who gradually identify themselves with gender different to which they are born. Traditionally transgenders are of divine creature but gradually they have been marginalized substantially. Their life is highly influenced through culture, tradition and practices. They are known as ‘third gender’ who are exposed to the evils of social stigma and discrimination. Due to lack of skills and social rejection this segment chooses prostitution or beggary as a means for their life. Substantial population of transgenders lives social exclusion and vulnerability to communicable diseases. In the modern society discrimination and violence based on race, gender, income, ethnicity, sexual identity has become a global concern seeking immediate action. In this direction this study gains momentum to find ways forward. Design/Methodology/Approach: This scholarly manuscript is both descriptive and exploratory in nature. It aims to derive conclusions by using secondary data contributing to development of literature based on the futuristic needs. Findings/Result: It is found that transgender community is exposed to several problems, deteriorated life with social exclusion, social rejection, stigma, gender crisis, lack of social protection, etc. Originality/Value: Paper deliberates on the contemporary issues of identity crisis, problems and legal regime as national and global concern for the transgenders. It propagates need for social, political, economic and cultural mainstreaming of the transgenders through social inclusion, freedom to opt gender of choice, integrated approach, inclusive growth, etc. Paper Type: Conceptual Research.

The Last Frontier of the Quixotic Cowboy: Arthur Miller's “The Misfits” and America's Midcentury Gender Crisis

abstract: In 1956, Arthur Miller wrote the “The Misfits” out of his experience in Nevada obtaining a divorce to marry Marilyn Monroe. When the short story was published in Esquire in 1957, it was surrounded by advertisements whose imagery and ethos were incongruous with Miller's story's imagery. This article offers a rhetorical analysis of the story in context with the original images that accompanied it. Miller's story, a fable of cowboys dreaming of a life independent of capitalism, women, and society while ultimately proving the futility of that dream, is visually surrounded by ads selling comfortable domestication along with fantasies of adventure / chivalrous independence safely enjoyed from a white suburban domestic setting. The tension between domestication and freedom aligns with the widespread gender panic of the 1950s, during which the image of the western cowboy was a comfort to American men struggling to find a reliable masculine role to admire, and underscores the themes in Miller's story.

Real men don’t eat quiche, do they?: Food, fitness and masculinity crisis in 1980s America

Written for laughs in 1982, Bruce Feirstein’s Real Men Don’t Eat Quiche: A Guidebook to All that Is Truly Masculine hit a real and raw nerve among American men. Beneath its jokes, the book documented a moment of 1980s gender crisis that pitted older constellations of masculinity against ‘the new man’. This article analyses how Real Men Don’t Eat Quiche and its cookbook sequel communicated this gender anxiety through food and the body specifically, considering the context of the Cold War, notable transitions in nutrition science and policy, and period food and fitness trends. Although many readers today may not know the origin of Feirstein’s book’s titular phrase, notions of ‘real men’ and gendered food still have cultural endurance, often deployed as a shorthand for hegemonic gender norms that pose destructive consequences 40 years later.

Learners’ attitude towards ODL during COVID-19 crisis with special reference to Tamil Nadu Open University

This descriptive survey intends to find out learners’ attitude towards Open and Distance Learning (ODL) during COVID-19 crisis. The population was the learners studying various programmes through ODL mode under various schools of studies in Tamil Nadu Open University, Chennai during the year 2020-2021. A sample of 1081 learners was selected by voluntary response sampling method and the data were collected through online mode. A Distance Education Attitude Scale (DEAS) during COVID-19 Crisis developed and standardized by Tzivinikou, Charitaki & Kagkara (2020) was used for assessing the level of learners’ attitude towards open and distance learning during COVID-19 crisis. The collected data were statistically analyzed with percentile analysis, mean, standard deviation, t-test, F-test, Tukey’s multiple comparison test in the SPSS v.21. The findings show that the Tamil Nadu Open University learners’ are having positive attitude towards open and distance learning during COVID-19 crisis and there is no significant difference in the attitude of learners towards open and distance learning during COVID-19 crisis in terms gender, locality, programme of study, subject of the programme and employment status. © 2021 Karadeniz Technical University. All rights reserved.

Global and Latin American female participation in evidence-based software engineering: a systematic mapping study

ContextWhile the digital economy requires a new generation of technology for scientists and practitioners, the software engineering (SE) field faces a gender crisis. SE research is a global enterprise that requires the participation of both genders for the advancement of science and evidence-based practice. However, women across the world tend to be significantly underrepresented in such research, receiving less funding and less participation, frequently, than men as authors in research publications. Data about this phenomenon is still sparse and incomplete; particularly in evidence-based software engineering (EBSE), there are no studies that analyze the participation of women in this research area.ObjectiveThe objective of this work is to present the results of a systematic mapping study (SM) conducted to collect and evaluate evidence on female researchers who have contributed to the area of EBSE.MethodOur SM was performed by manually searching studies in the major conferences and journals of EBSE. We identified 981 studies and 183 were authored/co-authored by women and, therefore, included.ResultsContributions from women in secondary studies have globally increased over the years, but it is still concentrated in European countries. Additionally, collaboration among research groups is still fragile, based on a few women as a bridge. Latin American researchers contribute a great deal to the field, despite they do not collaborate as much within their region.ConclusionsThe findings from this study are expected to be aggregated to the existing knowledge with respect to women’s contribution to the EBSE area. We expect that our results bring up a reflection on the gender issue and motivate actions and policies to attract female researchers to this area.

