GCF Samples Research Articles

Does Fusobacterium in Colorectal Cancer Sites Originate From the Oral Cavity? A Pilot Study.

Fusobacterium can contribute to oral diseases, but also pose as a systemic risk factor. This genus, and especially F. nucleatum, can be found in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue and is involved in multiple aspects of this type of cancer. Previous studies indicated a possible oral origin of these bacteria; however, stronger evidence is needed to reach a definitive conclusion. This pilot study aimed to establish a method to successfully compare, at the strain level, fusobacteria from the oral cavity and CRC resection material for future cohort studies of CRC patients. In a first cohort of eight periodontitis patients, gingival crevicular fluid and saliva were collected. Fusobacterium was isolated on two different media. In a second cohort, saliva and CRC resection material were collected from ten CRC patients. These samples were used for screening of Fusobacterium with culturing, 16S rRNA gene profiling and a PCR-based approach. In the first cohort, different Fusobacterium species were identified in GCF and saliva samples. However, as the total yield of Fusobacterium seemed slightly higher in saliva samples, it was therefore preferred for subsequent sample collection. Thus, in the second cohort, patient-matched saliva and CRC resection material were screened for Fusobacterium and this showed that nine patients were culture-positive in the saliva samples; however, no Fusobacterium could be isolated from the resection material. On the other hand, 16S rRNA gene profiling of the resection material indicated that eight CRC patients were positive for Fusobacterium. All eight of these patients carried Fusobacterium in their saliva, indicated by both marker gene PCR and culture-based screening. These pilot results are compatible with data from previous studies, indicating a possible link between oral and CRC-associated Fusobacterium, and a more in-depth analysis of specific strains and their characteristics in a larger cohort is justified. The protocol was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05945082).

Accuracy of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers of MMP8, TIMP1, RANK, RANKL, and OPG in Differentiating Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Apical Periodontitis.

Apical periodontitis (AP) is the most prevalent chronic inflammatory disease of the teeth. Bone resorption dynamics in symptomatic and asymptomatic AP are still unrecognized. This study examined different inflammatory markers within gingival crevicular fluid, including matrix metalloproteinases 8 (MMP8), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1), receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK), its ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG), to be used in comparing symptomatic apical periodontitis (SAP) and asymptomatic apical periodontitis (AAP) versus healthy teeth. Subjects with SAP, AAP, and a control group were recruited and GCF samples were collected by Periopaper strips. Clinical and radiographical measures were used for diagnosing AP. Levels of MMP8, TIMP, RANK, RANKL, and OPG were determined by ELISA and their abilities to discriminate between examined sites were evaluated by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. All examined biomarkers were statistically significant higher (p < 0.05) in SAP than AAP and the control group, apart from RANK. Significant positive correlations (p < 0.05) were identified between all SAP and AAP biomarkers except TIMP1 and RANK in AAP teeth. TIMP1 and OPG exhibited the highest ability to distinguish between SAP and AAP with areas under the curve of 0.824 and 0.763 in comparing SAP and the control group, and 0.732 and 0.73 when comparing AAP and the control group, respectively. Additionally, TIMP1 and OPG showed the highest AUC of 0.778 and 0.747 when SAP and AAP were compared, respectively. This study concluded that GCF levels of TIMP1 and OPG can be used to differentiate between SAP, AAP, and healthy teeth.

Protein Network Alterations in G-CSF Treated Severe Congenital Neutropenia Patients and Beneficial Effects of Oral Health Intervention.

Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) is a raredisorder characterized by diminished neutrophil levels. Despite granulocytecolony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment, SCN patients remain still prone tosevere infections, including periodontal disease-a significant oral healthrisk. This study investigates the host proteome and metaproteome in saliva andgingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of G-CSF-treated patients. We used label-free quantitative proteomics on saliva and GCF samples from SCN patients before (n=10, mean age: 10.7±6.6 years) and after a 6-month oral hygiene intervention (n=9,mean age: 11.6±5.27 years), and from 12 healthy controls. We quantified 894 proteins in saliva (648 human,246 bacterial) and 756 proteins in GCF (493 human, 263 bacterial). Predominant bacterial genera included Streptococcus, Veillonella, Selenomonas, Corynebacterium, Porphyromonas, and Prevotella. SCN patients showed reduced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and elevated complement proteins compared tohealthy controls. Oral hygiene intervention improved oral epithelial conditionsand reduced both AMPs and complement proteins. SCN patients have aunique proteomic profile with reduced AMPs and increased complement proteins, contributing to infection susceptibility. Oral hygiene intervention not onlyimproved oral health in SCN patients but also offers potential overall therapeuticbenefits.

Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on salivary and gingival crevicular fluid concentration of visfatin in periodontal health and disease

Background and objectiveVisfatin, a pleotropic mediator mostly produced by visceral fat, is crucial in controlling the immunological and defensive systems. It serves the roles of a cytokine, an enzyme involved in energy metabolism, and a growth factor. The objective of the present study was to assess the impact of non-surgical periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing) on visfatin concentrations in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid in individuals with Periodontitis (stage-II grade-A) Materials and methods54 individuals were divided into Group A (Periodontally Healthy) and Group B1(Periodontitis baseline) based on periodontal parameters including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and radiographic parameters. After NSPT (SRP), Group B1 patients were recalled after 4 weeks, constituting Group B2 (post NSPT group B1). At baseline and 4 weeks after non-surgical periodontal therapy (SRP), all clinical parameters, salivary and GCF samples were recorded. An ELISA kit was used to measure the levels of visfatin. Using the paired t-test, unpaired t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient, data were analysed using SPSS 15. ResultsAfter non-surgical periodontal treatment (SRP), the mean salivary and gingival crevicular fluid concentration of visfatin considerably decreased to a level comparable to periodontal health. In all groups, GCF visfatin concentration was higher than salivary concentration of visfatin. In periodontitis patients, visfatin concentration in GCF was 1.5 times higher than in saliva. ConclusionThe results of this investigation suggest a direct correlation between salivary and gingival crevicular fluid visfatin concentration and periodontal tissue inflammation and disease activity.

The effect of cacao bean extracts on the prevention of periodontal tissue breakdown in diabetic rats with orthodontic tooth movements

ObjectiveProper management of orthodontic treatment in diabetic patients is essential due to the heightened risk of periodontal tissue breakdown associated with hyperglycemia. Cacao bean extracts (CBE) are known to reduce the inflammatory response and increase synthesis and angiogenesis in periodontitis. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of CBE on preventing periodontal tissue breakdown in diabetes with orthodontic force. MethodsA total of 25 Wistar rats were divided randomly into 5 groups, including non-diabetes, diabetes, diabetes cacao 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW. Diabetic rats were induced with the stratified dose of Streptozotocin, and a 30-g-force from orthodontic device was applied in all groups. Diabetes cacao group was given CBE for 7 days using a gastric probe. GCF samples were used to analyze the eNOS level through the ELISA method. NFκB, Collagen-1, and FGF-2 expression were then assessed using the immunohistochemical method, while the number of fibroblasts and blood vessels was observed using hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue. The data obtained were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and post hoc tests, with p < 0.05. ResultsCBE at a dose of 250 mg/kg BW significantly increased eNOS level, Collagen-1, and FGF-2 expression, and the number of fibroblasts and blood vessels in diabetes groups. Meanwhile, the treatment decreased NFκB expression in diabetes groups (p < 0.05). ConclusionThis study proved that CBE increased periodontal ligament synthesis and angiogenesis and decreased inflammatory response, thereby preventing periodontal tissue breakdown in diabetic rat models with tooth movement.

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels in gingival crevicular fluid during root canal treatment of molar teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: impact of varying sodium hypochlorite concentrations

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the use of different NaOCl concentrations (1%, 2.5%, and 5.25%) during root canal treatment of molar teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis on the change of the IL-8 level in gingival crevicular fluid (GFC).MethodsGCF sampling was performed on experimental tooth with irreversible pulpitis before and after treatment and also contralateral healthy tooth of 54 patients. The patients were divided into three groups according to concentration of NaOCl solution (n = 18); 1%, 2.5%, and 5.25% NaOCl solution. GCF sampling from experimental teeth was repeated one week after root canal treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis.ResultsThere was a significant correlation between IL-8 levels in GCF samples taken from teeth with pulpitis before treatment and from healthy contralateral teeth (p = .000). Furthermore, the pretreatment IL-8 level was significantly higher than the posttreatment IL-8 level(p < .05). The effect of the NaOCl concentration on the change in IL-8 level betweeen pre and post treatment was not found statistically significant (p > .05).ConclusionsThe use of NaOCl during root canal treatment can effectively reduce the levels of IL-8 in GCF and improve clinical outcomes.Trial registrationThis study was registred in the Institutional Review Board and the Ethics Committee of the University (No:11) on 15/12/2021.