코로나 시대의 ‘젠더 위기’와 생태주의 사회적 재생산의 미래

재난의 영향력은 이미 존재하는 젠더, 계급, 인종적 불평등에 기생하며 증폭한다. 특히, 코로나 위기는 사적 영역이 의식주, 안전, 교육, 노동, 돌봄 등의 중층적 요구를 수행하는 장소가 되면서 여성에게 최대의 부담을 지우며, 부정적인 영향을 미치고 있다. 여성들은 재난을 ‘피할 수 없는’ 상황으로 받아들이며, 전통적 성 역할이나 노동 시장에서의 불평등한 대우를 감내하는 혹은 감내하라는 사회적 압박을 받는다. 동시에 여성들은 코로나 위기로 장기화한 사회적 돌봄의 공동화를 메우는 것이 개별 여성의 희생만으로 가능하지 않다는 점도 인식하게 되었다. 본 논문은 코로나 재난 위기를 가족, 노동, 돌봄, 안전, 회복 가능성의 측면에서 분석함으로써 포스트-코로나 사회 기획의 페미니즘적 관점을 제시하고자 한다. 본 논문은 재난 이후의 대안적 사회 기획은 기존의 경제 중심, 인간중심 모델을 넘어선 생태주의적 관점의 사회적 재생산모델을 지향할 때만이 회복적 젠더 정의에 도달할 수 있음을 강조한다.

The “living dead” within “death‐worlds”: Gender crisis and covid‐19 in India

The onset of the covid‐19 pandemic and the ensuing lockdown have not only impacted the political, structural, and economic systems in India but have also engendered the growing rift between the poor and the rich, the upper and the lower classes, and the rural and the urban sections of the population. Within the nation's marginalized category, it is women who have suffered most forms of oppression. Having held a subordinate position to their male counterparts within the gender hierarchy, Indian women since the colonial times have had to bear systemic oppression at the hands of the state, caste, class, gender, and religious hegemons. During the pandemic, for women such forms of subordination were followed by socioeconomic uncertainties resulting from the economic shutdown, loss of jobs, and labor oppressions. Gender disparities resulting from class, caste and minority marginalization during the pandemic crisis have further widened the socio‐cultural, economic, and political inequalities within the country. Taking cue from the gender crisis in India catalyzed by the pandemic and the ensuing lockdown, in this study, I aim to explore India's “unequal” transition to the post covid‐19 world order, studying gender inequality, violence and injustices from biopolitical and necropolitical lens. The framework of biopolitics and necropolitics, formulated by Foucault and Mbembe respectively have made significant contributions (following the pandemic outbreak) toward understanding how the state and social mechanisms of power that ideally should administer and foster life, guaranteeing health. and productivity of populations is currently pushing them into precarious living situations and conferring upon them the status of “living‐dead”.

On Masculinity and Male Sexuality in Ernst Ludwig Kirchner's Soldiers' Bath

This essay examines Ernst Ludwig Kirchner's painting Soldiers' Bath, the largest picture that Kirchner produced on the subject of military life after his brief experience as a recruit during the First World War. Through close visual analysis, iconographic comparison, consideration of the artist's social circle, and discussion of the widespread public interest in, and explosive scandals about, the sexuality of German soldiers, the essay questions the almost unanimous art‐historical understanding of the painting. Linking the principles of the social history of art with fundamental insights from queer theory, it argues that the painting is not only an expression of anti‐war criticism. While differing significantly from Kirchner's many other depictions of bathers, this ambitious and ambivalent painting, which is beautifully composed but not without traces of anxiety, is also seen as a symptom of a crisis of gender and sexuality that the painter seems to have experienced at that time.

Гендерные интерпретации репродуктивных стратегий в культуре современного российского общества

Transformation of society inevitably leads to transformation of culture. The relevance of studying the reproductive cultural transformations of modern Russian society is increasing due to the obvious presence of gender crisis at the macrosocial and microsocial levels. Gender stereotyping in procreation is increasingly in confl ict with the variety of masculine and feminine reproductive scenarios, the demarcation of norms and pathologies of reproductive behavior. The gender approach in studying of reproductive behavior in modern Russian men and women in this article is aimed to typologize and analyze masculine and feminine reproductive scenarios – from the most conformal (pronatalistic) to oppositional (antinatalistic). The rejection of the totally naturalistic approach to the interpretation of motherhood and fatherhood in favor of analyzing the sociocultural components of the currently relevant feminine and masculine reproductive strategies is much more responsive to the social needs and the demands of modern humanitarian science.