A newly developed kit for dental apical root resorption detection: efficacy and acceptability

ObjectivesTo determine the efficacy of a newly developed kit in dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) detection and compare it with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). User acceptance was also determined.Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional study consisted of 45 subjects who were divided into 3 groups based on the severity of root resorption using radiographs: normal (RO), mild (RM), and severe (RS). DSPP in GCF samples was analyzed using both methods. Questionnaires were distributed to 30 orthodontists to evaluate future user acceptance.ResultsThe sensitivity and specificity of the kit were 0.98 and 0.8 respectively. The DSPP concentrations measured using ELISA were the highest in the RS group (6.33 ± 0.85 ng/mL) followed by RM group (3.77 ± 0.36 ng/mL) and the RO group had the lowest concentration (2.23 ± 0.55 ng/mL). The new kit portrayed similar results as the ELISA, the optical density (OD) values were the highest in the RS group (0.62 ± 0.10) followed by RM group (0.33 ± 0.03) and the RO group (0.19 ± 0.06). The differences among all the groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for both methods. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed a statistically significant (p < 0.001) strong and positive correlation between DSPP concentrations and OD values.ConclusionsThe new kit was validated to detect the colour intensities of different severity of root resorptions. Most of the responses to the survey were positive towards the new kit for being a safer and simpler method to detect apical root resorption.

Variation of gingival crevicular fluid volume in early orthodontic tooth movement with clear aligner: A pilot study

Objectives: The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the crevicular fluid volume (GCF) increase from a quantitative point of view in the first 8 hours of clear aligner treatment. Then, its variation and the amount of Orthodontic Tooth Movement (OTM) obtained with clear aligners was evaluated considering two different protocols, one of 20 h and one of 12 h. Material and Methods: A total of 10 healthy, adult patients were selected to participate in a split-mouth study where an orthodontic treatment with clear aligners was planned. Vestibular crown uncontrolled tipping was planned for upper lateral-posterior sectors. At 0H (baseline), and every hour for the first 8 hours of use, three GCF samples were collected. Then, all patients were asked to wear one random half of the upper aligner for 12 hours per day (Group 1) and the other half for 20 hours per day (Group 2). The GCF samples were measured using the Periotron 8000 device to quantify inflammation. Then, the amount of movement obtained was calculated by considering the FA point shift in mm with Geomagic X Control Software. Results: No differences were found between the extent of inflammation in terms of GCF volume and hours of intermittent force application (group 1 vs group 2). Conclusion: The amount of GCF assessed through Periotron 8000 increases significantly from the moment forces are applied through clear aligners. Considering the limitations of the following pilot study, it would appear that the GCF amount is directly related to the amount of movement obtained.

Calprotectin and periostin levels in periodontitis patients with coronary artery disease.

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) on periodontal and cardiac parameters as well as on the expression of calprotectin and periostin levels in periodontitis patients with and without coronary artery disease (CAD). Ninety subjects were categorised into three groups: Group H: periodontally and systemically healthy subjects, Group P: stage III grade B periodontitis subjects with no associated systemic diseases and Group P + CAD: stage III grade B periodontitis subjects diagnosed with CAD. Demographic, periodontal and cardiac parameters were recorded at baseline (0 day) and on the 180th day after NSPT. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected from all participants at baseline (0 day) and after the 180th day. Calprotectin and periostin expression were reassessed. A significant increase in the levels of calprotectin (34.05 ± 11.72) was seen at baseline in the P + CAD group, whereas on the contrary, a decreased periostin (1.59 ± 0.41) was also noted at baseline. The study also showed a significant improvement in periodontal and cardiac parameters on the 180th day following NSPT. Detection of calprotectin and periostin expression in GCF samples could represent a link to the association of periodontitis and CAD.

Determination of serum and gingival crevicular fluid levels of omentin in healthy and rheumatoid arthritis subjects with and without periodontitis.