„Muutume masinateks“. Tehnoloogia ja soolistatud kehad ameerika modernismis / “We Twiddle … and Turn into Machines”: Technology and gendered bodies in American modernism

„Muutume masinateks“. Tehnoloogia ja soolistatud kehad ameerika modernismis / “We Twiddle … and Turn into Machines”: Technology and gendered bodies in American modernism

Susan D. Amussen and David E. Underdown. Gender, Culture and Politics in England, 1560–1640: Turning the World Upside Down.

This volume is in part the culmination of David E. Underdown’s many prolific years of research into early modern social history and especially early modern popular culture. After Underdown’s very sad death from cancer, Susan D. Amussen decided to revise and complete the manuscript he had left, taking it in new and exciting directions that engage fully with recent work in early modern gender studies. The results could have been a cacophony; instead, Amussen’s efforts work to bring Underdown’s ideas into full and fruitful dialogue with recent gender studies. Much of the material covered in Gender, Culture and Politics in England, 1560–1640, will be familiar to those who remember Underdown’s contested and significant intervention in gender debates in the 1980s. Underdown claimed that the mid-seventeenth century was the site of a gender crisis signified by rough ridings, images of the world turned upside down, pamphlets and plays on the woman debate, stage misogyny, the rise of the punishment for scolds, and the presence of unruly women at court (Revel, Riot and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England 1603–1660 [1985]). It is salutary to look back at the material that underpinned the thesis, though arguably this volume falls short in addressing the many attempts to refute it; rather than seeking to rebut the claims of, say, Martin Ingram, who argued strenuously against the idea of a mid-century gender crisis, this volume simply restates Revel’s original position. At times, this can feel frustrating, even disappointing. It seems particularly regrettable that the sophisticated theorization of the very idea of inversion, carried out mostly by literary critics such as Patricia Parker and Jonathan Dollimore, is entirely ignored. These critics argue that all order relies on the practice of its inversion in order to maintain itself as visible. If this is correct, then the existence of misogynist invective and rites of inversion are proof that patriarchy was in good shape in the mid-seventeenth century rather than the reverse.

Whose STEM? Disrupting the Gender Crisis Within STEM

This article challenges implicit understandings of scientific inquiry and gender within contemporary responses to the underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Failing to recognize the gendered history of science, and thus STEM disciplines, we argue that much research and curricular interventions are overly invested in simply providing women institutional access to or creating feminized environments within STEM. Such shortsighted analyses lead to processes we term gender washing and painting pink, both of which diminish the possibilities for meaningful engagement with gendered ontologies within scientific inquiry. Working from important and diverse strands of feminist theory, we suggest that serious considerations of women and STEM must include a framework that critically engages the entanglement of gender and science. We conclude that a focused and intentional analysis of gender and scientific inquiry, that opposes constructions of STEM as fixed entities to simply be imparted or made accessible to women, has important implications for understanding science as a (post) human endeavor.

Men who ‘Marry Out’: unsettling masculinity, kinship, and nation through migration across the Taiwan Strait

Family reunification has become a widely recognized means to move across borders in the contemporary world. As a migration strategy, family reunification redefines the relationship of kinship to nation, diversifying the ‘national family’ and its gendered role expectations. This article uses cross-border marriages between Chinese and Taiwanese to interrogate how immigration affects the experiences of men who migrate through or in conjunction with marriage, integrating scales of family, citizenship, and nation in an analysis of migrant masculinity. Migrant husbands describe their disempowerment as male providers and citizens through the patrilineal and patrilocal kinship language of having ‘married out.’ The article examines the salience of this kinship model for immigrant husbands seeking to redefine their relationship to patrilineal gender privileges and secure citizenship status. How do men who migrate through marriage negotiate gendered kinship principles that may work to their benefit in their home country but undermine their status once they migrate? How does the experience of migrating as a kin-dependent threaten men’s self-image as family providers? By investigating these challenges to hegemonic masculinity, the article asks how migration reconfigures the gendered foundations of family formation by undermining kinship-based models of normative masculinity and creating a gender crisis for some migrant husbands.

Female chauvinist and male patriarchs: a critical analysis of gender relations in Ama Ata Aidoo’s Changes: A Love Story

This article examines gender relations in Ama Ata Aidoo’s Changes: A Love Story (henceforth Changes). The novel depicts a gender crisis among the educated and career-oriented women working in government offices in Accra. The focus is on women’s education, sexuality, marriage, and marital rape. The three women protagonists, Esi, Opokuya and Fusena, find the institution of marriage challenging and hold the view that it hampers their career development. Esi is highly educated compared to the other female characters. She is a female chauvinist, who feels too powerful to be controlled by a man. She finds herself in the most complicated situation in her marriage, because of her feminist views, which she acquired from Western education. Although she abhors the dominance of men over women, her sexuality naturally brings her into relationships with male patriarchs. Her views about love and marriage are superficial and irreconcilable with the realities of her society. She divorces her first husband because of marital rape and goes into a polygamous marriage, which she also finds unfulfilling. In this article, I argue that Esi’s problems in her first marriage are due to her uncompromising character and her inability to engage her husband in order to strike a balance between family obligations and career goals. In addition, I argue that Esi does not realise her expectations in the second marriage because she emotionally and selfishly goes into it without understanding the rules that govern polygamous marriages.