The aim of this study was to assess and correlate the serum and GCF levels of omentin with the periodontal status of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with and without periodontitis. Forty-four patients were divided into four groups: group H: 11 systemically and periodontally healthy subjects; group P: 11 systemically healthy subjects with periodontitis; group RA: 11 periodontally healthy subjects with rheumatoid arthritis and group RA + P: 11 rheumatoid arthritis subjects with periodontitis. Periodontal parameters (plaque index, modified gingival index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level) were recorded and serum and GCF samples were collected for the estimation of omentin using ELISA. The mean value of plaque index, modified gingival index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level were significantly higher whereas serum and GCF omentin levels were found to be decreased in group IV when compared to the other groups. The significant correlation was found between the serum and GCF omentin levels with all the periodontal parameters. The omentin level in serum and GCF was found to be lower in RA patients with periodontitis. It is also inversely correlated with the periodontal parameters. Thus, omentin can serve as a significant diagnostic and therapeutic tool in both periodontal and rheumatoid disease.

The effect of ozone gel as adjunct treatment in patients of periodontitis according to bleeding on probing and platelet-activating factor (A split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial)

Materials and methods: total sample composed of 58 periodontal pockets was divided into two groups. The control group had 28 periodontal pockets treated with scaling and root planning only, while the test group had 30 periodontal pockets treated with scaling and root planning and ozone gel. Two applications of the gel were applied at baseline and one month after the treatment .platelet activating factor (biomarker) and clinical parameters of bleeding on probing are measured at baseline, after one month, and after three months. In the second visit of periodontal therapy (after one day), GCF samples were obtained from patients by gently inserting periocol paper into the selected depth of the pocket when resistance was encountered. The periocol paper was then left in position for 30 seconds before being removed and weighed on a chemical balance. Each paper strip was placed in a tube keeping o.3ml of buffer phosphate saline, then transferred and stored at -40C. Calculated the difference between the weight of periocol paper before and after exudate absorption of gingival crevicular fluid. After sample storage for five minutes, the samples were centrifuged at 13,000 rpm.&#x0D; Results: Test sites showed a greater reduction in bleeding on probing and there was a significant difference in the first month only when compared to control sites (Fisher exact=0.010) but no significant difference at three months. The platelet-activating factor was reduced significantly by ozone gel in the first month with only a p-value (0.000) but no significance at one and three months.&#x0D; Conclusion: In comparison to SRP alone, treatment with ozone gel as an adjuvant therapy yields no statistically significant improvement after three months.

Association of elevated IL-6 with poor glycemic control in periodontitis patients

Background: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine expressed in numerous chronic inflammatory diseases whose ability to alter the pathophysiology and progression of periodontitis is well documented. Further its role in diabetes mellitus by creating an insulin resistance responsible for poor glycemic control is also being evaluated. The aim was to compare the levels of IL-6 in gingival crevicular fluid in periodontitis patients with and without diabetes and to analyze these levels in patients with poor glycemic control (HBA1c), in order to assess its role in the progression of periodontal destruction. Methods: 60 chronic periodontitis patients confirmed with CPITN index of age group 30-70 years were enrolled for the study. GCF samples from 30 patients with diabetes confirmed using HBA1c reports and 30 without diabetes using Cimasoni method were collected and stored at -70degreescelsiusand subjected to ELISA for IL-6 using krishgen human IL-6 ELISA kit as per manufacturer's instruction. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used using SPSS software. Results: While the diabetic group readings ranged from 4.4 Pg/µl to 7.0 Pg/µl with a mean of 5.8pg/µl, the non- diabetic group ranged from 1.5 Pg/µl to 4.8 Pg/µl with a mean value of3.24 pg/µl. There was a prominent increase in the IL-6 levels in diabetic when compared to non- diabetic which was statistically significant with p value &lt; 0.001. Further, among the diabetic groups, patients with poor HBA1c with reading more than 7.7% showed a significant increase in IL-6 levels when compared to below 6.8%. Conclusions: The IL-6 levels in GCF were increased in chronic periodontitis patients with diabetes and more so in patients with poor glycemic control when compared to non-diabetic group. Therefore, periodontitis along with diabetes can play a major role in the inflammatory response within the periodontium.

Assessment of salivary and gingival crevicular fluids IL6, IL-8, IL-12, and IL-17 levels in healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease.

Biomarkers present in the oral fluid (saliva and GCF) have been studied thoroughly in order to be used as adjuncts to the diagnosis of periodontal disease. In periodontal diseases, inflammatory mediators, including IL6, IL-8, IL-12, and IL-17, may promote the degeneration of periodontal tissues. The aim of the present study was to quantify IL6, IL-8, IL-12, and IL-17 levels in the saliva and GCF for patients with generalized periodontitis and compare it with healthy subjects. Furthermore, identifying the most reliable biofluids (saliva and GCF) that can be utilized for biomarkers detection in periodontitis patients. In this study, GCF and saliva samples were collected from 40 patients with generalized periodontitis and 20 healthy subjects. Enzyme-linked immune absorbent assay (ELISA) was used in the measurement of interleukin levels. The mean levels of IL6, IL-8, IL-12, and IL-17 either in saliva or GCF were higher in periodontitis patients than in healthy subjects. These results suggest that the levels of IL6, IL-8, IL-12, and IL-17 in GCF or saliva may be relevant in the pathophysiology of periodontitis, and the measurement of these cytokines may be beneficial in the identification of patients with periodontitis. Furthermore, some biomarkers for periodontal disease are detected better in saliva, while others are best detected in GCF.

Titanium as a Possible Modifier of Inflammation Around Dental Implants.

The exact etiopathogenesis of peri-implant diseases remains unclear. While significant information on molecular markers is available, studies on biomarkers related to possible biocorrosion are sparse. This study aimed to evaluate periimplant crevicular fluid (PICF) for possible titanium (Ti) contamination and explore associations between clinical findings, inflammatory mediators, and Ti levels. Patients with implant-supported restoration (≥ 1 year in function) were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Demographics, systemic, and periodontal health history were recorded. Clinical evaluations were conducted to reach peri-implant/periodontal diagnoses and grade severity of peri-implant soft tissue inflammation. Crevicular fluid (CF) was collected from both implants and adjacent teeth (PICF, gingival crevicular fluid [GCF]) and analyzed for Ti (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) and inflammatory mediators (V-plex assays). Multiple regression analysis with a linear mixed effect model was used to analyze possible associations between clinical diagnosis, PICF/GCF cytokine, and Ti concentrations. Seventy-seven patients (aged 62 ± 2 years; 39 male) with 117 implants (9 ± 1 years in function) were recruited. Diabetes, positive periodontitis history, and current/former smoking were reported by 8%, 39%, and 39% of subjects, respectively. Seventy-nine implant sites (63 patients) were included in CF cytokine analysis, and 45 of these sites (42 patients) were paired with Ti analysis. Statistically significant increases from health to disease were noted in log-transformed PICF concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and INF-γ (P ≤ .05). Also, statistically significant increases from health to severe clinical inflammation were detected in log-transformed PICF concentrations of IL-8, IL-13, and TNF-α (P ≤ .05). Ti was detected in the majority (82%) of PICF and GCF samples. There was no statistically significant difference in log-transformed Ti concentration based on disease status. However, log-transformed Ti concentration was positively correlated to IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-13, and INF-γ concentrations when data were adjusted for site-specific health (P ≤ .05). Ti was detectable in PICF and adjacent GCF, even in health. Specific inflammatory mediator concentrations were increased in peri-implant disease and significantly associated with Ti concentrations, even when data were adjusted for peri-implant health status. Increased GCF inflammatory mediator concentrations were also associated with increased Ti concentrations. Ti effects on peri-implant as well as periodontal tissues require additional longitudinal investigations.

Evaluation of Serum, Saliva and GCF Visfatin Levels in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with Uncontrolled /Controlled Type2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Visfatin is a multifaceted protein that plays an important role in diabetes (DM) and periodontitis (CP). It has been known that during inflammation, the production of IL-1b, TNF-a can be induced by visfatin. Therefore, visfatin is an important mediator for both diseases. The aim of this study is to investigation of visfatin levels in serum, saliva and GCF samples of non-diabetic periodontitis patients and controlled and uncontrolled diabetic periodontitis patients, and evaluation of the relationship with clinical and biochemical parameters of periodontitis &#x0D; Methods: Study protocol, 5 groups which each one were consisted of 15 subjects were planned: periodontally healthy patients with systemically healthy (DM-P-); patients with systemically healthy and CP (DM-P+), periodontally healthy patients with diabetes (DM+P-), patients with diabetes and CP (DM+P+), patients with uncontrolled diabetes and CP (uDM+P). Serum, saliva and GCF samples were obtained and, levels of visfatin, TNF-α and IL-1β were determined by ELISA. &#x0D; Results: The highest visfatin, TNF-α and IL-1β levels were seen in (uDM+P+) group (p&gt;0.001). Significant positive correlations between GCF visfatin levels and GCF TNF-α and IL-1β levels were detected in (uDM+P+) group (p

Evaluation of Resistin Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Diabetic Patients with And without Chronic Periodontitis

Background: Resisting, a newly identified adipocyte secreted hormone may hold a value as an inflammatory mediator, associated with insulin resistance and periodontitis. The aim of the study was to determine the resistin levels in diabetic patients with and without chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 patients (both Male and Female) participated in the study. Subjects were categorized into four groups (20 each); the group I (healthy), group II (generalized chronic periodontitis), group III (generalized chronic periodontitis without diabetes mellitus), and group IV (generalized chronic periodontitis with Diabetes Mellitus). The clinical parameters, which included plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL), random blood sugar level (RBS), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were recorded. All the assessments were performed at baseline. GCF samples were collected. Resistin was examined by utilizing a monetarily accessible ELISA unit. Contrasts among groups were statistically analysed. Results: The expression of resisting was significantly increased between the diseased subjects when compared to healthy subjects and was statistically significant (p&lt; 0.001). When all the samples were analyzed together, a significant positive correlation (p &lt;0.001) was observed between GCF resistin expression, clinical parameters (GI, PI, PPD, CAL) &amp; biochemical parameters (RBS and HbA1c). Conclusion: Resisting levels are increased in CP and T2DM. Hence, GCF resistin levels may be considered as a potential inflammatory marker for periodontitis with T2DM

THE EFFECTS OF PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHY ONGINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUIDVOLUME IN WISTAR RATS WITH PERIODONTITIS

ABSTRACTBackground: Panoramic radiography is one of the most commonly used radiographic diagnostic tools. Panoramic radiography exposure can increase the GCF flow because of increasing vascular permeability.GCF flow can also increase in periodontitis conditions. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of 1, 2, and 3 times exposure of panoramic radiography to the volume of GCF in wistar rats with periodontitis. Method: This research was true experimental with post test onlycontrol group design. Thesampling technique used simple random samplingthat obtained 25 wistar rats comprising of 5 wistars from each group in which the GCF samples of each group was collected from. Results: The average number of GCF inhealthy rats groupthat was not exposed to panoramic radiographywas 0.114 µL, the periodontitis rats group that was not exposed to panoramic radiography was 0.246 µL, the periodontitis rats group that was exposed1 time was 0.286 µL, the group of periodontitis rats exposed 2 times was 0.294 µL, and periodontitis group of rats exposed 3 times was 0.374 µL. The results of the One-Way Anova and Post Hoc Bonferroni tests stated that there is a significant increase in the volume of GCF between the control group and all other treatment groups, as well as between the non-exposed periodontitis group and the periodontitis group with 3 times exposure. Conclusion: Panoramic radiography can causeincrease the volume of GCF in wistar rats with periodontitis. Keywords: Gingival Crevicular Fluid,panoramic, periodontitis, wistar rats

Nature’s Anti-inflammatory agent and its use as a Local drug delivery agent for treatment of chronic periodontitis: A clinical, microbiological and biochemical study

Periodontal disease can lead to progressive loss of tooth-supporting tissues and alveolar bone. Due to the clinical limitations of scaling and root planing and recolonization of bacteria, the use of systemic and local administration of antimicrobial agents as adjuncts seems beneficial. In recent years, herbal and ayurvedic remedies are being researched to treat common infections and inflammatory conditions. Here an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of curcumin 10mg (Curenext) (CU) used as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy. A total of 10-15 sites in 14 patients with probing pocket depth 5-7mm were included. In experimental group, sites were treated with SRP+CU and in control group sites were treated with SRP alone. Plaque index, gingival bleeding index, gingival index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were assessed at baseline, 21st day, 30th day, and 90th day. Subgingival plaque samples were collected to assess periodontal pathogens like Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum by anaerobic culture. GCF samples were collected to assess lactate dehydrogenase at baseline and 21st day. Results showed significant reduction in clinical parameters (PI, GBI, GI, PPD and CAL) and high statistically significant reduction in periodontal pathogens and lactate dehydrogenase in both the treatment groups, significant difference was seen in SRP+CU group. To conclude, the adjunctive use of curcumin 10mg (curenext* ) as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiplaque agent along with routine mechanical debridement is definitely a promising therapy that would add to the potential benefits of the periodontal treatment.

Levels of low-molecular-weight hyaluronan in periodontitis-treated patients and its immunostimulatory effects on CD4+ T lymphocytes.

During periodontitis, chronic inflammation triggers soft tissue breakdown, and hyaluronan is degraded into fragments of low molecular weight (LMW-HA). This investigation aimed to elucidate whether LMW-HA fragments with immunogenic potential on T lymphocytes remain in periodontal tissues after periodontal treatment. GCF samples were obtained from 15 periodontitis-affected patients and the LMW-HA, RANKL, and OPG levels were analyzed before and after 6 months of periodontal treatment by ELISA. Eight healthy individuals were analyzed as controls. Besides, human T lymphocytes were purified, exposed to infected dendritic cells, and pulsed with LMW-HA. Non-treated T lymphocytes were used as control. The expression levels of the transcription factors and cytokines that determine the Th1, Th17, and Th22 lymphocyte differentiation and function were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Similarly, the expression levels of RANKL and CD44 were analyzed. In the GCF samples of periodontitis-affected patients, higher levels of LMW-HA were detected when compared with those of healthy individuals (52.1 ± 15.4 vs. 21.4 ± 12.2, p < 0.001), and these increased levels did not decrease after periodontal therapy (52.1 ± 15.4 vs. 45.7 ± 15.9, p = 0.158). Similarly, the RANKL levels and RANKL/OPG ratios did not change after periodontal therapy. Furthermore, in human T lymphocytes, LMW-HA induced higher expression levels of the Th1, Th17, and Th22-related transcription factors and cytokines, as well as CD44 and RANKL, as compared with non-treated cells. In some patients, increased levels of LMW-HA persist in periodontal tissues after conventional periodontal therapy, and these remaining LMW-HA fragments with immunostimulatory potential could induce the polarization of a pathologic Th1/Th17/Th22-pattern of immune response on T lymphocytes. The persistence of increased levels of LMW-HA in periodontal tissues after periodontal therapy could favor the recurrence of the disease and further breakdown of periodontal supporting tissues.

The utility of gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 provides site-specific diagnostic value for periodontal grading.

IntroductionMatrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), and its active form aMMP-8, was identified as a potential biomarker of periodontal tissue destruction. It is present at different concentrations in various oral fluids.Material and methodsGingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected from periodontal pockets ≥ 6 mm of 24 untreated patients using paper points and clinical parameters were recorded. 12 subjects were diagnosed with periodontitis stage III grade B, and 12 others with periodontitis stage III grade C. After thorough preparations, samples were collected following manufacturers’ instructions and analyzed using a commercially available test system for aMMP-8 evaluation (aMMP-8 Test) and Periotron 8000 together with Quantikine kits for assessment of total MMP-8 concentration (controls). Microbiological evaluation of the same pockets was carried out using real-time polymerase chain reaction.ResultsConcentrations of both total MMP-8 and aMMP-8 in GCF were higher in the case of periodontitis grade C, compared to periodontitis grade B, but reached statistical significance only in the case of total MMP-8 (77.17 ng/ml and 18.73 ng/ml respectively; p = 0.0104). Positive correlations were found between total MMP-8 and aMMP-8 levels and the prevalence of Fusobacterium nucleatum, mean probing pocket depth of all pockets, % of pockets ≥ 6 mm, as well as probing pocket depth of pocket from which GCF samples were collected.ConclusionsGCF concentration levels of both total MMP-8 and aMMP-8 correlated with severity of periodontal destruction, whereas total MMP-8 appeared to be a preferable method for differentiation of periodontal grading. However, the aMMP-8 Test was easier and more convenient to handle.